Antimicrobial Resistance in TB: Impacts, Protection & Parliament

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Tuberculosis (TB) as a significant public health problem and health protection issue. It details how AMR occurs, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. The report highlights the socio-economic factors contributing to TB, such as poor hygiene and limited healthcare access, and discusses the challenges posed by drug-resistant TB. It emphasizes the importance of government regulations and healthcare infrastructure in combating AMR in TB, including infection control programs and ensuring access to proper medication and treatment. Furthermore, the report explores the immediate and long-term impacts of AMR in TB, such as ineffective treatments, higher mortality rates, and longer hospital stays, underscoring the need for effective health protection tools and strategies to mitigate these effects.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Table of Contents
Antimicrobial Resistance.................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Describing the public health problem and health protection issue..............................................3
Immediate and long — term impacts on health with application of relevant health protection
tools..............................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Antimicrobial Resistance occurs when bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites change over
time and no longer respond to the medicines which are making the infections which makes it
harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, death and severe illness (Dadgostar,
2019).
Thus, the briefing paper will analyse that public health problem and health protection
issue which will be taken as Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis in detail. Further,
immediate and long term impacts on health, with selection, evaluation and application of
relevant health protection tools will be addressed in an effective and efficient manner. This will
help in addressing the major concerns as to how the cure and preventive measures will be drawn
upon and how effectively the tools regarding the parliament (government) are being addressed at
large scale. The paper thus will help in analysing the major concerns regarding the aspects of
Antimicrobial Resistance at large scale. The paper will also provide all the details regarding how
the parliament (government) will be ensuring the rules and regulation and other framework
regarding the health care systems.
MAIN BODY
Describing the public health problem and health protection issue
The public health problem is Antimicrobial Resistance which is taken into consideration.
Antimicrobial Resistance occurs when bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites change over time
and no longer respond to the medicines which are making the infections which makes it harder to
treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, death and severe illness (Boolchandani, D’Souza
and Dantas, 2019). The antimicrobial resistance is the result of drug resistance and antibiotics
and medicines become ineffective and the infection becomes increasingly difficult to be treated
or cured. The health protection issue is Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis. The health
protection issue includes the control and prevention of infectious disease and environmental
threats to the population.
The public health problem which is Tuberculosis which is the 13th leading cause of death
and the infectious killer after Covid -19. An estimation of 10 billion people have fallen into the
problem of having Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is considered as the primary socio-economic
problem which is associated with poor hygiene, limited access to healthcare and lack of

freshwater. Tuberculosis is suffered ion many people as this has impacted the health of many
individuals ta large scale (Hofer, 2019). This antimicrobial resistance has been increasing the
case of Tuberculosis and people suffering from it. Due to lack of well-organized health care
infrastructure the treatment of Tuberculosis complicates the treatment and curing of such disease.
TB is the leading infectious disease and is spreading among the people worldwide. TB has been
affecting the public at large scale and due to this, there are certain aspects which are making it
more resistant to the antibiotics as there are different stages of TB which the individuals are
facing.
Tuberculosis kills more people than any other infectious disease to the people and due to
this the people are struggling to survive. Drug — Resistance Tuberculosis (DR-TB) is the form
of antimicrobial resistance which is difficult and costly to treat. This is creating problem to the
people suffering from the TB. It is caused by the bacteria of TB which are resistant to the
problems and issues which have been arising due to TB and this has been the major concern of
how effectively the care and cure to the patients are being provided at large scale.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to antibiotics which is taken by TB patients and this
limits the number of compounds available for treatment (Reygaert, 2018). This makes TB a
major health problem which is to be cured by the treatment of using the antimicrobial issue at
large scale. This is as a serious public health concern which makes the active patients and people
analyse that they are suffering from the serious health issue. It is important that proper care and
treatment should be provided to the patients such that they are able to take care of themselves.
TB has been harming the body and this has been resulting into the fewer treatment options and
increase in the rates of mortality.
In the year 2020, 4,125 people were suffering from TB and this is becoming a serious
public health issue at large scale and is affecting the people. For this health issue which is
Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis it is very important that proper care and concern
facilities are to be provided to patients for which Parliament (Government) is being taken into
aspect. By ensuring and informing the government about this health issue which is Tuberculosis
is facing and impacting of how seriously the human body is impacted (Christaki, Marcou and
Tofarides, 2020). The information provided to the government is done so that the government
frames such rules and regulations and takes some actions regarding the providence of services at
large scale and in provision facilities to the public. With the help of framing of rules and

providence of services at large scale there are aspects as to how effectively the public is able to
take care and protect themselves in ensuring that all major health concerns are noted from the
perspective of Parliament framing the care rules and facilities at large scale. Therefore, there will
efforts made to strengthen the services which will help in ensuring the different measures of
Tuberculosis (Abushaheen, Fatani and et.al., 2020). It is very important that the government
ensures the aspects and preventive measures for how the antimicrobial resistance in
Tuberculosis can be cured. The Parliament (Government) rules and regulations when framed for
the health issue will help in determining the major concerns of health related facts and
knowledge about how the care is to be provided to the patients and people falling into this health
issue increasing at the alarming rate to various stages.
When parliament (government) will take the lead in forming and framing the different
aspects of preventing the public from the ill effects of antimicrobial resistance in tuberculosis.
This health issue has been dangerous and has caused serious consequences which have resulted
in knowing that TB has been largely impacting the public and there are aspects and factors which
have been alarmingly increasing (Nathan, 2020). The parliament (government) is the specific
audience which helps in addressing the aspects of effectively targeting the government to ensure
the aspects of prevention from the Tuberculosis. This is the health issue which the public is
facing at large scale. The major concerns of this health issue is that proper services and facilities
should be provided by the parliament (government) and framework to be analysed at large scale.
There are certain care related directions which are provided to the public in general and
government will also ensure that proper infection control program makes the public aware so that
there are less number of patients which are suffering from TB.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis affects the scale of deaths which is increasing
and 29% of deaths are caused by antimicrobial infections which are denoted and are spreading at
Faster rate. The health issue also arises at large scale and these addresses the measures of
providing care and services along with some medical treatments which helps in ensuring that
there are different measures of curing the Tuberculosis. The major concern of the parliament
(government) is that major care facilities are provided to the patients who are in requirement of
the medications and proper treatment (Roope, Smith and et.al., 2019). There are other factors and
aspects which helps in addressing the information and understanding that there is lack of clean
water and sanitation which is resulting into people having Tuberculosis. The cure to tuberculosis

is analysed by having the aspects of increasing of the infection and microbial organisms which
are spreading the infection and are making the problem more adverse to solve which is in
reference to analysing and interpreting the major health concerns at large scale. Tuberculosis has
been increasing the aspects of infection in the public but majorly the patients are suffering from
the long term impacts which the infection has created.
Therefore, it is important that there are proper frameworks and regulations which helps in
addressing the aspects of improvement regarding the care services and facilities which are
provided to the patients at large scale. The parliament (government) should initiate and intake
certain rules and regulations which helps in knowing that how the medicines along with proper
medication is provided to the patients in appropriate manner. This will help in determining the
measures as to how the cure for the disease is concerned and what are the preventive measures
which helps in addressing the aspects of improvement in health and care and curing of the
disease which is Tuberculosis (Laxminarayan and et.al., 2020). The antimicrobial resistance in
tuberculosis helps in knowing that there are aspects as to how effectively the strategies along
with rules and regulations are farmed and at large scale. For tuberculosis to be totally removed
from the country proper care and services should be ensured so that it helps in addressing the
aspects of improvement in the care services which is used by public health systems. The health
care services helps in addressing that Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis is being analysed
and is helping to ensure the different measures of preventing the public and making them aware
regarding the increase in the health issue which is Tuberculosis. Thus, it helps in addressing the
aspects of providence of care services at large scale.
Immediate and long — term impacts on health with application of relevant health protection
tools
Antimicrobial resistance in tuberculosis is having its severe impacts in both immediate and long
term, when this micro Bactria develop capacity to cope up with the medicines developed then
they affect the health phenomenon of people. It places severe challenge before health security to
mitigate and minimize the impacts, which are as-
Immediate Impacts
In short term it is very horrific since it makes the medicines and therapies useless or
ineffective. TB is the disease caused by bacteria which is contagious too, getting spread person

to person. Antimicrobial resistance brings catastrophic situation in short run such as affecting
lungs of the patients in severe manner (Dahal and Chaudhary, 2018)
Since now the capacity of being thrived resisting the drugs for cure makes the bacteria
more powerful which may disseminate faster and can grab more people. This is very challenging
for health concerns of the society. Some other health issues like brain, kidney can be affected.
Over the time it has been seen that some other parts of body also got damaged. In early stage
such patients face the issues like fainting, and hyper heart beats, weakness and some other forms
of ailments. The drugs become useless which not only give a rise to infection but also place
bigger challenge to prevent the severe health crisis.
If the medicine and other different drugs are not working due to developed capacity of
the bacteria then some perils like feeling sickness, weight loss, fever and sweating in night may
be seen in the patient. In this stage the bacteria gets its potential and due to hyper capacity of
surviving against the medicines it enhances its capabilities to affect health of people. In short
term it is not possible to introduce immediate solution for the jeopardy which allows it to
influence more people which makes it danger in short run.
Long Term Impacts
In long run it may present horrific picture of health crisis, elements like higher rate of
mortality, longer hospital stays can be seen. TB is a curable disease which can be cured with
proper treatment on right time, but with the progress of time it takes horrendous texture.
For health of people it is a demon in long run. In different studies it has been seen that it
affects different people in separate way. With the development of medical science now it is so
often to prevent death from tuberculosis but if the bacteria shows antimicrobial persistence then
people may lose their lives and even can give it shapes of a lethal disease.
If it is not cured on time then by throat coughs, speaking, singing and sneezing the
patient may get it disseminated on wide scale then will be very difficult to control the disease
(Knight, 2021.) The most general problems such as loosing lungs. Antimicrobial persistence
allows the Bactria to cope up with the drugs and it also gets more powerful which paves the way
for putting intensive impacts on the lungs of a patient, which will totally destroy it and would
not be cured in the future, potentially result death. It needs more time like one or two hours to
spend with the patient then only can infect them but with higher capacity bacteria could infect in
less time which makes it lethal to the health.

Infection to the bones has been another consequence, lymph glands, infection of spinal
cord, brain etc. sometimes jeopardies like Latent TB infections are also seen which is eagerly
known as LTBI. Respiratory impairment is a very common form of adverse effects. If the
disease is cured yet due to hyper effects of the bacteria in long run the patient may face issues in
respiratory system. TB is not as contagious as cough and other disease are, but if it is not being
treated on right time then may turn to fatal infections and diseases. The antimicrobial resistance
is related to how the resistance for the antimicrobials is created. Infections due to AMR cause
millions of death each year. The body becomes resistant to the infections which are spread within
the bones and whole body and this is eagerly known as LTBI. There are hyper effects in the
infections which are caused within the body and the infection becomes resistant to the whole
body which causes issues within the respiratory system. The antimicrobial resistance indicates
that the body has become resistant to some of the microbes and fungi which are affecting the
body in negatively and is also infecting the immune system (Rochford, Sridhar 2018)
One of the biggest problem which might take place is side effects of medicines.
Antimicrobial persistence of the bacteria of tuberculosis surge the affectivity of the disease and
at the same time the drugs become useless which drives over use and may be inappropriate use
of drugs and can cause side effects to the patients. So it can be concluded that antimicrobial
persistence is hazardous for the health of society.
Health Protection Tools -
To get rid of the tuberculosis, there are certain tools which helps in knowing that how
effectively and in appropriate manner, the parliament (government) can ensure to take the
corrective tools for helping the public at large scale and remove the factors of spreading of this
infection. The tools are described and mentioned as -
Antimicrobial Surveillance — It is the term which refers to monitor changes in population of
microbes to understand evolving patterns of anti -infective. There are certain test results taken by
the microbiology laboratories on bacteria from clinical samples for investigating the major
concerns of how the antimicrobial resistance is concerned for becoming resistant to the microbes
within the body. There are aspects as to how the antimicrobial surveillance helps in knowing the
major aspect of how the details are being analysed at large scale which is referred to analysing

the major concern of the microbes and bacteria which are increasing alarmingly at large scale
(Tacconelli, Sifakis and et.al., 2018).
This surveillance system helps in knowing that what are the changes which are to be
brought in regard to clinical samples of Tuberculosis being collected. With the help of this tool,
the parliament (government) will be able to ensure that proper surveillance will create
understanding and knowledge about the bacteria and microbes which are spreading. This tool
will bring change in analysing and collecting the samples which are of Tuberculosis. This tool
will help the parliament (government) to take preventive measures which addresses the changes
at large scale. This tool is helpful for antimicrobial resistance as there will be proper
antimicrobial surveillance by analysing the type of fungi and microbe which is infecting the body
and making it more resistant for the antibiotics which the body is in taking. This tool will analyse
the susceptible samples of TB among public which will draw results and will help in
understanding that what are the microbes and infections which are making the body resistant
towards the aspects of how losing the control over the control over the body at large scale. This
tool helps to take preventive measures against the antimicrobial resistance problems which the
body is facing.
Ban on OTC Antibiotics — Over-the-Counter antibiotics are the medication which can be
purchased without a medical prescription. There should be banned on such types of medication
process undertaken. This is an effective tool which helps in addressing that the ban on OTC
antibiotics should be banned at large scale so that the patient is able to take care of themselves
and take initiative medicines and treatment for the Tuberculosis. Measures that preserve efficacy
of antimicrobials are directed to take medicines from the hospitals and drug providers, and they
use it without prescription. The ban on OTC antibiotics will also ensure that the antimicrobial
resistance helps in knowing that the medicines for certain infections should be taken into
prescription from the doctor. The antimicrobial resistance helps in addressing the aspects of how
the antibiotics for certain infections are targeting the antimicrobial infections (Nagappa and
Kanoujia, 2022).
When there will be ban on OTC antibiotics initiated by the parliament then there will be
aspects of addressing the major concerns which will be regarding the antimicrobial resistance.
There are appropriate changes in the antibiotics required by the people who are in taking the
medications and are treating their tuberculosis. As TB is a curable disease, therefore, the

government should frame such rules and regulations regarding ban on OTC antibiotics so that the
public is made aware of the medications at large scale. Therefore, there are aspects as to how
effectively and in appropriate manner the government should in take the aspects of cure for TB.
The antimicrobial resistance ban for the OTC antibiotics helps in drawing the aspect as to how
effectively the infections are diagnosed and this generates the aspect of analysing the antibiotics
for how effectively public is aware of the antibiotics at large scale.
Immunization Coverage — The immunization coverage is mentioned by covering the scale of
people which are to be immunized at large scale. The immunization coverage for tuberculosis is
done by giving the vaccines to people suffering from this health issue. Bacille Calmette-Guérin
(BCG) is the vaccine which is provided to the public which helps in addressing the aspects of
how the immunization is provided to the patients suffering from TB. The immunization coverage
for the individuals helps in addressing the aspects of taking concern regarding immunization
(Ozawa, Yemeke and Thompson, 2018).
It is the best health protection tool which helps in understanding and gaining knowledge
regarding the immunization and coverage area which is required by the patients to ensure that
they are cured of the tuberculosis disease. Maximum coverage in providing the immunization to
the patients is being analysed such that the ratio of immunization coverage is known and
preventive measures are taken accordingly. Thus, this health protection tool helps in
understanding the aspects of different consequences of ensuring care and concern regarding the
immunization of TB. This is how the care and concern is being analysed for the immunization to
be provided to the patients having tuberculosis at large scale.
The antimicrobial resistance for the body towards certain infections will ensure that there are
aspects as to how the health protection tools are used. These tools help in analyzing the different
aspects as to how the antimicrobial resistance towards infections is analyzed and observed.
Health protection tools helps in creating value to life as the parliament (government) is involved
at large scale. Certain rules and regulations are framed for the antimicrobial resistance which
helps in delivering and knowing which are the antibiotics which are to be taken during certain
health issues and infections which happen in the body at large scale.

CONCLUSION
Thus, it is concluded from the above briefing paper that public health problem and health
protection issue which was taken as Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis was explained in
detail. Further, immediate and long term impacts on health, with selection, evaluation and
application of relevant health protection tools have been addressed in an effective and efficient
manner. This will help in addressing the major concerns as to how the cure and preventive
measures were drawn upon and how effectively the tools regarding the parliament (government)
are being addressed at large scale. The paper thus helped in analysing the major concerns
regarding the aspects of Antimicrobial Resistance at large scale. The paper has also provided all
the details regarding how the parliament (government) has been ensuring the rules and regulation
and other framework regarding the health care systems.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
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Boolchandani, M., D’Souza, A.W. and Dantas, G., 2019. Sequencing-based methods and
resources to study antimicrobial resistance. Nature Reviews Genetics. 20(6). pp.356-370.
Christaki, E., Marcou, M. and Tofarides, A., 2020. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria:
mechanisms, evolution, and persistence. Journal of molecular evolution. 88(1). pp.26-
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resistance: 6 years later. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20(4). pp.e51-e60.
Nagappa, A.N. and Kanoujia, J., 2022. Over-the-Counter Medicine: Community Pharmacy and
Informed Self-Medication. In Perspectives in Pharmacy Practice (pp. 235-245).
Springer, Singapore.
Nathan, C., 2020. Resisting antimicrobial resistance. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 18(5).
pp.259-260.
Ozawa, S., Yemeke, T.T. and Thompson, K.M., 2018. Systematic review of the incremental
costs of interventions that increase immunization coverage. Vaccine. 36(25). pp.3641-
3649.
Reygaert, W.C., 2018. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of
bacteria. AIMS microbiology. 4(3). p.482.
Rochford, C., Sridhar, D., 2018. Global governance of antimicrobial resistance. The Lancet.
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