Policy Research: WHO Vaccination Strategies, Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography provides a comprehensive overview of the World Health Organization's (WHO) vaccination policies and strategies. It includes summaries of ten sources, primarily peer-reviewed journal articles and policy-related grey literature, each critically analyzed for its central argument and contribution to understanding WHO's role in global health. The bibliography covers topics such as the WHO's involvement in CYD-TDV dengue vaccination, its efforts to reduce child mortality through the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), and the implementation of routine immunization programs like the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Further, it highlights the WHO's influence on vaccination policies in regions like Italy and the European Union, debates surrounding measles immunization, and the development of guidelines for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines. The bibliography also addresses the public's attitudes toward vaccination and the use of recombinant DNA technology in vaccine development. The document concludes with a thesis statement focusing on the WHO's crucial role in developing policies and strategies to combat disease epidemics through immunization and routine vaccination.

Running head: HEALTH ADVANCEMENT AND PROMOTION
DISCUSSION ABOUT VACCINATION POLICY OF WHO
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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Wilder-Smith, A., Vannice, K.S., Hombach, J., Farrar, J. and Nolan, T., 2016. Population
perspectives and World Health Organization recommendations for CYD-TDV dengue
vaccine. The Journal of infectious diseases, 214(12), pp.1796-1799.
While developmental and implementation stages of dengue vaccination in 2015, a journal
was published as the journal of infectious disease, where the researchers mentioned that World
Health Organisation plays an important role in determining the CYD-TDV dengue vaccination
(Wilder-Smith et al. 2016). This comment raised the concern of the healthcare community as
WHO organization does not holds the policy to approve or disapprove any helathcare
intervention and this decision is made by the national regulatory authorities. This was the central
idea of this peer reviewed book chapter, which will help to identify the limits of the World
Health Organization in approving any interventions and completely focuses on providing
guidelines to the national health authorities of 145 countries registered.
Bustreo, F., Okwo-Bele, J.M. and Kamara, L., 2015. World Health Organization
perspectives on the contribution of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization on
reducing child mortality. Archives of disease in childhood, 100(Suppl 1), pp.S34-S37.
In the research articles by Bustreo, Okwo-Bele and Kamara (2015), researchers were
determining the role of the World Health Organization in spreading the vaccination associated
policies and guidelines throughout the world, which ultimately decreases the rate of child
mortality from 12.6 million in 1990 to 6.3 million deaths in 2013. It further discusses the Global
Vaccine Action Plan 2011 to 2020 to increase the equitable access of immunization and
vaccination throughout the world and through that develop a Global Alliance for Vaccines and
Immunization (GAVI) to enhance the pace of helathcare needs of children and women. This

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central idea of WHO of making alliance with national health agencies to spread and aware the
people about immunization could help in future health promotional programs for immunizing
children in a remote location.
Shen, A.K., Fields, R. and McQuestion, M., 2014. The future of routine immunization in
the developing world: challenges and opportunities. Global Health: Science and
Practice, 2(4), pp.381-394.
In this article of Shen, Fields and McQuestion (2014), the central focus of the discussion
was the routine immunization strategy developed by the World Health Organization in 1974.
This strategy was named as Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), in which the
organization provided a guideline to implement the routine vaccination for children against
tetanus, whooping cough, polio, tuberculosis, measles and provided the national healthcare
organizations with ideations and strategies so that they implement such policy within their
territory to protect their children and decrease the mortality rate. This central idea is helpful in
determining the extent to which, the WHO could use the policies for the development of healthy,
reliable and quality healthcare service.
Odone, A., Fara, G.M., Giammaco, G., Blangiardi, F. and Signorelli, C., 2015. The future
of immunization policies in Italy and in the European Union: The Declaration of
Erice. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 11(5), pp.1268-1271.
This document by Odone (2015) discusses about the role of World Health Organisation
and the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) in
determining vaccination policy in Italy and other European Union Territories for the
improvement of public health associated complications. The effective policies of immunization

3HEALTH ADVANCEMENT AND PROMOTION
and vaccination was implemented in the European Union territories was included on the Italian
national goals for vaccination policies and thereby helps to decrease the health complications
especially for children and women. This central theme will help in future research work as it will
help in assessing the guidelines and its effect ijn changing the health policies of European Union
especially for Italy so that it can prevent iots children and women for several contagious life
threatening diseases.
Gostin, L.O., 2015. Law, ethics, and public health in the vaccination debates: politics of the
measles outbreak. Jama, 313(11), pp.1099-1100.
This article by Gostin (2015) mentioned the conflicts between the World Health
Organization and the Center of Disease Control of The United States of America about the
continuation of measles immunization. In the year 2004, the government of USA eliminated the
immunization process for vaccination, however several other disease that could be prevented by
vaccination such as diphtheria, pertussis, mumps, and rubella and so on existed within the
country. Therefore, through this article it was determined that with proper guideline of WHO,
every national government should implement the process of immunization and hence, this helps
to identify the process through which the WHO helps the member countries with its guidance.
Modjarrad, K., Giersing, B., Kaslow, D.C., Smith, P.G. and Moorthy, V.S., 2016. WHO
consultation on respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development report from a World
Health Organization meeting held on 23–24 March 2015. Vaccine, 34(2), pp.190-197.
This research article by Modjarrad et al. (2015) aimed to discuss the respiratory synthetic
virus (RSV) and its effective guideline and vaccination provided by the World Health
Organization in the year 2015. Further, in this course, the development of the effective policies

4HEALTH ADVANCEMENT AND PROMOTION
for the implementation of the strategies and guidelines for the implementation of healthcare
policies against RSV. This article mentioned the trails conducted by the low and middle income
countries after receiving the guidelines of WHO and therefore, through this central theme of
discussion the trust and acceptability of the WHO developed policies for the growth and
development of the [process was identified properly.
Greenwood, B., 2014. The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and
future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1645),
p.20130433.
This discussion post extracted from the peer reviewed book by Greenwood (2014) was
completely focused on the past, present and future role of vaccination policies and strategies that
has provided the helathcare organizations with the opportunity to prevent contagious diseases.
Starting from the discussion of Edward Jenner about the vaccination of small pox, the discussion
was able to point out every small aspect of WHO globalization and immunization policies that
helped several nations to eradicate polio associated disease. Therefore through this central idea,
the researchers was able to provide the role of WHO policies in eradicating several contagious
and life threatening diseases.

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Flasche, S., Jit, M., Rodríguez-Barraquer, I., Coudeville, L., Recker, M., Koelle, K., Milne,
G., Hladish, T.J., Perkins, T.A., Cummings, D.A. and Dorigatti, I., 2016. The long-term
safety, public health impact, and cost-effectiveness of routine vaccination with a
recombinant, live-attenuated dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia): a model comparison
study. PLoS medicine, 13(11), p.e1002181.
This research study by Flasche et al. (2016) was conducted in Latin America and Asia
where recombinant DNA technology was used as vaccination technology for dengue and used
live-attenuated dengue vaccine for the disease control. This strategy was supported by the WHO
and after the successful trail of vaccine the trail of these vaccines in the Latin America and Asian
continent was done. Further, from the research it was found that such vaccines decreases the
burden of the disease and eliminated the present risk of conventional vaccination process and
hence, the WHO policy utilized the results of this vaccine to develop recombinant DNA
technology as a vaccination strategy against dengue.
Glass, R.I. and Parashar, U.D., 2014. Rotavirus vaccines—balancing intussusception risks
and health benefits. The New England journal of medicine, 370(6), p.568.
This document developed by Glass and Parashar (2014) was focused on the discussion of
development and implementation as well as associated risk and health benefits of the Rotavirus
vaccines. In the discussion, the researchers mentioned that the vaccines namely RotaTeq and
Rotarix were recommended by the world health organization and provided a guideline to all the
countries to include these vaccines in their national healthcare program against the rotavirus
associated infection among children and infants. Therefore, through this central idea of
vaccination against rotavirus, the strategy and guideline development strategy developed by the
World Health Organisation prior to implement the vaccine was mentioned.

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Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N. and Chataway, J., 2014. Attitudes to vaccination:
a critical review. Social science & medicine, 112, pp.1-11.
In this critical review paper by Yaqub et al. (2014), the perspective of the helathcare
professionals and the public healthcare organizations towards the implementation of vaccination
process in Europe. This research primarily discusses about the guidelines and policies provided
by the world health organization in determining the usage of vaccination for the immediate and
long term prevention of diseases. Further, through different mentions of H1N1 virus, Zica virus
and associated processes, they were able to highlight the effective and immediate effect of this
policy in maintaining the trust of the population in the helathcare process. Hence, through this
central idea, the acceptance of the world health organization and associated health policies in
maintaining and creating the vaccination as an effective mean for disease control and prevention.
Thesis statement
The central argument of the paper will be discussing the role of World Health
Organisation in developing policies and strategies in case of any disease epidemic to combat the
emergency situation. This central strategy is useful in future health conditions as with increasing
environmental stressors and drug resistance of infections developing strategies and policies could
help in preventing and eliminating the disease. The strategy which will be discussed to
implement these strategy and policies against the disease would be immunization and routine
vaccination as it is the most effective and rapid way to eliminate the risk of contagious disease.
Hence, from this thesis the central idea for future discussion will be extracted.

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References
Bustreo, F., Okwo-Bele, J.M. and Kamara, L., 2015. World Health Organization perspectives on
the contribution of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization on reducing child
mortality. Archives of disease in childhood, 100(Suppl 1), pp.S34-S37.
Flasche, S., Jit, M., Rodríguez-Barraquer, I., Coudeville, L., Recker, M., Koelle, K., Milne, G.,
Hladish, T.J., Perkins, T.A., Cummings, D.A. and Dorigatti, I., 2016. The long-term safety,
public health impact, and cost-effectiveness of routine vaccination with a recombinant, live-
attenuated dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia): a model comparison study. PLoS medicine, 13(11),
p.e1002181.
Glass, R.I. and Parashar, U.D., 2014. Rotavirus vaccines—balancing intussusception risks and
health benefits. The New England journal of medicine, 370(6), p.568.
Gostin, L.O., 2015. Law, ethics, and public health in the vaccination debates: politics of the
measles outbreak. Jama, 313(11), pp.1099-1100.
Greenwood, B., 2014. The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and
future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1645),
p.20130433.
Modjarrad, K., Giersing, B., Kaslow, D.C., Smith, P.G. and Moorthy, V.S., 2016. WHO
consultation on respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development report from a World Health
Organization meeting held on 23–24 March 2015. Vaccine, 34(2), pp.190-197.

8HEALTH ADVANCEMENT AND PROMOTION
Odone, A., Fara, G.M., Giammaco, G., Blangiardi, F. and Signorelli, C., 2015. The future of
immunization policies in Italy and in the European Union: The Declaration of Erice. Human
vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 11(5), pp.1268-1271.
Shen, A.K., Fields, R. and McQuestion, M., 2014. The future of routine immunization in the
developing world: challenges and opportunities. Global Health: Science and Practice, 2(4),
pp.381-394.
Wilder-Smith, A., Vannice, K.S., Hombach, J., Farrar, J. and Nolan, T., 2016. Population
perspectives and World Health Organization recommendations for CYD-TDV dengue
vaccine. The Journal of infectious diseases, 214(12), pp.1796-1799.
Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N. and Chataway, J., 2014. Attitudes to vaccination: a
critical review. Social science & medicine, 112, pp.1-11.