Preventative Health: APA & Research Integration in Healthcare System

This assignment focuses on preventative health, APA formatting, and research integration. It includes a review of five articles related to preventative health, with paraphrased content and proper citations. Key themes explored include the cost-effectiveness of mobile health clinics, factors influencing dietary health preventive behavior, the impact of socioeconomic status on health behaviors, and the importance of healthcare access for vulnerable populations. The assignment also summarizes an article exploring the concept of vulnerability in healthcare, incorporating direct quotes and proper citations. The provided solution highlights the need for increased awareness and access to healthcare services, especially for low-income and at-risk individuals. Desklib is a valuable resource for students seeking similar assignments and study tools.

Running head: APA ASSIGNMENT
APA assignment
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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APA ASSIGNMENT
Part 1
An article published by Bouchelle et al., (2017) highlighted the fact that mobile health
clinics are quite cost-effective and helpful in improving the health outcomes in the healthcare
system. In United States, there are around 200 mobile health clinics; however, there is scant
research on the experiences of patients on utilizing mobile health clinics. 25 clients were
included for the interview who received mobile health clinic service in Boston and grounded
theory method was used for the study. The results showed clients’ experiences of care in three
structural and relational factors. Relational factors comprised of creation of culture of inclusivity
and culture, effective communication and diverse community knowledge. Structural factors
comprised of focusing on management of chronic diseases and preventative health, location and
multiple, free and expeditious services. From the study, it can be concluded that clear definition
is required on the most salient features of mobile health clinic model that performs role in patient
healthcare based on prior research. Mobile health clinics seek to address the problems of
socioeconomic, ethnic and racial disparities prevailing in the United States.
Petrovici & Ritson, (2006) published a paper for identifying the factors that influenced
individual decision in engaging in Dietary Health Preventive Behaviour (DHPB) and
investigation on their influence in the context of an health cognition model. For the population
study, 485 adult participants were included in the study through face-to-face questionnaire and
random route sampling. Health motivation of participants, beliefs regarding diet that it is useful
in disease prevention, nutrition knowledge and educational attainment level along with age is
beneficial and has a positive influence on the respondents’ DHPB. Information acquisition
behavior is negatively predicted by respondents’ age, positively predicted by education, health
motivation, financial status, and self-perceived nutrition knowledge. The study also revealed that

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some percentage of respondents is not affected by elicited disease and therefore health promotion
activities can be helpful in changing the health risk judgments that they hold. From the study, it
can be concluded that Theory of Health Preventive Behavior and Health Belief Model are valid
framework for the prediction of DHPB. Negative perceived threats like financial status make
people move away from long-term health benefits. Therefore, there is need for awareness among
the people about nutrition knowledge, diet and disease relationship and risk associated with high
cholesterol and dietary fat inducing people to make preventative habits regarding health.
A study conducted by Nettle, (2010) highlighted the fact that people belonging to low-
socio-economic status are engaged in negative health behaviours like smoking, poor diet
consumption, non-compliance to therapy, less physical activity and ignoring health safety. The
study design comprised of theoretical model that explained the socioeconomic gradients of
health behaviour. Low socio-economic status is strongly associated with greater exposure to
unhealthy behaviours increasing the mortality risk. This model suggests that optimization of
health behaviour is important for the people belonging to low-socioeconomic status. Therefore,
the model helped in explaining the exacerbatory poverty dynamics where greater exposure of
low socio-economic status people towards negative health behaviours depicts a disinvestment in
health. As a result, there is inequality in healthcare that is greater than the actual inequality that
prevails in the real scenario. Therefore, this study can be helpful for future studies in discussing
the implications for strategies for alleviating health disparities in health behaviour.
Brown & Divenere, (2017) published an editorial highlighting the fact that most
vulnerable groups in the society deserve utmost care and health insurance coverage for the
utilization of preventative healthcare services. US policy statements made shallow understanding
of the important issues that low-income populations are facing in America. People are not aware

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of their health and instead spend in buying luxurious items where Americans are making their
own choices. Instead, they should be engaged and invest in their healthcare. The statements
published are quite disturbing and greatly indicate that most vulnerable and poor population in
America does not deserve access to healthcare services nor preventative health insurance
coverage. Despite of Affordable Care Act (ACA) 2010, majority of the population has no health
insurance coverage and stay uninsured. ACA attempts to protect maternal health ensuring every
women health with no-cost coverage that is evidence-based. Contraceptives that are FDA
approved with insurance protections are mentioned in the ACA, however, in the real scenario,
majority of women remains uninsured. Federal and state politicians are insensitive towards
Medicaid and therefore, it poses challenge to the American healthcare system in covering
uninsured and low-income Americans under ACA and Medicaid services.
Wolfenden et al., (2012) in their paper highlighted the fact that telephone-based
interventions are quite effective for the promotion of positive health behaviours. There is
promotion of healthy eating, weight loss or physical activity that is utilized in telephone-based
interventions. The aim of the study was to assess the potential effectiveness and assessment of
telemarketing strategy in increasing use of proactive services by the community so that they are
engaged in healthy eating, weight loss and physical activity. Cross-sectional study was
conducted for the study where eligible respondents completed 15-minute telephonic survey
conducted by interviewers via computer assisted interview technology. 87% of the respondents
accepted the telephonic heath service provided by trainers in helping them to lose weight, be
physically active and eat healthy. About 54%, 64% and 61% of respondents engaged in less
physical activity, inadequate vegetable and fruit intake and being overweight respectively
reported that they would use this telephone-based intervention along with women and people

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with limited English ability. Therefore, proactive services like telemarketing health services
would facilitative physical activity, healthy eating and weight loss.
Part 2
According to Beth Clark, (2018) “vulnerability” is referred as state or quality that is
being exposed to harm or possibility to be attacked emotionally or physically defined by the
Oxford English Dictionary. Vulnerability defines the human condition, however, applications
and definitions of this concept in healthcare is quite diverse. CMAJ greatly focuses on the
vulnerable populations outlining the different concepts in vulnerability along with considerations
that surrounds this term in the Canadian healthcare systems. This term is commonly used in the
healthcare; however, it is not defined consistently in the healthcare. Therefore, the concept of
vulnerability is defined in the healthcare for justifying the access to healthcare services and help
in defining the ethical and moral obligations prevailing in the healthcare system. This may also
lead to discrimination and stigmatization while defining the concept of vulnerability. Therefore,
in this article by Beth Clark, (2018) the concept of vulnerability in healthcare is explored.

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References
Beth Clark, M. M. (2018). Exploring the concept of vulnerability in health care. CMAJ, 190(11).
Bouchelle, Z., Rawlins, Y., Hill, C., Bennet, J., Perez, L. X., & Oriol, N. (2017). Preventative
health, diversity, and inclusion: a qualitative study of client experience aboard a mobile
health clinic in Boston, Massachusetts. International journal for equity in health, 16(1),
191.
Brown, H. L., & Divenere, L. (2017). The poor are with us-and they want and need
healthcare. Contemporary OB/GYN, 62(4), 16.
Nettle, D. (2010). Why are there social gradients in preventative health behavior? A perspective
from behavioral ecology. PLoS One, 5(10), e13371.
Petrovici, D. A., & Ritson, C. (2006). Factors influencing consumer dietary health preventative
behaviours. BMC Public Health, 6(1), 222.
Wolfenden, L., Wiggers, J., Paul, C., Freund, M., Lecathelinais, C., Wye, P., & Gillham, K.
(2012). Increasing the use of preventative health services to promote healthy eating,
physical activity and weight management: the acceptability and potential effectiveness of
a proactive telemarketing approach. BMC public health, 12(1), 953.