Graduate Diploma: Clinical Case Studies in Anti-Aging Medicine

This document presents a series of clinical case studies focused on anti-aging medicine, analyzing the underlying principles and treatment approaches. It covers topics such as oxidation, free radicals, antioxidants, hormonal imbalances, and the impact of lifestyle and diet on hormone activity. Specific nutrients and treatments for conditions like adrenal gland fatigue, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism are discussed. The document also includes a case study of a patient experiencing stress-related aging, outlining potential lifestyle changes and medical interventions. Hormone testing methods and the importance of hormone ratios are examined, alongside the roles of various specialists in anti-aging treatment. This student-contributed assignment is available on Desklib, where students can find a wealth of solved assignments and past papers.

CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 0
Clinical Case studies
Student Details

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 1
Table of Contents
Answer 1 to 29...........................................................................................................................2
Case studies..............................................................................................................................12
Clinical case studies.................................................................................................................15
References................................................................................................................................19

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 2
Answer 1 to 29
Answer 1
The interaction between the oxygen molecule and other substances that they may
contact, these substances may be metal or tissues. In other words, it is the process of loss of
electrons from an atom.
Answer 2
Free radicals are defined as any element or molecule capable of free existence that has
one unpaired electron in its atomic orbital. Hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide radicals attack
the important macromolecules such as lipids, nucleic acid and proteins and leads to
hemostatic disruption and cell damage.
Answer 3
Antioxidants are substances that can be created by humans or found naturally. These
substances may prevent or reduce that cell damage. They are naturally found in fruits and
vegetable and can be taken as dietary supplements. Examples of antioxidants are: lutein,
lycopene, selenium, Vitamin A, C, and E.
The antioxidant representatives play a crucial role in preventing or inhibiting specific
factors associated with oxidative injury. But the unbalance between antioxidant defence
mechanism and oxidant species may trigger a specific factor that triggers oxidative stress
(Pisoschi & Pop, 2015).
Answer 4 Fill in the blanks
 Necrosis

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 3
 Abnormal ion flux
 Organelles dysfunction
 Channel protein
 Molecules
 Membrane receptors
 Nutrients
 Osmoregulation
Answer 5
Antioxidants are the molecules that prevent the effects of the free radicals by donating
an electron. This sharing of electron results in reducing the activity of free radicals. When a
free radical released or steals an electron, another radical is formed (Patekar, Kheur, Bagul,
Kulkarni, Mahalle, Ingle, & Dhas, 2013). This molecule continues to make more unstable
products. This process did not stop until the terminations occur where the radical is stabilized
by the chain breaking antioxidant like beta-carotene and vitamin C and E (Villines, 2017).
Answer 6
 Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) are found in most tissues in the body and
their concentration increases from the age of twenty onward.
 Malondialdehyde treatment: L-Carnitine may protect the damage of cells by reducing
the levels of MDA and increasing GSH (Ates, Alp, Mumcu, Azizi, Cinici, Kiziltunc,
& Baykal, 2008).
Reactive Carbonyls produced from AGEs

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 4
Carbonyls are responsible for oxidative stress in the human body which leads to
aging. Antioxidants such as Vitamin E can isolate or sequester carbonyl can provide an action
against the oxidative stress (Hwang, Lee, Aldini, & Yeum, 2016).
Answer 7
A) Production of cortisol and aldosterone decreases
B) Production of aldosterone hormone reduces which takes part in low blood pressure
C) The decrease in estrogen and progesterone
D) The parathyroid production has been increased with age, which contributes to
osteoporosis (Medline Plus, 2018).
Answer 8
1. Cushing syndrome is caused by the abnormally high levels of cortisol hormone.
2. Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia is the hereditary disease which occurred due to low
production of cortisol and aldosterone.
3. Diabetes is associated with high blood sugar levels which are caused by the defect in
Insulin production (Brito, 2017).
Answer 9 (A)
Water soluble hormones
WSH attaches to receptor molecule and causes a chemical reaction inside a cell and
activates enzymes. These enzymes further either increase or decrease the speed of chemical
reactions of the cell.
Example: Adrenalin, noradrenalin, TSH, and HGH.
Fat-soluble hormones (FSH)

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 5
It is also known as lipid soluble. They pass through the plasma membrane and attaches
to a receptor and make hormone receptor complex which further moves to the nucleus and
attached at the binding site of DNA. This results in gene activation (on) and inactivation
(off).
Example: testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen (Ivyroses, 2018)
Answer 9 (B)
The changes occurred in endothelial eicosanoids contributes to reducing the function of
the endothelium, pathological dysfunction, and age-related heart disease. The main functions
of eicosanoids are reducing inflammation, blood clot inhibition, dilate blood vessels.
Eicocenpide also associated with diabetic nerve damage, high blood pressure, allergies, skin
inflammations and cancer.
Answer 10
1. Glucocorticoids
2. Androgens
3. Progesterone
4. Mineralocorticoids
5. estrogen (Nature, 2018)
Answer 11
 Androgen: Affects thickness of skin, wrinkle formation, skin moisture, hair growth
and sebaceous gland growth.
 DHEA: Allergic reactions of DHEA on the skin include skin redness, swelling,
itching, and rashes. It also associated with hair loss, acne and facial hair growth in
women’s (Nnama, 2017).

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 6
 MSH: Increased production of melanin results in skin darkness, Hyperpigmentation of
skin. Deficiency of MSH leads to loss of protection from ultraviolet rays of the sun
and inflammation (you and your hormones, 2018).
Answer 12
How Anti-ageing treatment protocols correct the stress-related hormonal imbalance
 Reduce calorie intake: calorie restriction leads to increase growth hormone
production.
 Hormone replacement therapy: It slows down the aging process. However, it has
some side effects such as carpal tunnel and edema.
 Eflornithine (Vaniqa): it helps to slow the abnormal facial hair growth in women’s by
regulating the excessive production of growth hormone
 Antiandrogen Medications: these prescription blocks androgen and helps to reduce
severe acne and abnormal hair growth (Huizen, 2018).
Answer 13
Adrenal gland conditions
 Adrenal gland fatigue: Deficiency of vitamins D, E and k leads to adrenal gland
fatigue
 Adrenal burnout: caused by low levels of macromolecules such as calcium,
magnesium potassium and sodium. Low protein intake, vitamins A, C and E and
manganese also associated with adrenal burnout (Wilson, 2018).
Answer 14
Nutrients used in antigen treatment to treat adrenal glands

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 7
 Vitamin D
 Vitamin E
 Vitamin K
 Protein
Answer 15
Nutrients Reference value How affects body systems
Vitamins C 45 mg/day Deficiency of Vit c causes scurvy
Niacin (B3) 16 mg/day Severe deficiency may cause Pellagra
Pantothenic Acid (B5) 6 mg/day Deficiency affects the nervous system,
energy production, and metabolism
Magnesium 330 mg/day Deficiency causes diabetes, poor
absorption, celiac and disease
Answer 16
A) Effects of hypothyroidism
 Dry hair
 Goiter
 Reduced heart rate
 Fatigue
 Dry skin
 Memory loss
Hyperthyroidism
 Hair loss
 Rapid heart rate
 Muscle weakness
 Irritability
 Nervousness

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 8
B) Treatments for hyperthyroidism
 Medicine such as methimazole stops the productions of thyroid
 Radioactive iodine: it is given orally either in the form of pill or liquid to ablate a
hyperactive thyroid gland
 Radioactive iodine: removal of thyroid tissue that is producing the excess hormone
(Medicine net, 2018).
Treatments for hypothyroidism
 Use of synthetic hormone levothyroxine. It restorers adequate level of hormone.
Answer 17
Effects of lifestyle and diet on hormone activity
 Excessive consumption of alcohol and sugar, contraceptive pills leads to the hormone
problem
 Emotional upset, lack of sleep, stress, aging, smoking, exposure to heavy metal such
as lead and mercury, sedimentary lifestyle lead to hormonal imbalance (Butler, 2016).
Answer 18
 Fibre rich diet can reduce the excessive level of estrogen. Lower levels of estrogen
lower the risk of breast cancer in women’s. Salmon which is rich in omega 3 fatty
acid boost testosterone level.
 Niacin intake has an effect on adrenal hormone and promotes the production of
growth hormone
 Diet rich in Pantothenic acid promotes estrogen and progesterone production.
Answer 19

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 9
 Cushion disease is associated with elevated level of cortisol
 Fatigue
 Weight gain
 Back pain
 Thin skin
 Blood sugar dysregulation
 High blood pressure
 Muscle wasting
 Acne
 Impaired memory (Mayoclinic, 2018)
Answer 20
 Avoid high sugar diet, caffeine, and alcohol, high amount of trans fat
 Increase intake of micronutrients, antioxidant-rich diet, consumes enough fiber and
healthy fats or protein.
Answer 21
Saliva Urine serum
Real life function of hormone
evaluated
Test results reported as: high,
low or normal
Test results show high, low
or normal levels
Multiple salivary specimens Single urine specimen Routine serum testing is
required
The collection at multiple
times allow analysis of
hormonal stress response
24-hour urine does not reflect
the stress response
serum collection requires
hospital or clinic visits
B) Blood Advantages
 A wide range of tests available
 Accepted as a high standard testing method

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 10
 Ideal for peptide hormones
Disadvantages
 Invasive method
 Processing of specimen required (centrifugation)
 The limitation of testing sex hormones
Answer 22
1. Liver function test
2. Full blood examination
3. Iron studies
4. TSH quantification
5. Urinalysis
Answer 23
Taking blood specimen is an invasive and testing is time, so cannot be done frequently.
Answer 24
Hormone ratios are important because they provide a straightforward way to analyze the
effects of the twin interdependent hormones.
Estriol estradiol estrone
80:10:10
Answer 25
Measuring hormone level is important for the accurate diagnosis of hormone-related
disease states which all exhibit same overlapping symptoms. It also enables one to ensure the

Running Head: CLINICAL CASE STUDIES 11
adequate balance of hormones. Inaccurate identifications of hormone level result in
inappropriate treatments (Horone Testing, 2018).
Answer 26
Aromatisation is a chemical process where the aromatic system is formed. Steroid
aromatization is a natural process where testosterone is converted into estrogen carried out by
the aromatase enzyme.
Answer 27
 Epinephrine
 Corticotrophin-releasing hormone
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone
 cortisol
Answer 28
 Dermatologist deals with skin related problem such as wrinkles, dryness and hair loss
 physiotherapist: to guide about the exercises beneficial in anti-aging
 general physician: to provide basic medicines related to blood pressure regulations
 Endocrinologist: specialist in hormones.
Answer 29
Nurses regularly perform dermal filler and injections of neurotoxin and laser treatment.
 To provide care patient had surgery
 To help the patient with medicine instructions
 To describe the precautions related to anti-aging medicines.