Animal Welfare in Australia: Laws, Live Export, and Recommendations
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This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of animal welfare in Australia, with a specific focus on the contentious issue of live cattle export. The paper begins by outlining the legal framework governing animal welfare, including relevant legislation at both the federal and state levels. It then delves into the live export industry, detailing the processes involved, from gathering livestock to their slaughter, and highlighting the significant animal welfare concerns associated with long-distance transportation and inhumane slaughter practices, including instances of animal cruelty. The essay critically evaluates the existing regulations, such as the Export Supply Chain Assurance System (ESCAS), and discusses the challenges in ensuring adequate animal protection. Finally, it explores potential strategies for improving animal welfare, including various options proposed by the Australian Government, and considers their advantages and disadvantages, offering recommendations for better protection of animal interests. This assignment aims to provide a balanced and informed perspective on the complex issues surrounding animal welfare in Australia.
Running head: AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
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AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
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1AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
Introduction
The state and territory governments in Australia are primarily responsible for the
welfare of the animals and enforcing laws for the prevention of cruelty towards those
animals. In the recent years there has been a growing concern among donations about the
welfare of the animals as they are often seen as being neglected. The constitution of Australia
can be seen as lacking proper mention of the animal rights and welfare. However, there have
been many influences over the government by various organizations to make them receptive
and cooperative in enforcing laws for the animal welfare.1 One of the major issues faced for
the animal welfare in Australia is the live export of animals. Australia is one of the largest
exporters of live cattle. Although there are specific laws regulating live export industry of
Australia yet often times it is seen that the live exporters torture cattle inhumanely. This paper
aims to argue whether the practice of live export of cattle should be allowed to continue in
Australia. In this context the paper would be discussing about the legal framework existing
for governing the Australian live export industry. The paper will also review whether the
laws which address the concerns in the animal welfare in Australia are adequate. In
furtherance, the paper will also mention some strategies for the better protection of the animal
interest and consider their advantages and disadvantages.
Live export
The term live export can be referred to as the transportation of animals across the
national borders for a commercial purpose of either slaughter or breeding. A number of
countries can be seen as being involved in the trade of live exportation of animals. One of the
largest live exporters in this trade is Australia. The live export industry has been criticized by
many animal lovers and animal welfare support workers because of the evidence found for
1 Chen, Peter John. Animal welfare in Australia: Politics and policy. (Sydney University Press, 2016)
Introduction
The state and territory governments in Australia are primarily responsible for the
welfare of the animals and enforcing laws for the prevention of cruelty towards those
animals. In the recent years there has been a growing concern among donations about the
welfare of the animals as they are often seen as being neglected. The constitution of Australia
can be seen as lacking proper mention of the animal rights and welfare. However, there have
been many influences over the government by various organizations to make them receptive
and cooperative in enforcing laws for the animal welfare.1 One of the major issues faced for
the animal welfare in Australia is the live export of animals. Australia is one of the largest
exporters of live cattle. Although there are specific laws regulating live export industry of
Australia yet often times it is seen that the live exporters torture cattle inhumanely. This paper
aims to argue whether the practice of live export of cattle should be allowed to continue in
Australia. In this context the paper would be discussing about the legal framework existing
for governing the Australian live export industry. The paper will also review whether the
laws which address the concerns in the animal welfare in Australia are adequate. In
furtherance, the paper will also mention some strategies for the better protection of the animal
interest and consider their advantages and disadvantages.
Live export
The term live export can be referred to as the transportation of animals across the
national borders for a commercial purpose of either slaughter or breeding. A number of
countries can be seen as being involved in the trade of live exportation of animals. One of the
largest live exporters in this trade is Australia. The live export industry has been criticized by
many animal lovers and animal welfare support workers because of the evidence found for
1 Chen, Peter John. Animal welfare in Australia: Politics and policy. (Sydney University Press, 2016)
2AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
the cruelty of the animals during transit. Because of the sheerness of the distance to be
travelled for exporting the animals there have been many evidence found towards animal
cruelty2. The lengths and trials faced by the animals during the journey of life export have
been explained by the Director of the Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, Professor Clive
Phillips. The journey of live export of animals can be observed as starting with gathering the
stock from remote properties, and ending with the slaughter of the animals in the destination
country. In between these processes the stocks are required to be moved at least an additional
5 or 6 times and the entire procedure is possible to be lasting between 1 and 2 months3. Very
little knowledge is recognized about the accumulative consequences of these collective
pressures on the welfare of animals but it is conceivable that manifold stressors can result in
making the animals apprehensive, depressed or go into a stage of erudite vulnerability.
Before getting boarded in the ships or planes, animals might be strained by being deprived of
food and water, extraordinary densities of the stocking and great temperature at the same time
as being conveyed by rail or road for more than 50 hours. These traumas can be seen as
causing desiccation, hurting and salmonellosis in the sheep and other breathing sickness in
cattle. Once the animals are put on board on an export vessel, the animals can potentially be
restrained for almost a month, which is almost equal to 744 successive hours. During these
confinements the presence of high temperatures and lack of proper aeration can further add to
lethal heat stroke in the cattle, predominantly in those classes whose physiology is not suited
to endure hot climates. Sheep are shifted from a diet based on pasture to intense pellets after
they are put on board. This change is often seen as being rejected by some animals. Failure of
eating can be leading to salmonellosis and further in the animal’s death4. About half of deaths
of the sheep occur in this way. Ammonia gas is generated by the waste products of the
2 Chen, Peter John. Animal welfare in Australia: Politics and policy. (Sydney University Press, 2016)
3 Sinclair, Michelle, et al. "Australian public opinions regarding the live export trade before and after an
animal welfare media expose." Animals 8.7 (2018): 106.
4 Evans, Brodie, and Hope Johnson. "(Mis) representing and responding to the problem of food security
within animal cruelty policy debates around the live export trade." (2019).
the cruelty of the animals during transit. Because of the sheerness of the distance to be
travelled for exporting the animals there have been many evidence found towards animal
cruelty2. The lengths and trials faced by the animals during the journey of life export have
been explained by the Director of the Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, Professor Clive
Phillips. The journey of live export of animals can be observed as starting with gathering the
stock from remote properties, and ending with the slaughter of the animals in the destination
country. In between these processes the stocks are required to be moved at least an additional
5 or 6 times and the entire procedure is possible to be lasting between 1 and 2 months3. Very
little knowledge is recognized about the accumulative consequences of these collective
pressures on the welfare of animals but it is conceivable that manifold stressors can result in
making the animals apprehensive, depressed or go into a stage of erudite vulnerability.
Before getting boarded in the ships or planes, animals might be strained by being deprived of
food and water, extraordinary densities of the stocking and great temperature at the same time
as being conveyed by rail or road for more than 50 hours. These traumas can be seen as
causing desiccation, hurting and salmonellosis in the sheep and other breathing sickness in
cattle. Once the animals are put on board on an export vessel, the animals can potentially be
restrained for almost a month, which is almost equal to 744 successive hours. During these
confinements the presence of high temperatures and lack of proper aeration can further add to
lethal heat stroke in the cattle, predominantly in those classes whose physiology is not suited
to endure hot climates. Sheep are shifted from a diet based on pasture to intense pellets after
they are put on board. This change is often seen as being rejected by some animals. Failure of
eating can be leading to salmonellosis and further in the animal’s death4. About half of deaths
of the sheep occur in this way. Ammonia gas is generated by the waste products of the
2 Chen, Peter John. Animal welfare in Australia: Politics and policy. (Sydney University Press, 2016)
3 Sinclair, Michelle, et al. "Australian public opinions regarding the live export trade before and after an
animal welfare media expose." Animals 8.7 (2018): 106.
4 Evans, Brodie, and Hope Johnson. "(Mis) representing and responding to the problem of food security
within animal cruelty policy debates around the live export trade." (2019).
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Animal which can be present in extraordinary proportions on board containers. This ammonia
gas can be seen as irritating the eyes, nasal cavities and respiratory tracts of an animal. This
irritation can be seen as causing in crying, coughing and nasal discharge among the animals.
During the transit there are thousand animas that die5. The live export industry can be seen to
be arguing that good outcomes for animal welfare has been achieved by them as in
comparison to the entire number of animals that are being shipped, the rate of deaths of these
animals are proportionately small6. Despite these revelations which can potentially result in
the damage of the reputation of the nation, the Australian Government does not consider the
end of the livestock exportation as an option because in an average almost 7% of the value of
sheep and sheep meat exports can be observed to be contributed by way of the live export of
the sheep. This further contributes to around 0.5% of the value of total export of agricultural
products in Australia.
There have been abundant revelations, reports and inquiries conducted in the
destination nation in which it had been evident that there is an existence of stark and
complete issues relating to the cruelty and welfare of the animals at ports while getting off in
the vessels and abroad destinations7. In 2011, the program aired by ABC named the Four
Corners revealed the gross cruelty that the Australian cattle have been subjected to in
Indonesian slaughterhouses. In the 50 slaughters filmed in 10 separate locations it was
observed that in around 90% of these locations painful techniques are used for the handling
of the animals. These painful techniques include kicking, hitting, gouging eyes, breaking tails
and slashing tendons.8
5 Phillips, Clive JC. "The welfare of livestock during sea transport." Long distance transport and
welfare of farm animals (2008): 137-154.
6 Cushing, Nancy. "'Few Commodities are More Hazardous': Australian Live Animal Export, 1788-
1880." Environment and History 24.4 (2018): 445-468.
7 Pendergrast, Nick. "Live animal export, humane slaughter and media hegemony." Animal Studies
Journal 4.1 (2015): 99-125.
8 Evans, Brodie Lee. Animal cruelty, discourse, and power: A study of problematisations in the live
export policy debates. Diss. Queensland University of Technology, 2018.
Animal which can be present in extraordinary proportions on board containers. This ammonia
gas can be seen as irritating the eyes, nasal cavities and respiratory tracts of an animal. This
irritation can be seen as causing in crying, coughing and nasal discharge among the animals.
During the transit there are thousand animas that die5. The live export industry can be seen to
be arguing that good outcomes for animal welfare has been achieved by them as in
comparison to the entire number of animals that are being shipped, the rate of deaths of these
animals are proportionately small6. Despite these revelations which can potentially result in
the damage of the reputation of the nation, the Australian Government does not consider the
end of the livestock exportation as an option because in an average almost 7% of the value of
sheep and sheep meat exports can be observed to be contributed by way of the live export of
the sheep. This further contributes to around 0.5% of the value of total export of agricultural
products in Australia.
There have been abundant revelations, reports and inquiries conducted in the
destination nation in which it had been evident that there is an existence of stark and
complete issues relating to the cruelty and welfare of the animals at ports while getting off in
the vessels and abroad destinations7. In 2011, the program aired by ABC named the Four
Corners revealed the gross cruelty that the Australian cattle have been subjected to in
Indonesian slaughterhouses. In the 50 slaughters filmed in 10 separate locations it was
observed that in around 90% of these locations painful techniques are used for the handling
of the animals. These painful techniques include kicking, hitting, gouging eyes, breaking tails
and slashing tendons.8
5 Phillips, Clive JC. "The welfare of livestock during sea transport." Long distance transport and
welfare of farm animals (2008): 137-154.
6 Cushing, Nancy. "'Few Commodities are More Hazardous': Australian Live Animal Export, 1788-
1880." Environment and History 24.4 (2018): 445-468.
7 Pendergrast, Nick. "Live animal export, humane slaughter and media hegemony." Animal Studies
Journal 4.1 (2015): 99-125.
8 Evans, Brodie Lee. Animal cruelty, discourse, and power: A study of problematisations in the live
export policy debates. Diss. Queensland University of Technology, 2018.
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4AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
Welfare Legislations
There have been numerous helpful rules framed by the Australian Government till
date for holding a position that can be considered to be significant for the proper regulation of
the welfare of the animals, especially in the problems related to the farmed and bred animals.
Intercessions in this regard have been observed as enhancing the implication of the problem.
This in turn can be noticed in turn to be increasing the accountability of the government,
alongside the rights that animals have in that particular region. However, it has been observed
that the frameworks for the regulation in relation to the welfare of the animals have many
deficiencies present in different aspect, especially in the problems related to the laws and the
regulations for the treatment of the animals which are live exported for breeding or slaughter
purposes. There have been many Acts passed by the government of Australia to ensure
welfare of the animals. Some of these regulations include the Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)9,
Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)10, Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW),11
Animal Welfare Act 2000 (Northern Territory)12, Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)13, Animal
Welfare Act 1993 (Tasmania)14, Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)15, Animal
Welfare Act 2002 (WA)16. The statutes discussed above in their entirety attempt for the
prevention of the brutality against animals besides can be seen as generating duty of care and
related accountabilities for the possessors of the animals. The Animal Welfare legislations
mainly attempt for the prevention of individuals from irrationally hurting any animal, in
doing so setting a firm caution over the possessors of the animals. The trades of the animals
can be observed as causing long term controversies in the nation and foreign countries as had
been exposed in many situations that the animals which are exported are not given adequate
9 Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)
10 Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)
11 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)
12 Animal Welfare Act 2000 (Northern Territory)
13 Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)
14 Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tasmania)
15 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)
16 Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)
Welfare Legislations
There have been numerous helpful rules framed by the Australian Government till
date for holding a position that can be considered to be significant for the proper regulation of
the welfare of the animals, especially in the problems related to the farmed and bred animals.
Intercessions in this regard have been observed as enhancing the implication of the problem.
This in turn can be noticed in turn to be increasing the accountability of the government,
alongside the rights that animals have in that particular region. However, it has been observed
that the frameworks for the regulation in relation to the welfare of the animals have many
deficiencies present in different aspect, especially in the problems related to the laws and the
regulations for the treatment of the animals which are live exported for breeding or slaughter
purposes. There have been many Acts passed by the government of Australia to ensure
welfare of the animals. Some of these regulations include the Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)9,
Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)10, Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW),11
Animal Welfare Act 2000 (Northern Territory)12, Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)13, Animal
Welfare Act 1993 (Tasmania)14, Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)15, Animal
Welfare Act 2002 (WA)16. The statutes discussed above in their entirety attempt for the
prevention of the brutality against animals besides can be seen as generating duty of care and
related accountabilities for the possessors of the animals. The Animal Welfare legislations
mainly attempt for the prevention of individuals from irrationally hurting any animal, in
doing so setting a firm caution over the possessors of the animals. The trades of the animals
can be observed as causing long term controversies in the nation and foreign countries as had
been exposed in many situations that the animals which are exported are not given adequate
9 Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)
10 Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)
11 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)
12 Animal Welfare Act 2000 (Northern Territory)
13 Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)
14 Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tasmania)
15 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)
16 Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)
5AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
protection by way of suitable law in the nation where the animals had been transported.
Inhumane butchery of the animals has been of one more immense concern in the nation
where it had been an issue of concern for the measures that are being used by the butchers for
slaughtering the animals. Many of the organizations working for the animal welfare are
observed to be of the opinion that the animals are required to be stunned prior to being
butchered for the sole reason to be lessening the pain and the suffering they have to endure
for an inhumane death. The export of the live cattle is controlled by way of the Australian
Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 199717, Export Control Act 198218 and any other rules and
implements that have been issued under the provisions of these Acts. The Export Control
(Animals) Order 200419 can be observed as providing with the requirements that are to be met
for exporting livestock and further necessitates the exporter to be holding a license and permit
for exportation of the livestock and arrange for a ‘Notice of Intention’ for such exportation20.
The livestock that is being exported is required to be meeting the necessities mentioned by
the regulations of the importing country. This might as well be including obligatory pre-
export seclusion and delivering of certificate of health for the confirmation of the animal to
be meeting all the requirements towards the protocol of health as has been conveyed between
Australia and the country to which the livestock is being imported.21 Exporters of livestock
are also required to be in compliance with the Australian Standards for the Export of
Livestock and in furtherance to this, an approved Export Supply Chain Assurance System
(ESCAS) is also seen as to be present. The arrangement necessitates the trader to be
establishing a structure of mechanism for the transportation of the cattle to a specific nation,
which can be observed as to trace all the livestock by way of a supply chain which has been
17 Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 1997
18 Export Control Act 1982
19 The Export Control (Animals) Order 2004
20 Grandin, Temple, ed. Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. Cabi, 2015
21 Pines, M. K., et al. "Stakeholders' assessment of welfare indicators for sheep and cattle exported by
sea from Australia." ANIMAL WELFARE-POTTERS BAR THEN WHEATHAMPSTEAD- 16.4 (2007):
489.
protection by way of suitable law in the nation where the animals had been transported.
Inhumane butchery of the animals has been of one more immense concern in the nation
where it had been an issue of concern for the measures that are being used by the butchers for
slaughtering the animals. Many of the organizations working for the animal welfare are
observed to be of the opinion that the animals are required to be stunned prior to being
butchered for the sole reason to be lessening the pain and the suffering they have to endure
for an inhumane death. The export of the live cattle is controlled by way of the Australian
Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 199717, Export Control Act 198218 and any other rules and
implements that have been issued under the provisions of these Acts. The Export Control
(Animals) Order 200419 can be observed as providing with the requirements that are to be met
for exporting livestock and further necessitates the exporter to be holding a license and permit
for exportation of the livestock and arrange for a ‘Notice of Intention’ for such exportation20.
The livestock that is being exported is required to be meeting the necessities mentioned by
the regulations of the importing country. This might as well be including obligatory pre-
export seclusion and delivering of certificate of health for the confirmation of the animal to
be meeting all the requirements towards the protocol of health as has been conveyed between
Australia and the country to which the livestock is being imported.21 Exporters of livestock
are also required to be in compliance with the Australian Standards for the Export of
Livestock and in furtherance to this, an approved Export Supply Chain Assurance System
(ESCAS) is also seen as to be present. The arrangement necessitates the trader to be
establishing a structure of mechanism for the transportation of the cattle to a specific nation,
which can be observed as to trace all the livestock by way of a supply chain which has been
17 Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 1997
18 Export Control Act 1982
19 The Export Control (Animals) Order 2004
20 Grandin, Temple, ed. Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. Cabi, 2015
21 Pines, M. K., et al. "Stakeholders' assessment of welfare indicators for sheep and cattle exported by
sea from Australia." ANIMAL WELFARE-POTTERS BAR THEN WHEATHAMPSTEAD- 16.4 (2007):
489.
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6AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
audited in an independent manner till the livestock reaches to the point of slaughtering.
However, according to many ongoing investigations since the year 2011 it has been revealed
that there have been multitudes of failures experienced by the Export Supply Chain
Assurance System (ESCAS). As per many reports presented by the investigations there have
been prominent breaches to the standards and in furtherance to this there has been an
existence of the incapability of the facilities that are approved or unapproved in destination
nations for the monitoring and enforcement of the ESCAS. In 2011, the program aired by
ABC named the Four Corners revealed the gross cruelty that the Australian cattle have been
subjected to in Indonesian slaughterhouses. In the 50 slaughters filmed in 10 separate
locations it was observed that in around 90% of these locations painful techniques are used
for the handling of the animals.
Suggestions
Various options have been proposed by the Australian Government while considering
the problems related to livestock exporting. One of the proposed options is to cope with the
peril of heat pressure in the welfare outcomes in the live sheep exports by way of heat stress
modelling software. For the management of the heat stress outcomes in the livestock export
the Department of Agriculture can be seen as proposing four options22. The first option is
prohibiting exports for three months when the risk is high and continuing the existing heat
stress model or the indicators related to animal welfare that have been agreed. The second
option is prohibiting exports for three and a half months no use of heat stress models. The
third option is not prohibiting any export, however, the exporters would be required to use
revised model of heat stress risk software on the basis of the thresholds of heat stress. The
fourth option is not prohibiting any export, and continuing the existing heat stress model.23
22 "Department Of Agriculture Animal Welfare Issues", Agriculture.Gov.Au (Webpage, 2019)
<http://www.agriculture.gov.au/animal/welfare/animal-welfare-issues>.
23 Caulfield, Malcolm P., et al. "Heat stress: A major contributor to poor animal welfare associated with
long-haul live export voyages." The Veterinary Journal 199.2 (2014): 223-228.
audited in an independent manner till the livestock reaches to the point of slaughtering.
However, according to many ongoing investigations since the year 2011 it has been revealed
that there have been multitudes of failures experienced by the Export Supply Chain
Assurance System (ESCAS). As per many reports presented by the investigations there have
been prominent breaches to the standards and in furtherance to this there has been an
existence of the incapability of the facilities that are approved or unapproved in destination
nations for the monitoring and enforcement of the ESCAS. In 2011, the program aired by
ABC named the Four Corners revealed the gross cruelty that the Australian cattle have been
subjected to in Indonesian slaughterhouses. In the 50 slaughters filmed in 10 separate
locations it was observed that in around 90% of these locations painful techniques are used
for the handling of the animals.
Suggestions
Various options have been proposed by the Australian Government while considering
the problems related to livestock exporting. One of the proposed options is to cope with the
peril of heat pressure in the welfare outcomes in the live sheep exports by way of heat stress
modelling software. For the management of the heat stress outcomes in the livestock export
the Department of Agriculture can be seen as proposing four options22. The first option is
prohibiting exports for three months when the risk is high and continuing the existing heat
stress model or the indicators related to animal welfare that have been agreed. The second
option is prohibiting exports for three and a half months no use of heat stress models. The
third option is not prohibiting any export, however, the exporters would be required to use
revised model of heat stress risk software on the basis of the thresholds of heat stress. The
fourth option is not prohibiting any export, and continuing the existing heat stress model.23
22 "Department Of Agriculture Animal Welfare Issues", Agriculture.Gov.Au (Webpage, 2019)
<http://www.agriculture.gov.au/animal/welfare/animal-welfare-issues>.
23 Caulfield, Malcolm P., et al. "Heat stress: A major contributor to poor animal welfare associated with
long-haul live export voyages." The Veterinary Journal 199.2 (2014): 223-228.
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7AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
The options have been majorly criticised by the RSPCA who provided with an option 5
which states that the only goal should be to protect the animals hence prohibiting exports for
the months when the risk is high and the exporters would be required to use revised model of
heat stress risk software on the basis of the thresholds of heat stress.
Conclusion
One of the major issues faced for the animal welfare in Australia is the live export of
animals. Australia is one of the largest exporters of live cattle. Although there are specific
laws regulating live export industry of Australia yet often times it is seen that the live
exporters torture cattle inhumanely. This paper aimed to argue whether the practice of live
export of cattle should be allowed to continue in Australia. In this context the paper has
discussed about the legal framework existing for governing the Australian live export
industry. The paper also reviewed whether the laws which address the concerns in the animal
welfare in Australia are adequate. In furtherance, the paper also mentioned some strategies
for the better protection of the animal interest and the criticism received. In conclusion to the
above-mentioned discussion it can be stated that an absolute ban on the livestock trade is not
possible as the economic infrastructure of Australia depends on these trades, however, the
government should consider taking vigilant steps to ensure that the conditions of those poor
animals are taken into consideration.
The options have been majorly criticised by the RSPCA who provided with an option 5
which states that the only goal should be to protect the animals hence prohibiting exports for
the months when the risk is high and the exporters would be required to use revised model of
heat stress risk software on the basis of the thresholds of heat stress.
Conclusion
One of the major issues faced for the animal welfare in Australia is the live export of
animals. Australia is one of the largest exporters of live cattle. Although there are specific
laws regulating live export industry of Australia yet often times it is seen that the live
exporters torture cattle inhumanely. This paper aimed to argue whether the practice of live
export of cattle should be allowed to continue in Australia. In this context the paper has
discussed about the legal framework existing for governing the Australian live export
industry. The paper also reviewed whether the laws which address the concerns in the animal
welfare in Australia are adequate. In furtherance, the paper also mentioned some strategies
for the better protection of the animal interest and the criticism received. In conclusion to the
above-mentioned discussion it can be stated that an absolute ban on the livestock trade is not
possible as the economic infrastructure of Australia depends on these trades, however, the
government should consider taking vigilant steps to ensure that the conditions of those poor
animals are taken into consideration.
8AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
Bibliography
Legislation
Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)
Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)
Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)
Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tasmania)
Animal Welfare Act 2000 (Northern Territory)
Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)
Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 1997
Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)
Export Control Act 1982
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)
The Export Control (Animals) Order 2004
Books and journals
Caulfield, Malcolm P., et al. "Heat stress: A major contributor to poor animal welfare
associated with long-haul live export voyages." The Veterinary Journal 199.2 (2014): 223-
228.
Chen, Peter John. Animal welfare in Australia: Politics and policy. (Sydney University Press,
2016)
Cushing, Nancy. "'Few Commodities are More Hazardous': Australian Live Animal Export,
1788-1880." Environment and History 24.4 (2018): 445-468.
Evans, Brodie Lee. Animal cruelty, discourse, and power: A study of problematisations in the
live export policy debates. Diss. Queensland University of Technology, 2018.
Bibliography
Legislation
Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)
Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)
Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)
Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tasmania)
Animal Welfare Act 2000 (Northern Territory)
Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)
Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 1997
Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)
Export Control Act 1982
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)
The Export Control (Animals) Order 2004
Books and journals
Caulfield, Malcolm P., et al. "Heat stress: A major contributor to poor animal welfare
associated with long-haul live export voyages." The Veterinary Journal 199.2 (2014): 223-
228.
Chen, Peter John. Animal welfare in Australia: Politics and policy. (Sydney University Press,
2016)
Cushing, Nancy. "'Few Commodities are More Hazardous': Australian Live Animal Export,
1788-1880." Environment and History 24.4 (2018): 445-468.
Evans, Brodie Lee. Animal cruelty, discourse, and power: A study of problematisations in the
live export policy debates. Diss. Queensland University of Technology, 2018.
⊘ This is a preview!⊘
Do you want full access?
Subscribe today to unlock all pages.
Trusted by 1+ million students worldwide
9AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE
Evans, Brodie, and Hope Johnson. "(Mis) representing and responding to the problem of food
security within animal cruelty policy debates around the live export trade." (2019).
Grandin, Temple, ed. Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. Cabi, 2015
Pendergrast, Nick. "Live animal export, humane slaughter and media hegemony." Animal
Studies Journal 4.1 (2015): 99-125.
Phillips, Clive JC. "The welfare of livestock during sea transport." Long distance transport
and welfare of farm animals (2008): 137-154.
Pines, M. K., et al. "Stakeholders' assessment of welfare indicators for sheep and cattle
exported by sea from Australia." ANIMAL WELFARE-POTTERS BAR THEN
WHEATHAMPSTEAD- 16.4 (2007): 489.
Sinclair, Michelle, et al. "Australian public opinions regarding the live export trade before
and after an animal welfare media expose." Animals 8.7 (2018): 106.
Website
"Department Of Agriculture Animal Welfare Issues", Agriculture.Gov.Au (Webpage, 2019)
http://www.agriculture.gov.au/animal/welfare/animal-welfare-issues
Evans, Brodie, and Hope Johnson. "(Mis) representing and responding to the problem of food
security within animal cruelty policy debates around the live export trade." (2019).
Grandin, Temple, ed. Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. Cabi, 2015
Pendergrast, Nick. "Live animal export, humane slaughter and media hegemony." Animal
Studies Journal 4.1 (2015): 99-125.
Phillips, Clive JC. "The welfare of livestock during sea transport." Long distance transport
and welfare of farm animals (2008): 137-154.
Pines, M. K., et al. "Stakeholders' assessment of welfare indicators for sheep and cattle
exported by sea from Australia." ANIMAL WELFARE-POTTERS BAR THEN
WHEATHAMPSTEAD- 16.4 (2007): 489.
Sinclair, Michelle, et al. "Australian public opinions regarding the live export trade before
and after an animal welfare media expose." Animals 8.7 (2018): 106.
Website
"Department Of Agriculture Animal Welfare Issues", Agriculture.Gov.Au (Webpage, 2019)
http://www.agriculture.gov.au/animal/welfare/animal-welfare-issues
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