University Nursing 2, Fall 2024: Animal Testing Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography examines the ongoing debate surrounding the use of animal testing in medical research. It presents three key articles that explore different facets of this complex issue. Akhtar (2015) critiques animal experimentation, highlighting its flaws and potential harms to humans, arguing for a shift toward human-based testing methods. Franco (2013) provides a historical perspective on animal experimentation, tracing its contributions to medical progress while also acknowledging the ethical considerations involved. Kehinde (2013) assesses the current status of animal experimentation, weighing its benefits and drawbacks, and considering its continued relevance in specific areas of research, such as basic scientific research and modeling human disorders. Each entry includes a summary of the article's main points, its relevance to the research question, and its significance for the nursing profession, along with the keywords used for article retrieval.

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Part 1: Annotated Bibliography
Does Animal Testing Still have a place in Medical Research
Akhtar A. (2015). The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation. Cambridge quarterly
of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees, 24(4), 407–
419. doi:10.1017/S0963180115000079.
The author aims at showing that animal experimentation is unreliable based on a growing body
scientific literature. The author provides evidence that animal experimentation is affected by
multiple flaws. The use of animals has significant harms on humans due to misleading safety
studies, the possibility of forsaking effective therapeutics. The overall danger and costs on
humans due to animal experimentation are far much higher than the perceived benefits and that it
could have been much beneficial to invest in developing human-based testing methods. The
article by Akhtar (2015) will be of importance to the literature review because it answers the
research question on whether there is still a place for animal testing in medical research or not.
Moreover, the article is also of importance to the nursing profession because it provides evidence
of the flaws in animal experimentation by addressing the differences in physiology and genetics
of interspecies and the overall unreliability of the results. The keywords used to locate the article
from the NCBI database include animal ethics, animal research and medical testing.
Franco, N. (2013). Animal experiments in biomedical research: a historical
perspective. Animals, 3(1), 238-273.
The objective of the author was to provide a historical perspective on the use of animals in
biomedical research and to justify his conclusion regarding the ethical treatment of animals in
research. Animal experimentation has significantly contributed to medical progress but has been

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a cause for heated debate since antiquity. However, the advancements in the medical field had
highly esteemed the protection of animals used in research in addition to transparency. But
animal experimentation is still to be used into the foreseeable future as much as there is a need
for developing alternative methods. The article will be critical for the literature review because it
will provide a historical development of animal experimentation. Moreover, it will be important
to the nursing profession because it will provide detailed information on the continuous use of
animal testing despite the advancements in the medical field. The specific key terms search in the
PubMed database include animal testing, history of science and animal research.
Kehinde E. O. (2013). They see a rat, we seek a cure for diseases: the current status of animal
experimentation in medical practice. Medical principles and practice : international journal of
the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 22 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 52–61.
doi:10.1159/000355504.
The author purposed to assess the present developments in the field of animal experimentation
and to ascertain whether or not they are still reliable and any justification for the same. Animal
experimentation is currently justifiable in some specific areas such as basic scientific research,
the adoption of animals as models for human disorders among others. This is due to the integral
limitations to the use of alternative methods such as in human clinical trials. Moreover, into the
foreseeable future, there may still be sufficient grounds to promote animal testing. This article is
critical for the literature review because it highlights the benefits and drawbacks of animal
testing. Additionally, the article is useful in the nursing profession because it demonstrates that
as much as animal testing has received a lot of criticism, there are still sufficient grounds to
advocate for it's us. This also shows the future state of medical research. The specific search

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terms used to search PubMed and Web of Science databases include animal welfare, ethics,
animal models.

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References
Akhtar A. (2015). The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation. Cambridge quarterly
of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics
committees, 24(4), 407–419. doi:10.1017/S0963180115000079.
Franco, N. (2013). Animal experiments in biomedical research: a historical
perspective. Animals, 3(1), 238-273.
Kehinde E. O. (2013). They see a rat, we seek a cure for diseases: the current status of animal
experimentation in medical practice. Medical principles and practice : international
journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 22 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 52–61.
doi:10.1159/000355504.