Animal Rights, Environmental Crime, and Green Criminology Project

This project delves into the complex realm of animal rights, environmental crime, and green criminology, examining the prevailing attitudes towards animal suffering and the legal frameworks designed to protect them. It explores the concept of animal rights, emphasizing the entitlement of animals to a life free from exploitation and abuse, and the significance of animal protection laws like the Animal Welfare Act and the Endangered Species Act. The project further investigates the benefits of granting legal personhood to animals within the criminal justice system, analyzing the impact of such a status on safeguarding endangered species and combating acts of violence and cruelty. A literature review provides insights from various authors on environmental justice, transmission theory, and the role of environmental protectionists, including their strategies and the challenges they face. The project also discusses the concept of eco-terrorism and the importance of ethical practices in animal protection efforts. The project concludes by highlighting the need for a balanced approach to animal rights advocacy, emphasizing the importance of ethical practices and adherence to legal frameworks to ensure the effective protection of animals and the environment.

Project

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
QUESTION 2.................................................................................................................................3
CASE STUDY................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Animal right can be defined as the prevailing attitudes towards animal suffering. In other
word, animals deserve to live free from human exploitation and abuse which is generally treated
by human being. There are several animal rights such as no experiments on animals without
government permission. Human being can’t breed and kill animals for food, cloths or medicine.
Other is no hunting of animals for just fun and no use of animals for hard labour or private gain.
To protect animals from human exploitation has two federal animal protection law such as The
Animal Welfare Act and The Endangered Species Act. These laws protect animals from
discrimination (Roberts, 2017). The main purpose of the animal right to give existence to
animals that they can live their life freely without human interruption and avoids their suffering
which is given by human being for their private gain. According to Animal Welfare Act those
animal gets minimum standard of care and treatment by human being for commercial sale, uses
in research, transport commercially and exhibit for public are protected by animal welfare
department and punish those people who show cruelty in innocent animals. Legal personhood
term is emphasized for nonhuman or animal who are exploit by human being, tries enforce
people on the behalf of animal to treat them as legal person. It is the form of law which protects
animal from human misbehaviour (Stoynov, Peshev and Grozdanov, 2018).
The brief study of the report includes different animals’ rights and significance of animal
protection law in the world. it helps to understand benefits of criminal justice for animals.
MAIN BODY
QUESTION 2
An animal right refers to the idea which refers to the fact that all no-human animals are entitled
to possess their own comfortable existence and have the right to all most basic interests. The
need to avoid sufferings and affording them same consideration of similar interest as in human
beings, where animals shall be given equal status of living with parameters of non-torture
behaviors. World over animal protectionists have taken massive precautions and steps which are
under legal rights if animals to stop the cases of violence, illegal trading of animals and
providing them equal hygienic parameters of living status. Many countries around world have

come under strict adherence to legal animal protection laws, where safety concerns and keenly
providing animals and birds safe comfortable zone on planet is major concern. With the
changing climate conditions and commercialization people have neglected the huge negative
impact on natural habitats where animals and species rights have been totally marginalized.
Legal laws of animal protection has brought various points and actions which has initiated
people to take high safety measures for protecting animals, legally make their living standards
ethical and providing them with vital environmental conditions as per their suitability
(Rowlands, 2016). USA, UK and many communities of countries around world have brought the
immense importance of protecting endangered species which are an integral part of world
wildlife habitats. Legal rights of animals have profound impact in providing justice and people
can bring cases of violence or torture against any animals being pet or anywhere around earth.
There are various rights which animals have or could acquire where implementation of
benchmarks could highly contribute in uplifting their ethical standards of living. People who
violate animal protection laws, and are found guilty in being illegal trading of animals, violence
or breaking any rule shall be punished severely. There shall be strong punishment steps taken in
their action who violate these rules and are harming rights of animals, birds in any ways.
Legal personhood
Recognizing the inherent value under law and the fact that fundamental goal of legal and social
order is further of their own interests. Legal personhood govern possessing rights under law
where they can take any legal actions on prohibition of their interests and have full control on the
parameters where they are working towards which leads In providing them high quality
standards. The legal personhood not only defines various rights which a person is entitled but he
is governed with social rights to participate in events and cultural holdings. Legal personhood
defines every individual as soul person who can foray in his arena of interests in work,
participate in community livings and are ethically responsible for their own decisions. One who
is denied of legal personhood, is exempt from any right under legal law which removes his
practical connectivity with society and is unable to involve himself in any sort of business or any
other functional activity (Jarvis, Goodrick and Hudson, 2019).
Criminal justice benefits of giving animals personhood

 Animals personhood can be understood by the persona of criminal justice benefits by the fact
that many world species have dangerously become extinct and are at verge of despair due to
illegal practices of humans, business activities. Animal protectionists have been highly brought
importance of giving animals their equal rights of living with integrity and providing them
animal personhood will give them legal rights. Criminal justice benefit can be measured by the
parameters to which animals enjoy equal freedom and livelihood of their own. There should be
equal law right given to justice in their living scenario, where any act of violence or cruelty
against animals should be strictly punished.
 Legal personhood rights given to animals will give equality right of principle where animals can
live with liberty and have their own value in identity under law. Possession of legal personhood
will eliminate acts of violence against animals, birds and their freed will be governed under law
where any act of exploitation and misconduct by torture can be taken under law of court.
Criminal justice of wildlife will protect their integrity of living, create ethical environment in
climate where animals and species population can be brought under positive impact in
percentage of their amount on earth (Francione and Charlton 2017).
Literature review
As per the views of Kotzman and Seery (2017) Environmental justice is the key to
preventing fair treatment and meaningful involvement of natural resources and human to upgrade
the climate conditions of world, bring high ethical standards of connectivity regardless of any
discrimination. Environmental laws regulations and enforcement should be highly focused on
scenarios of climate changes around world, where the rapid increase in temperature has
negatively impacted various habitats. Ecological justice refers to equal distribution of resources,
legal practices and ethical connectivity of people which impacts ecology positively. The problem
of environment needs to be addresses with high aptitudes of surveys, graphics to reach the base
of all issues pertaining to environment which causes havoc in mankind and wildlife. Wildlife
percentage has relatively marginalized with high proportion of decline in their living habitats,
deforestation of trees and massive cutting of mountains around world have affected their well
being on various extents. Author says protection acts towards nature and wildlife, should be
highly relative and in proportion to key areas of climate conditions where dramatic slower down
of oxygen levels in world have resulted in not only health problems but living standards have
dynamically changed. Wildlife protectionists around world have found that there is illegal

business trades, massive tortures and violence acts reported in animals who are pet or are under
no maintenance. There should be legal personhood given to animals and species to create their
existence valuable under law, which will make their living standards highly strong and evolve
their livelihood with connectivity with nature. There shall be no discrimination on their act based
on any concern; animals should be given equal rights of living within ecological hemisphere for
productive living habitats.
Another author, as per the views of van de Bank and van de Bank, (2018). Transmission
theory is one of the most innovative theories where people living together in diverse living
conditions and societies of countries, establish parameters of communication to share ideas and
important information gained form experience. Transmission theory enables people to learn new
parameters of knowledge on diverse background topics which are culturally transmitted into all
cultural scenarios, where dynamic changing conditions engage people. Cultural transmission is a
high innovative approach to enable large spread of environmental offending information where
people can reach out to various theories which express climate change issues. The knowledge is
gained through non-biological means and is spread with vital conversations on various scenarios
of experiences which enrich promotion of legal practices. People living in various countries and
regions with cultural transmission aid in solving environmental issues where climate issues,
continuous raise of temperature are main problems of criminologist. Research has shown people
are highly adaptive in bringing new changes of living when social transmission is highly
evolved, people can be connected on terms of environmental issues and spread vital ethics.
World has recognized various demerits our climate has been facing due to illegal cutting of trees
which not only affects nature, man-life and natural wildlife habitat living around but brings
multiple impacts on various scenarios. Legal protection laws of animals can be highly spread
among people when there is active communication within society and people living around are
connected to adhere animal protection laws.
` However as noted by author Rowlands, (2017)some cases of environmental protectionists
have been studied who have taken massive steps in group campaigning which has brought
various highlights of disturbed political scenario in city and all over country. They have the
belief that human society is responsible for depletion of resources and if the current scenario of
society is unchecked, world ecology will go under complete degradation. Extreme animal

protectionist’s activists have been classified as major environment threat due to the rigorous
programs, legislations laws compliance which has impacted people living in nearby regional
areas. Their desire to protect legal laws of animals and developing the laws which govern their
practical legal personhood can be understood by the fact that there are increased cases on
paradigm of illegal steps and violating actions in the name of environment sake. Author explains
the changing scenario of climate change and reducing wildlife population has made environment
protectionists to involve in extreme steps to protect Mother Nature, which impacts their relativity
of functions. Animal lovers to get animals legal personhood have taken various extreme
campaigning acts and strategies which not only make them come under the banner of eco-
terrorist but also reduces their impact with high negative aptitude among people. Environmental
protectionists have been severely against any prohibition of natural laws which govern wildlife
and trees habitats, equal living scenario of rights. The idea has gained large grounds of belief on
the parameters that showcase capitalism, industrial revolution and innovation preferences of
human are responsible for disastrous impacts on climate change.
As illustrated by the views of Johannsen,(2017) Environmental threat are highly
poisonous in growth of society and all over world, be it in the form of eco-terrorism as their
productive reach slows due to unethical practices and extreme steps which come under violation
of legal laws. Author explains animal protectionists on their sake to protect animal rights and
legal personhood, should not violate any individual rights and their functional duty should
govern in only ethical practices, which brings positive impact from their acts. World over this
issue and concern of eco-terrorism has been given high importance due to their spread of
negativity and non-adherence to legal laws. Author has explained various scenarios in this
aspect where surveys have shown, any wildlife protectionist groups have been found to conduct
many programs and campaigns to safeguard their rights and values. The view explains this has
made their practices found illegal due to high involvement which has disturbed the local
surroundings majorly in cities and countries.
As per the views of Patton, (2019) animals, birds and species around world have the right
to be in their natural habitat and ecosystem changes due to various climate change issues have
impacted their well being massively. Animals rights are offended when they are mistreated at
zoos by viewers as many times people acts are unethical which not only hurt animals living

conditions and their values. Nature changes have severely affected various paradigms among
ecology scenario, where birds have lost their homes due to deforestation effects. Criminology
studies have shown various graphs of downfall in forest areas around world due to which the
legal rights of animals have been impacted majorly. Environmental perspective on criminology
enables us to understand the various parameters which have been creating havoc and destruction
in climate due to various acts of humans where the legal structures and policies have helped in
bringing evacuative change. Environmental criminologists are people working and researching
various segments of behavioral pattern in possible crimes against nature such as acts of
deforestation around countries and forest regional areas. Climate increase in temperature has
impacted overall percentage of oxygen in air where investigation, development theories have
brought huge decline in social standards of living for animals, birds. Author explains Green
Perspective on climate change enables us to understand issues such as climate change in terms of
long term ecological values which are highly important area of concern which has negatively
impacted all countries of world. By these facts study benefits can be analyzed on parameters
where it has enabled us to analyze violation of existing environmental laws which have been
established to protect health, safety and vitality of animals.
As noted by other author Yang and Veil, (2017) Overall ecosystem can be improved and
enhanced with complete adherence of these laws, where any illegal cutting of forest areas or
mountains to serve any personal benefit, which may harm climate and living standards of people.
Green perspectives have brought various positive changes in climate where criminology theories
have helped in saving ecological environment practices around world. Animals have the right to
posses their own forest areas, trees where with help of legal personhood their habitats of forest
areas where they can connect with freedom. The legal rights can be improved with various
scenarios enhancement where many endangered species can be saved in world by these legal
protection acts , where research has shown the various benefits and funds raised have helped
criminologists to study and analyze various paradigms development. Green criminology has
brought various sections of people to emerge as distinctive area of research where wildlife
lovers, have researched on various interests and theoretical studies which have brought people
close to wildlife care and the various issues which needs immediate action. Author has in detail
explained how legal rights compliance among wildlife, animals can be developed for strict
adherence among public by producing the facts discovered with the help of criminology.

Scientific study of nature, causes, control and consequences along with various studies and
research measures which can be implemented in prevention both on animal rights and social
levels for high ethical standards of living around world. Environmental criminology refers as
positivist theory where elements of various research factors shows crime is influenced by
humans spatial environment deeds by diverse attributes.
As per views of Majeed, (2018) there are various facts of criminal justice benefits by
giving them legal personhood as relatively people will be more lose and connected with the
synergy of wildlife, their value will be increased. Legally making them protected under eye of
law makes them secure against all violation, violence and acts of mislead which not only
degrades their ethical values but also minimizes their social standards in habitats. Animal
protection acts have shown in various cases where wildlife lovers have successfully brought
legal changes and personhood among animals. Birds and other animals should be not caged and
traded for business purposes which violate their living ethics and their owners should adhere to
complete significance in providing them safe secure conditions. Legal personhood will ethically
govern various legal rights and identity to animals that are at some parts of the world mistreated
and badly tortured. Case studies have shown various results and statistics where giving legal
personhood is ideally immensely important as part of legal rights in animals, which will
productively make them more compiled with the natural habitat ethics and potentially make them
close to their natural habitats. Author has analyzed paradigms of various case studies in world,
where many people are using animals for their selfish reasons in business; animal teeth are used
in furniture and for various other activities. Snakes and various mammals’ skins are reportedly
used for leather manufacturing in many countries for apparel productions, fashion tools. These
actions pertain the legal rules implications which have increased awareness among public of the
animals legal rights.
CASE STUDY
Shaken lambs to death
Shaken lambs to death is one of the most vital case study where traits of domestic
violence among animals have been subject to debate, where experiments on lambs have shown
how they are mistreated and tortured till death. Anaesthetized lambs to death in an attempt to

prove whether shaking alone is sufficient to produce brain injury and mortality or additional
impact is required. The case study says nine anaesthetized lambs were grasped at their farm from
their underarm, under legs and quadrupeds with high force to snap their head back and forth,
onto the chest. There was also considerable lateral and rotational head movement for 10 times of
30 seconds over period of 30 minutes period. Lambs remained under anesthesia for 6 hours
whilst in the sphinx position, which caused massive pain and torture impacted their internal
bones badly. During the experiment 3 of the lambs which were underweight due to poor
condition of food and no nutrition given were dead in an unexpected figure of time. Remaining
lambs were killed after 6 hours and left overnight, where internal body parts, brains, spinal cord
and eyes were collected for examination. Results of this study has significantly brought various
points before for analysis which explains underweight issue of animals is major concern for their
health and non providence of food is against their legal rights (Finnie and et.al 2012).
Animals who are weak, malnourished are not able to live long lifespan in life which
highly impacts their quality of life and terms in which they are living are also important
parameters. Torturing them physically makes them massively weak, and is not able to live long
life with stability; internal organs are massively attacked by the attacks and physical violence.
There health is massively destroyed due to anesthesia and injections which are injected for
various experiments on their body. Case study have shown various key areas and vital points
before us which enables us to gain insights on various hazards on animal healthy, where their
body structure is highly impacted negatively with the dozes . Case study enables us to analyze
various paradigms of ecology destruction where wildlife has impacted various structures of
living among animals. Research has also shown that many times animals are kept in
overcrowded, suffocation where they do not get enough oxygen supply due to which nervous
disorders have been highly increasing among farm animals. They are tested for various
experiments with high dose of injections and are often mistreated with huge torture, which
lowers their performance levels in various senses (Milroy,2018).
Case study explains animals are often treated as objects and are not given humanity
rights, which hinders their value among society and are mistreated with various illegal
experiments. Animal legal rights are highly violated where protectionists have examined that
there are various industries in world among where animals are taken for tests, injections and

various experimental acts. These acts are so massively common in all pervasive parts of world,
legally animals have no rights to gets protected and their ethical values are highly hurt. Case
study analyzes animals are completely under high pressure of overwork, where they are highly
pressurized with massive experiments. Pregnant sheep are found infected with deadly diseases
where they are given dosage of high alcohol and ethanol to get results on unborn babies. The
farms in which such acts are performed have high nervous disorders on animals which not only
impact their life standards and physical body but also massively lower their mental functional
ability.
Findings:
 Animals legal rights of welfare are highly important to provide the safe ecological living
conditions, in which legal personhood is an important area which will highly contribute in
bringing strong progression and their habitat welfare. Legal compliance will enable strong
welfare of all animals which will not only aid them in their living scenario and given their own
identity with laws, but make them highly effective in living scenario. Animal protectionists have
found various cases and findings which serve the purpose to bring legal laws and rights of
wildlife under highlight, which will help them to lead better life. Wildlife around world are
facing huge downfall due to crowded living conditions, overwork in farms and experiments
which infect their internal organs. Torture and violence have been found as major factors which
have impacted their living and health standards, legally in many countries there are no steps
taken which highly increases such acts.
 Legal personhood will highly improve the ethical standards and safe wildlife from becoming
totally extinct, which is an integral step in providing them high strong living scenario. Animals
are kept under pressure and are often neglected from essential supplies which impacts their
growth and living standards, factors in which we can reflect on the fact that there are massive
destruction of legal laws in wildlife. By having various legal laws the industries will not be able
to illegally exploit animals in experiments and various other zones under which they are
affecting animals. The case studies have shown various analyzed scenarios of mistreating
animals and species for various business purposes where they are highly violating legal laws and
acts (Crean and Senior, 2019).

 Further creative ideas and innovation should be implemented in the legal laws which give
wildlife safety standards, legally protecting their ethical values and make them secured in the
ecology hemisphere. Environmental acts are also highly correlated as natural habit loss in
ecology hemispheres is major area of concern among animals as they are unable to live efficient
living standards. These steps are important steps to bring high ethical values among animals and
provide them with strong quest to leverage their living ethics, productivity in their living
scenarios will be increased which will highly improve various health concerns and enable
animals to pertain safe livelihood.
CONCLUSION
The brief study of the report provided understanding of animal rights which needed for
the world because animals kept environment healthy and it’s right gave lesson to human being
for treating as legal person. The report has been described about different type of animal laws
like the animal welfare act and the endangered species act. Based on the animal rights protected
animals from human cruelly which they did for private gain. Legal personhood proposed for
animal so that human treated with animal as legal person when they opposed or exploited animal
for commercial purpose or research purpose then they punished by government in term of
penalty. World’s climate gave negative impact on animal proliferation for example when
temperature expected to rise higher then average in higher latitude and in higher elevation then
animal have to migrate in lower elevation because they lived in lower elevation has been
summarized through the literature review. Most of the authors analysed that human
discriminated with animal just for funs shake like they love to hunting so they killed animal in
the report (Tarekgne, 2017). The brief study of the report has been evaluated the criminal justice
benefits for giving animals ‘legal personhood’. It has been critically analysed the case for animal
rights determine between legal rights for animals and other rights.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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