University Philosophy of Religion Essay: Arguments for God's Existence

This essay delves into the intricate philosophical debate surrounding the existence of God, examining various perspectives and arguments. It explores the viewpoints of theists, atheists, and agnostics, analyzing moral arguments, and the influence of key thinkers such as C.S. Lewis and Ibn Rushd. The essay highlights the close connection between morality and religious belief, addressing arguments from both religious and secular viewpoints. It discusses different categorizations within theism, including strong theism, and explores concepts such as theism, atheism, and apatheism. The work also touches upon cosmological and value theories, and the role of divine laws, offering a comprehensive overview of the ongoing discourse regarding God's existence. The essay concludes by acknowledging the complexity of the debate, highlighting the diverse range of arguments and counterarguments that continue to shape the discussion.

Running head: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
Philosophy of Religion
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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The aim of the following paper is to discuss on the debate about the existence of God. It
is a very important thing to note that there are several opinions that have been expressed
regarding this view. The opinions and their differences have come from a wide range of
philosophers. Some people believe in the God or some unseen force. Some others do not believe
in the existence of such kind of force at all. They believe all the things that exist can be seen
through human eyes (Haghighi et al., 2018). The morality of life and belief in the existence of
God has very close connections by all the means. It has to be said in this context that there are
several arguments from the moral perspectives and all those arguments are very crucial indeed.
The concepts related to this issue will be manifested in this research work for the benefits of the
common people so they can evaluate it by themselves.
One of the most significant factors that have contributed to this issue is that of the Meta
ethics. There are various philosophers of different orders who have given their opinions on this
issue since the opinion differences should be sorted out to come to a concrete solution. However,
it is very unfortunate that no such concrete conclusion has been taken till now v(Haghighi et al.,
2018).
Some philosophers who do not believe in this fact have given their evidence so the fact
can be substantiated properly. The religious doctrine of Christianity has provided several
interesting arguments on the existence of God that are quite important and done of the moral
views also.
The arguments have been provided in these various sections since their beliefs will
depend on the diverse cultures of their locality. The moral arguments and the concept of the

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morality in the existence of God will be analyzed because it is one of those possible aspects
through which the situation could be understood.
God is basically looked upon as the good and benevolent creator of the universe and He
has helped all the lives to grow on earth and sustain thereafter (Haghighi et al., 2018). These
moral arguments on the creation of God will be significant and interesting from every
perspective. The soundness of the moral arguments must be supported with the proper action in
this manner.
The book Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis is perhaps one of the most famous and crucial
books to understand the theory of God’s existence by the apologetics. It has been understood by
some people that the religion is basically the moral foundation through which the ethical and
moral perspectives can be achieved (Burns, 2019).
The key thinkers must understand that presenting religion as the basic for the moral
foundations will only present the religious arguments for the morality. In this manner, the moral
arguments for the religiousness will be overlooked in this manner. The relationship is very close
between the morality and religion (Burns, 2019). The concepts of these things must be drawn out
in the literature and it should connect with all the moral truths within the foundations of the
religion. Therefore, the existence of God will depend upon the importance of the various
qualities of God (Jackson, 2014).
There are several moral facts in this situation and the existence of God is indeed very
necessary that will help out the people to understand this fact properly. On the other hand, some
secular institutions have added their versions of the interpretations that might not be healthy from
certain aspects (Ruhmkorff, 2019). It has been argued by most people that the arguments by

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favoring the existence of God will be very helpful for the understanding of certain complicated
problems. Secular versions will not help to understand these versions properly at all.
All the believers of God are of the opinion that the interference of God will indeed result
in the good things. They are quite sure that the morality will be established in the society by the
God and his skeptic commands (Ruhmkorff, 2019). The philosophical views will have to be
attributed in this scenario as many philosophers have given their versions of evidence in showing
that God really exists. Various logical and empirical arguments are very critical in this situation
and the people should have their beliefs after thinking over this issue very critically and logically
indeed (Park, 2019).
The cosmological views on philosophy have been administered to gain the positive views
about the fact that God really exists and He is the one entity who controls everything on earth.
The value theory should be implemented to judge the overall presence of God and His influence
on the lives of the human beings (Sikka, 2017). The disciplinary factors of the epistemology are
very important to be recognized in this scenario. The atheists do not believe in the existence of
the God and they only believe the will power of the human beings and their skills will help
everyone to complete their assigned responsibilities in this world (Burrell, 2016).
On the contrary, there are several strong theistic arguments that can be utilized to prove
the existence of the God and His role in the everyday life of the human beings. The concept of
the existence of the God can be divided into certain sections (Sikka, 2017). These sections are
atheism, theism, apatheism and many others. Agnosticism, ignosticism and other philosophical
ideas are very much crucial in different ways also. He views of the theists should be thought with
clarity since it has provided several ways through which the appearance and presence of God can

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be identified. The concepts of theism and atheism are basically the belief positions but the
Gnosticism and ignosticism are the facts that can be gained from the knowledge positions
(Himma, 2015).
The theists are of the opinion that God actually exists and this is very much true from all
the contexts. The conceptual coherence of God is shown the ignosticism (Feser, 2017). On the
other hand, apatheism deals with the practical position whether God actually exists or not. There
are some categorizations among the theists also. These categorizations and their perceptions are
also critical to know about the presence of the God in the real lives (Tomasi, 2016).
The various types of theists in this situation are the strong theists, de facto theists,
learners towards theism, completely impartial, learner toward atheism, de facto atheist and strong
atheist. The completely opposite viewpoints are taken by both the strong theists and strong
atheists (Feser, 2017). The strong theists believe completely that there is God and they can
definitely argue in favor of the existence of God till the very last point. Other sections in this
juncture do not have a concrete view of this. Rather they are very confused and they have mixed
opinions on the existence of God in this world (Aczel, 2014)
According to the beliefs of the theists, God is portrayed as the Supreme Being or entity in
the whole world (Jackson, 2014). Therefore, He possesses all the powers in the world and His
sovereignty has been noted by every theist on this planet. God is also timeless and He is the first
being also. The ultimate supreme power of God has been the most important fact in this scenario.
Some important realms of this category contain the open theism, theistic personalism and process
theism (Tomasi, 2016).

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In the words of the classical theists, the concrete and ultimate definition of God cannot be
given (Aczel, 2014) If the human beings go on to define him, it will be nothing but the
contradiction of the transcendental nature of God. Some critics have provided the analogy that
the two dimensional objects like the human beings will not be able to understand the nature of
the three dimensional God (Benzmüller & Paleo, 2014).
Therefore, it is only a waste of time to think about the fact that God is very much present
and He is in different forms in different religions (Pyysiäinen, 2015). Therefore, the God might
be shown as a polytheistic entity in the classical Hinduism or monotheistic like traditional
Christian concepts.
In the Western societies of the contemporary times, the supreme and ultimate nature of
the God has been presented through the Christianity. The atheists believe in the presence of God
in every manner (Benzmüller & Paleo, 2014). The concepts if Ibn Rushd, the Islamic scholar of
the 12th century must be taken into consideration into this scenario. He has stated that there are
basically two arguments regarding the existence of God and adherence of the human beings to
him. Both these arguments are mostly present in the Holy book of Quran. Various traditions of
religion have followed the monotheistic aspects of the God’s existence. These are the Christian,
Jewish and Islamic ones (Redding & Bubbio, 2014).
The terms like ‘invention’ and ‘providence’ have been used in the Quran to show the
existence of the God in the daily lives of all human beings (Arp, 2016). Ibn Rushd has argued by
saying that the overall weather conditions of the earth are very well managed to sustain the
human life. So, he argues that the lives of the common people are very finely tuned (Jackson,
2014). Then he attributes the God or the sole omnipotent and sovereign power in the world to be

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the tuner of this fine life for humans. Therefore, strong believers of religions like Christianity,
Hinduism and Islam have shown their providence regarding the existence of the God (Redding &
Bubbio, 2014).
Some arguments by Kant are also the ways through which God’s existence can be
supported in the world (Pal, 2016). Some metaethical theories have also been propagated in the
recent times that would look to discuss on the existence of God from various critical
perspectives. The analogies on the existence of God should be concerned with the moral laws
and nation states. These variations are indeed very crucial from different perspectives indeed
(Jackson, 2014).
The laws of the nation states could be enacted by the authorities like the kings, monarchs,
ministers and others. Then the question of the moral laws comes into question. Critics are of the
opinion that the moral laws would be implemented by the supreme God. He is the only entity in
this universe that has the sovereign power (Pal, 2016). This is why theists believe that the God
will control all the things on the earth and He wants all the human beings to know about Him.
This is the only manner through which they can relate to the sovereignty in God (Arp, 2016).
The divine laws or commands are realized by God but the atheists do not believe in the
God or His commands. On the contrary, the theists have proven the premise that might lead to
the conclusion that god actually exists. This can be found through the logical fallacy that
1. There are many moral obligations
2. The God is the only entity who will describe these moral onligations
3. Therefore, God is always there.

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Though these premises and logical coherence, the philosophers have proved that God
actually exists and they have shunned the arguments that the atheists have given. Still, there are
certain contradictions that could be found through the discussions of the scientific evidences.
In the concluding section of the research, it must be highlighted that the existence of God
has been very much debatable over the years. Various orders have discussed about their opinions
on this matter and they have also said how they will deal with this aspect positively. The views
of the philosophers and scientists have also been drawn into literature. Still, it is very hard to
come to a concrete solution because the arguments and counter arguments have poured in this
scenario. The context of the moral obligation has been deemed as very crucial for the proper
understanding of the issues in the society. The existence of God is indeed a very debatable
subject but the arguments have been done with valid points over the years.

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References
Aczel, A. D. (2014). Why science does not disprove God. William Morrow.
Arp, R. (Ed.). (2016). Revisiting Aquinas’ Proofs for the Existence of God. Brill.
Benzmüller, C., & Paleo, B. W. (2014, August). Automating Gödel's Ontological Proof of God's
Existence with Higher-order Automated Theorem Provers. In ECAI (Vol. 263, pp. 93-
98).
Burns, E. D. (2019). How to prove the existence of God: an argument for conjoined
panentheism. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 85(1), 5-21.
Burrell, D. B. (2016). Aquinas: God and action. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Feser, E. (2017). Five Proofs for the Existence of God. Ignatius Press.
Haghighi, A. R. M., Sadeghi, A., Mahdavinejad, M. H., &Zare, I. (2018). Theoretical and
Practical Moral Arguments for the Existence of God: A Critical Review.
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Existence of God,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (James Fieser, ed.).
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Pyysiäinen, I. (2015). Theism reconsidered: Belief in god and the existence of
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Redding, P., & Bubbio, P. D. (2014). Hegel and the ontological argument for the existence of
God. Religious Studies, 50(4), 465-486.
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Moral Proof of the Existence of God. The highest good in Kant's philosophy.