Report on the Functioning of Cranial Nerves: Anatomy & Physiology

This report provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, focusing on the functioning of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves. It describes the structure and roles of these cranial nerves, including their somatic and visceral motor functions, and how they control eye movements and pupil dilation. The report also touches on the trigeminal nerve and the cavernous sinus, discussing potential issues like oculomotor nerve palsy if these nerves are compressed or damaged. It concludes by emphasizing the interconnectedness of anatomy and physiology, highlighting the importance of these nerves in maintaining bodily functions and the potential consequences of nerve dysfunction.

HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Functioning of oculomotor, trochlear and anducent nerves.....................................................................3
CONCLUSION’..............................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
The human anatomy is considered as the entire structure of a human being. The overall
philosophy of a human body involves various features including the anatomy, physiology and
embryology. In that process also, it varies in some specific and known ways (Jenkins and Tortora
2011). Physiology compiles the organs and functions of a human body. The report is about the
functioning of the oculomotor, trochlear, anducent, ophthalmic and the maxillary branches of the
trigeminal nerve. The anatomy and the physiology of the human body are considered similar in a common
way. It involves all the structure and functioning of a human body. It also includes the symptoms to be
happen if all these nerves act harmful or compressed by any virus or infection.
Functioning of oculomotor, trochlear and anducent nerves
Out of the 12 pairs of the cranial nerves, the oculomotor nerve is considered as the third cranial
nerve (Tortora and Derrickson, 2013). Through the orbital controls and fissure, the nerve enters the
orbit. It controls most of the movements of the eye which includes the movement of the pupil and also
helps in maintaining the opening and closing of the eyes (Simpson, 2014). It does by stimulating the
palpebrae muscles that act very superior. The modality of this nerve is categorized as the Somatic Motor
Visceral Motor and its actual functions are Levator palpebrae, medical and inferior recti muscles
Parasympathetic to ciliary and papillary constrictor muscles and superioris. This nerve is responsible for
supplying nerves to all the muscles that are around the eye.
The trochlear nerve is also considered as the IV carnial nerve (CN IV). Although it is the longest
pathway, but this is the only nerve that acts and emerges near the back area of the brain. Out of all the
nerves that provides some sort of service or functioning to the eye, this nerve is categorized as the
smallest nerve of the all (Waugh and Grant 2010). Through the superior orbital fissures, this nerve
passes. The trochlear nerve has a special feature of giving motor movements and functioning. This nerve
is also considered as the somantic efferent nerve. It stimulates only one muscle. For operation, it has to
function quite variantly so, it operates within the pulley like trochlea (Jenkins and Tortora 2011). This
nerve is the only nerve that makes an exit of the brain. In the ventral portion of the brainstem, these
nerves are being originated by the help of the cell bodies. The fibres of this nerve are actually produced
from the nucleus that is located in the tegmentum in the middle of the brain.
The abducent nerve, also known as abducens is considered as the sixth nerve (CN VI). It is an
efferent nerve in human bodies which manages the overall movement of a single muscle which is known
as the lateral muscle in the eye (Lakrim, 2014). These nerves are produced from the abducens that are
located in the caudal pons. Ventral to the fourth ventricle of the midline, the nucleus is situated. The
gasserian ganglions are considered as the sensory ganglions of the fifth censory nerve (CN V). The
sensory bodies are complied in this. There are three branches in the trigeminal nerves. The three branches
of the trigeminal nerves include the mandibular, maxillary and the ophthalmic divisions. Out of these
three divisions, the mandibular nerve is the only nerve that has various motor and sensory functions.
The cavernous sinus is considered as a true dural venous sinus. When the oculomotor nerve is
being compressed or damaged by the cavernous sinus, the condition occurs is termed as the oculomotor
nerve palsy or the third nerve palsy ways (Jenkins and Tortora 2011). Contraction may occur if the

tracheal nerve is being compressed against the tentorium but they improve with time (Simpson, 2014).
It may further causes various issues which involves diabetes, hypertension etc. These diseases can be
done because of the disfunctioning but its symptoms starts releaving within a short period of time.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the report that the human anatomy considers the overall structure
of the human body whereas the physiology involves the organs along with the functioning of the human
body. The oculomotor, trochlear and anducent nerves are three essential nerves which have their
specific functions. The cavernous virus is categorised as one of the most venous virus. If any of these
nerves are compressed or damaged by the cavernous sinus, it may cause further issues but may pass
over a short period of time.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Jenkins, G. and Tortora, G. J., 2011. Anatomy and physiology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Lakrim, M., 2014. Human Anatomy & Physiology.
Rizzo, D. C., 2015. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. Cengage Learning.
Shier, D., Butler, J. and Lewis, R., 2015. Hole's essentials of human anatomy & physiology.
McGraw-Hill Education.
Simpson, L., 2014. Human Anatomy & Physiology. Biol.
Tortora, G. J. and Derrickson, B. H., 2013. Principles of anatomy and physiology. Wiley Global
Education.
Waugh, A. and Grant, A., 2010. Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness
E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.