Antibiotic Properties: Spectrum, Mechanism, and Organism Interactions

This assignment provides a comprehensive table detailing various antibiotics, their chemical classifications, spectrum of activity (gram positive, gram negative, or broad), mechanisms of action, and relevant references. The antibiotics covered include Ciprofloxacin, Colistin, Moxalactam, Penicillin, Polymyxin B, Vancomycin, Tetracycline, Sulfisoxazole, and Trimethoprim. Each entry in the table explains how the antibiotic functions, its target organisms, and the specific biochemical pathways it disrupts to inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria. The references provide further context and support for the information presented, offering insights into the research behind each antibiotic's properties and applications.

Running head: ANTIBIOTIC
Antibiotics
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s note

1ANTIBIOTIC
Table: The spectrum and mode of action of antibiotics and the organism it effects.
Antibiotic Chemical class
or
Classification
Spectrum of
activity (gram
+, -, or broad)
Mechanism of Action Reference used
Ciprofloxacin
Therapeutic:
anti-infectives
Pharmacologic:
Flurorquilones
Gram positive
and gram
negative
Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis via
inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase
(topoisomerase ii). DNA gyrase helps
in the uncoiling of the bacterial DNA
double helix during replication.
Aldred, K. J., Kerns, R. J., & Osheroff, N.
(2014). Mechanism of quinolone
action and
resistance. Biochemistry, vol. 53(10),
pp. 1565-1574. 10.1021/bi5000564
Colistin
Lipopolypeptide
antibiotic
Gram negative Interacts with the anionic
lipopolysaccharide layers of the outer
membrane of gram negative bacteria
and increasest he cell permeability
which promotes cell death.
Liu, Y. Y., Wang, Y., Walsh, T. R., Yi, L. X.,
Zhang, R., Spencer, J., ... & Yu, L. F.
(2016). Emergence of plasmid-
mediated colistin resistance
mechanism MCR-1 in animals and
human beings in China: a

2ANTIBIOTIC
microbiological and molecular
biological study. The Lancet infectious
diseases, vol. 16(2), pp. 161-168.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-
3099(15)00424-7
Moxalactam
oxa-beta-lactam
antibiotic
Broad spectrum
activity against
gram positive
and gram
negative aerobic
and anaerobic
bacteria
It is a cephalosporin group of bacteria.
It interferes the bactericidal activity via
inhibiting the bacterial cell wall
biosynthesis. It tampers the cross-
linking of the peptidoglycan layer. It
also activates autolysins causing
bacterial cell lysis.
Wolfe, S. (2016). Studies related to β-lactam
compounds. Current Trends in
Organic Synthesis, pp. 101.
Penicillin
Therapeutic:
anti-infectives
Pharmacologic:
penicillins
Majority of
gram positive
and few gram
negative
Bind to bacterial cell wall and prevents
the formation of peptidoglycan layer
via inhibiting transpeptidoglycan
biosynthesis. It prevents the cross-
Clarke, H. T. (Ed.). (2015). Chemistry
of Penicillin. Princeton University Press.

3ANTIBIOTIC
linking of the peptidoglycan layer
Polymyxin B
Lipopolypeptide
antibiotic
Gram negative Interacts with the anionic
lipopolysaccharide layers of the outer
membrane of gram negative bacteria.
This increases the cell permeability via
displacement of magnesium and
calcium ions which promotes cell
death via the leakage of the cell
contents
Sandri, A. M., Landersdorfer, C. B., Jacob, J.,
Boniatti, M. M., Dalarosa, M. G.,
Falci, D. R., ... & Nation, R. L. (2013).
Population pharmacokinetics of
intravenous polymyxin B in critically
ill patients: implications for selection
of dosage regimens. Clinical infectious
diseases, vol. 57(4), pp. 524-531.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit334
Vancomycin
Therapeutic:
Antiinfectives,
glycopeptide
Gram positive Inhibits bacterial cell wall formation in
the second stage of bacterial cell wall
biosynthesis. It also alters the
permeability of the bacterial cell wall
and selectively inhibits the mechanism
of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis
Arias, C. A., & Murray, B. E. (2012). The rise
of the Enterococcus: beyond
vancomycin resistance. Nature
Reviews Microbiology, vol. 10(4), pp.
266-278.

4ANTIBIOTIC
Tetracycline
Therapeutic:
Antiinfectives
Pharmacologic:
tertacyclins
Gram positive Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis via
binding with the 30S bacterial
ribosome
Nguyen, F., Starosta, A. L., Arenz, S.,
Sohmen, D., Dönhöfer, A., & Wilson,
D. N. (2014). Tetracycline antibiotics
and resistance mechanisms. Biological
chemistry, vol. 395(5), pp. 559-575.
https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2013-0292
Sulfisoxazole
Therapeutic:anti
-infectives,
antiprotozoals
Gram positive Inhibits at metabolism pathway of folic
acid via interfering with the
dyhydropteroate synthesase
Nasr, T., Bondock, S., & Eid, S. (2016).
Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation
and molecular docking studies of some
new 2, 3-dihydrothiazoles and 4-
thiazolidinones containing
sulfisoxazole. Journal of enzyme inhibition
and medicinal chemistry, vol. 31(2), pp.
236-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2015.1

5ANTIBIOTIC
016514
Trimethoprim
Therapeutic:anti-
infectives,
antiprotozoals,
folate antagonist
Gram positive
and gram
negative aerobic
bacteria
Inhibits folic acid biosynthesis and
cause a depression in the mechanism
of hamatopoiesis. It is a pyrimidine
inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.
Luo, X., Zheng, Z., Greaves, J., Cooper, W. J.,
& Song, W. (2012). Trimethoprim:
Kinetic and mechanistic considerations
in photochemical environmental fate
and AOP treatment. Water
research, vol. 46(4), pp. 1327-1336.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.1
2.052