Zabibu Gahimbare: Unit 9 Anatomy and Physiology Report on Body Systems

This report, prepared by Zabibu Gahimbare, delves into the intricacies of human anatomy and physiology, covering the levels of structural organization from atoms and cells to tissues, organs, and organ systems. It defines key concepts such as osmosis and diffusion, explains the structure and function of various organelles like the Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and mitochondria, and contrasts eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The report also outlines the five phases of mitosis and describes the structure and function of major body systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, and reproductive systems, emphasizing how these systems cooperate to maintain life and health. This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of the human body's complex systems and their interconnectedness.

Zabibu Gahimbare
Unit 9: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Ill-Health
Submission Date: Task 1 – 12.12.2020 /Task 2 – 14.01.2021
An organ system is a group of organs that work together as a biological system to perform
one or more functions. For example, respiratory, digestive, urinary or cardiovascular. (Editors,
2020)
Our body is made up of millions of cells, cells that work together. our cells make up our
body tissue. tissues make up organ. an organ system like circulatory system organ are so
important for us to understand to known how our body work. also, organ system doesn’t
work in isolation.

(Levels of Structural Organization in the human body, 2020)
Level of
organisation
in the
human
body
Definition Examples in the body Diagram
Atom Atom –
Atoms are
made up of
three
particles:
protons,
neutrons
and
electrons.
Atoms are
the basic
units of
matter.
Cell It is defined
as the
smallest of
unit of life
which can
function and
productive .
We also
cannot see
with out a
microscope.
The examples
include
plants,
animals,
sperm cells,
blood cells
and nerve
cells.
1. Plant and animal
cell
2. Sperm cell
3. Blood cell
4. Nerve cell

Tissue A tissue is a
cellular
organisational
level between
cells and
complete
organs.
Examples of
tissue include
epithelial,
muscle,
connective
and nervous
tissue.
EPITHELIAL
tissue is
forms thin
sheets which
line and cover
structures in
the body. for
example,
your skin is an
epithelial
tissue.
CONNECTIVE
tissue is
usually tough
and made of
many fibre
like rope.
they form
structures
which hold
the human
body
together.
ligaments join
muscle to
muscle and
tendons join
muscle to
bone are
example of
connective
tissues
MUSCLE
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Muscle tissue

tissue can
contact
shorten to
produce
movement.
muscular
tissue is
found
attached to
the bones of
your body
and allows
you to move
around. the
walls of the
heart are
made of
tissue.
Organ It’s made
from a group
of different
organs which
all work
together to
do a
particular job.
For example,
the
circulatory
and the
digestive
system.
1. Kidney
2. Heart
3. Large intestines
4. Small intestines
Organ
System
It’s made
from a group
of different
organs which
all work
together to
do a
particular job.
For example,
the
circulatory
and the
1. Circulatory system
2. Digestive system
3. Respiratory system

digestive
system.
Organelles Structure Functions
Golgi Apparatus Is a membrane bound
organelle found in most cells
It is responsible for
packaging proteins into
vesicles to secretion also
it has the ability to
deliver vesicles, or
pockets of various cell
product, to different
locations throughout the
cell
Ribosomes exist in both
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells. ribosomes are free in
the cytoplasm and often
attached to the membrane of
the endoplasmic reticulum.
It Ribosomes exist in
both eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells.
ribosomes are free in the
cytoplasm and often
attached to the
membrane of the
endoplasmic
reticulum.produced
proteins; the proteins
are used in almost every
cellular functions.
Mitochondrion Are shaped perfectly to
maximize their productivity.
they are made of two
membrane. mitochondria are
bound by a double-
membrane system consisting
Its most important
function, it produce
energy the simpler
molecules of nutrition
are sent to the
mitochondria.

of inner and outer
membranes. fold of the inner
membrane.
Nuclear Envelope The nuclear pore regulates
the transportation of
molecules between the
nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The nuclear membrane is
a double membrane
layer that separates the
contents of the nucleus
from the rest of the cell.
Cell walls Are made of cellulose are
only found around plant
cells[prokaryotic]cellulose
structure outside the plasma
membrane.it controls the
passage of substances in and
out of the cell.
It prevents expansion of
the cell and allows water
and dissolved substances
to pass through it.
Lysosomes Lysosomes have a simple
structure; they are sphere-
shaped made up of a lipid
bilayer.
A lysosome’s main
function is to break
down and digest the
macromolecules.
Another function of the
lysosome is that it
repairs cell membrane.
Nucleus Is largest and most
prominent organelle in the
cell, also it encompasses the
nuclear membrane. also
controls the activities of the
cell.
The function of the
nucleus include that it
holds the characteristics
of an organism.
Another function is that
it’s responsible for
protein synthesis, cell
division and growth.
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic
reticulum [smooth ER]is a
membranous organelle
found in most eukaryotic
cells. This organelle is also
morphologically distinct,
often made of tubular
structure called cisternae.th
It important in the
synthesis of lipids, such
as cholesterol and
phospholipids, which
form all the membranes
of the organism.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Big cell organelle, is the
largest and most prominent
organelle
the rough endoplasmic
reticulum has on it
ribosomes, which are
small, organelle whose
function it is to make
those proteins.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Cell membrane is all outer cell, the membrane enclose the content of the cell called the
PROTOPLASM.
Protoplasm contains the genetic material of cell or organism. it also plays a role in
controlling the activity of the cell
inside the cell is a jelly-like fluid called CYTOPLASM.
CYTOPLASM protects the genetic material of the cell and cellular organelles from damage
caused due to movement and collision with other cells.
The difference between eukaryote and prokaryote cells is that eukaryotic cells have a
membrane bound nucleus, however prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi and protists.
five phases of mitosis include: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Name Function/Definition
Prophase The prophase separates the duplicated genetic
material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell
into two identical daughter cells.
Metaphase The chromosomes become attached to the
spindle fibres.
Interphase Interphase is the stage in the life cycle of a cell
where the cell grows, and DNA is replicated.
Anaphase Anaphase is stage 4 in the process of mitosis
whereby the chromosomes move away from
one another to opposite poles of the spindle
Telophase Telophase is the final stage of mitosis. It’s where
the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the
cell and two nuclei are formed.
Cytokinesis Mitosis is now over. The cytoplasm divides into
two and the new cell membrane separates off to
give two new, identical cells (daughter cell)
What is it? Diagram

Osmosis is defined as when a sugar
solution and water top are separated
by a semi-permeable membrane. The
solution’s large sugar molecule cannot
pass through the membrane until
equilibrium is established. The special
functions of membranes include that
it prevents dilution of cell cytoplasm
and also that it permits selective
control of molecules that enter and
leave cells.
Diffusion is also defined as the
movement of particles from a region
of high concentration to a region of
lower concentration.
Passive transport does not require
energy input. For example, osmosis
and diffusion does not require energy
In active transport, the particles move
from a high concentration to a low
concentration, in this instance, active
transport requires energy from
cellular respiration.
(osmosis | Definition, Examples, & Facts, 2020)
Name Structure Functions

Cardiovascular The cardiovascular system
has three main structures:
the heart, the blood vessels
and blood.
The function of a
cardiovascular system is for
blood to circulate around
the body with oxygen and
nutrients.
Respiratory The structure of the
respiratory system includes
the nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and your
lungs.
The function of the
respiratory system is that
it’s supposed to help you
breathe. The respiratory
system also makes sure that
you absorb the oxygen from
the air so your organs can
work healthily.
Digestive The structure of the
digestive system includes
the oesophagus, stomach,
small intestines, large
intestines and the anus
The digestive system’s
function is to take food and
change them into energy
and nutrients to let the
body to grow, repair itself
and also it breaks down
food so you can excrete it.
Urinary The structure of the urinary
system includes the kidneys,
pelvis, bladder and urethra
The function of the urinary
system is to filter blood and
create urine to waste in the
toilet.
Nervous The central nervous systems
consists of the brain and
spinal cord, the peripheral
consists of the spinal and
peripheral nerves, motor
and sensory endings
The function of the nervous
system is to send signals
from one cell to another.

How different body systems co-operate to maintain life and health of the
individual
Organ System Structure Function
Integumentary system Consists of skin
and the associated
skin components,
i.e hair , sweat ,
glands, and nails
Protects the body from chemicals
helps to make vitamin d, and detects
pain, touch, dehydration, and
changes in temperature
Skeletal system Consist of the
bones and the
cartilage
associated with
joints
Support and moves the body, protect
the body, contains bone marrow for
blood cells to develop in and store
mineral such as calcium
Muscular system Primarily of
skeletal muscle,
but there are also
two other types of
muscle
Cardiac muscle
found in the heart
and smooth
muscle found
within the viscera,
including the
alimentary canal
and the walls of
blood vessels
Enables the body to move by the
action of opposing muscular
contraction and relaxation.it also
maintains posture and produce heat
Nervous system Coordinates
activities of other
organ systems ,
this system is
divided into the
central nervous
system example
eyes ,ears and
taste buds
The functionality of the nervous
system can be split into three main
stages
Detecting changes sensory function
in the internal and external
environment, encoding them into
electronical impulses
Processing electrical impulses making
decisions either consciously
Activating effectors to induce an
appropriate response to initials
stimulus.
Endocrine system Regulates body
function[ hormone
]consist of
endocrine organs
Hormones altar the metabolism of
target cells. the hormone can be very
specific, affecting only one cell type,
or very general, affecting many cell

and endocrine
tissue embedded
within organs.
Endocrine organs
include the
pituitary, thyroid,
pineal, parathyroid
and adrenal
glands.
types.
Cardiovascular system Transports oxygen
and nutrients to
tissues.
Pumps blood around the blood
vessels to deliver oxygen and
nutrients to cell and remove
metabolic waste. regulates the water
contentment of body fluids, the acid-
base balance, and the temperature of
the body.
Lymphatic system Is a collection of
structure and
vessels that drains
lymph from blood
and has several
other functions.
part of your immune system, has
many functions also is responsible for
transporting various substances. it
include protecting your body from
illness-causing invaders, maintaining
body fluid levels , absorbing digestive
tract fats and removing cellular
waste.
Respiratory system Consist of air
passageways, the
lungs and muscles
of respiration
The respiratory system does two very
important things, it brings oxygen
into our bodies, which we need for
our cells to live and function
properly, and it helps us get rid of
carbon dioxide, which is a waste
product of cellular function
Digestive system Consist of the
digestive tract; the
oral cavity,
pharynx,
oesophagus ,stom
ach and small and
large intestine, as
well as organs that
assist digestion;
the salivary
glands , liver,
gallbladder and
pancreas
Responsible for the breakdown of
ingested food, both physically and
chemically, so that nutrients can be
absorbed. It is also involved in the
absorption of water and removal of
undigested food.
Urinary system Consists of the
kidneys , ureters ,
urinary, bladder
Urinary system , also known as the
renal system produces, stores and
eliminates urine, the fluid waste

and urethra. excreted by the kidney. kidney make
urine filtering wastes and extra water
from blood.
Reproductive system The female
reproductive
system contains
the ovaries,
uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina ,
clitoris, labia , and
mammary glands.
the male
reproductive
system contains
testes , epididymis,
ductus deferens,
penis and scrotum.
Female ovaries produce cells from
which an egg develops and also
release hormones that regulate
reproduction and development.
Male testes produce sperm and
release hormones that regulate
reproduction and development.
Fertilization is the combination of
sperm and oocyte, resulting in the
formation of a new life.
Bibliography/Reference:
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. Osmosis | Definition, Examples, & Facts. [online] Available at:
<https://www.britannica.com/science/osmosis> [Accessed 27 November 2020].
ANATOMY. 2020. Levels Of Structural Organization In The Human Body. [online] Available at:
<https://theanatomyofyourbody.wordpress.com/2015/01/23/levels-of-structural-organization-in-the-human-
body/> [Accessed 27 November 2020].
Editors, B., 2020. Organ System. [online] Biology Dictionary. Available at: <https://biologydictionary.net/organ-
system/> [Accessed 27 November 2020].