Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Ill-Health: Body Systems

This report provides a comprehensive overview of human anatomy and physiology, focusing on the structure and functions of various body systems. It begins by describing the four main types of cells: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle, highlighting their individual roles and importance in the human body. The report then delves into the specifics of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, detailing their functions and components. The cardiovascular system's role in transporting nutrients, oxygen, and hormones is explained, alongside the respiratory system's function in gas exchange and the digestive system's role in nutrient breakdown. The urinary system's function in maintaining fluid balance is also discussed. The report concludes by examining the cooperation between these systems, particularly the respiratory and circulatory systems in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, and the endocrine and digestive systems in coordinating body activities and regulating sugar levels. This report offers a detailed look into the interconnectedness of human body systems and their roles in maintaining health.

Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Ill-Health
P1 Functions of a human body cell and roles during osmosis and diffusion
A human body is made up of trillion of cells which provide a structure for
the body. There are mainly 4 types of cells that plays their individual
and different roles.
Epithelial: It refers to the sheets of cells that are tightly attached to one
another. All these types of cells cover outside surface of the human
body.
Connective: These types binds and joints different cells and organs of a
human body for working together with the main aim of protecting,
supporting and integrating all parts of the body.
Nervous: These types of cells are mainly used for communication as
giving signals to brain and sense organs. It allows the propagation of
electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulse.
Muscle: These types of cells responds to stimulation and contracting to
provide movement. Some types of these tissues are: cardiac muscle
and smooth muscle. These are being used for contractions.
The cell membrance allows only selected necessary molecules as in
diffusion as well as in osmosis, only certain molecules pass through
it. Diffusion helps passage of vital molecules like CO 2, Oxygen and
water. On the other hand, in osmosis, water is transported from a
solution of low to higher concentration. The cell membrance allows
the passage of important and specific molecules for several life
processes in human and living organism
P2 Structure and functions of different body system in the healthy human
body
CARDIO VESCULAR SYSTEM-
This system permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells to cells and from cells in
the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize
temperature and PH and maintain homoeostasis. This system consist of
heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Functions-
 Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout
the body. This system removes metabolic wastes like (carbon
dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
 Protection of body by white blood cells, antibodies, and
complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the
body against foreign microbes and toxins. Clotting mechanism
protect the body from blood loss after injuries.
 Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of
cells.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-
Respiratory system contains a series of organs that allows us to breath and exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.
Functions-
 Inhalation and Exhalation are Pulmonary ventilation (Breathing)- Respiratory system aids in breathing. In pulmonary ventilation air is inhaled through
nose and mouth. Then it moves through the pharynx, larynx and the trachea into lungs. Then air is exhaled through the same way.
 External Respiration Exchange Gases between the lungs and the bloodstream- Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste, this
process is called External Respiration. This process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic sacs which are called alceoli.

 Internal respiration exchanges gases between the
bloodstream and body tissues- In this process red blood cells
carry oxygen absorbed from the lungs around the body
through the vasculature.
 Air vibrating the vocal cords creates sound- During
exhalation air passes from the lungs through the larynx, or
Voice Box.
 Olfaction is a chemical sensation- it begins with olfactory
fibres that line the nasal cavities, some chemical in the air
bind and activate nervous system.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM-
Made up of gastrointestinal tract ( a series of hollow organs like,
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus) and
the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder (solid organs), Digestive system
breaks nutrients received from food and drink into parts small enough for
body to absorb and use for energy, growth and cell repair.
Functions-
 Ingestion-Process of eating
 Propulsion- Movement of food along the digestive tract
 Secretion- Secretion of digestive enzymes and other substances
loquifies, adjust pH and chemically breaks down the food.
 Mechanical digestion- this function physically breaks down the
food into smaller pieces.
 Chemical digestion- Chemically breaking down food into
molecules. This is carried out by enzymes in the stomach and
small intestine.
 Absorption- Movement of molecules from digestive tract to
adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels.
 Defecation- Elimination of undigested material.
URINARY SYSTEM-
This system works with lungs, skin and intestine and maintains the
balance of chemicals and water in the body. The main organ of urinary
system are kidneys (bean-shaped oegans that are located below the rib
cage in the back). From the kidneys urine travels down two thin tubes
ureters to bladder.
Functions-
 kidneys-Remove waste products from body, Balance body's
fluids and Balance a variety of electrolytes
 Ureters- Carry urine from kidneys to the bladder
 Bladder- The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine ,
they contract and flatten to empty urine through urethra.
 Sphincter muscles- Keep urine from leakiness closing tightly like
a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.
 Nerves in the bladder- Alert a person when it is time to urinate.
P3 Cooperation of body system to maintain health and life of an individual
There are several body systems like cardiovascular, digestive,
respiratory and endocrine that are interrelated with each other and cooperate
to each other for maintaining a healthy life of an individual.
Respiratory and circulatory system: These 2 body system work
closely together as it delivers oxygen to cells and tissues as well as to get rid
of carbon dioxide which cells produce. The main function of respiratory
system is to absorb oxygen through inhalation of air and to throw out CO 2
back. On the other hand, circulatory system picks up the oxygen in lungs and
throw out it in tissues. Lungs throw out the CO 2 and bring in new oxygen in
lungs. So, it can be said that there is no need of circulatory system without
respiratory system. Collaboration of both system can CO 2 and oxygen be
successfully exchanged between the environment and cells.
Endocrine and digestive: Endocrine and digestive systems also
work together in order to coordinate all activities of body for making an
individual healthy and disease free. Endocrine system produces hormones
and digestive system makes all nutrients go to the cells. For example, when a
person eat carbohydrates then it is converted into sugar. After this, the
pancreas who is an organ and part of endocrine system, yields the hormone
insulin to standardize how fast the sugar is crushed down. This collaboration
of digestive and endocrine controls the amount of sugar in a human body and
in the blood that keeps and protect them from diabetes.