Revolution by Artificial Intelligence: Autonomous Cars

This report explores the revolution driven by artificial intelligence, focusing on the impact of autonomous cars. It delves into the background of autonomous driving, defining it as a disruptive innovation. The report identifies the problem statement related to the protection and control of automotive vehicles and sets the aim to assess the commercial and successful use of autonomous cars. Key technologies within autonomous cars are discussed, including path planning, car navigation systems, car control, and environment perception. The report also examines different trends and social habits related to autonomous cars, along with the research methodology employed, including data collection methods and a proposed timeline. The conclusion highlights the risks and advancements associated with self-driving cars, emphasizing the use of AI-based technologies for risk mitigation and their impact on society.

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Revolution by Artificial Intelligence
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Abstract
This report is based on the revolution in the field of artificial intelligence that would be incurred
with the impact of autonomous cars. The primary purpose of the research would mainly be based
on the discussion about the successful and commercial use of autonomous cars. This paper of
research discusses about the key technologies within autonomous cars that would be able to
control the different kinds of functionalities of the cars. This paper would thus be able to analyse
the key technologies of autonomous cars and thus also discusses about the art of driving within
these cars. Based on the research, the key technologies have been introduced. The progress of the
research and the institution of research have thus been summarized.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................3
2. Problem Statement.......................................................................................................................3
3. Research Aim and Objectives......................................................................................................3
4. Research Question.......................................................................................................................4
5. Literature Review........................................................................................................................4
5.1 Key Technology of Autonomous Cars..................................................................................4
5.1.1 Path Planning..................................................................................................................5
5.1.2 Car Navigation Systems.................................................................................................5
5.1.3 Car Control.....................................................................................................................6
5.1.4 Environment Perception.................................................................................................6
5.2 Different Trends based on Autonomous Cars.......................................................................7
5.3 Social Habits..........................................................................................................................7
6. Research Methodology................................................................................................................8
6.1 Data Collection Methods.......................................................................................................8
6.2 Proposed Timeline.................................................................................................................8
7. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................10
8. References..................................................................................................................................11

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1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Autonomous Driving could be defined as the disruptive form of innovation within the
recent years. Though the technology based on vehicle driving could be assembled within
premium cars on a larger scale, hence the concept of these self-driven cars could be a serious
concept that could be discussed within newspapers reports and articles (Chen et al., 2015). In
general terms, the self-driven cars could also be defined as a wheeled mobile robot and an
intelligent vehicle. These vehicles would have the possibility of arriving at a destination based on
the gained information from different inbuilt sensors. These sensors would include the
perception of the environment of paths, information of car control and route. The primary
characteristic of the self-driven cars would be to transport people to a pre-defined target without
the purpose of humans to drive the cars (Wei et al., 2013). The different forms of technologies
that are integrated within the self-driven cars include architecture, automatic control, AI,
computer vision and various other forms of advanced technologies.
2. Problem Statement
The statement of the problem would be mainly involved based on the protection and
controls over the automotive vehicles. These automotive vehicles are designed to fit the needs of
the user. However, there could be many issues based on the maintaining the movement and
proper guidance of such kind of cars. Hence the assessment and management of the different
risks would be a major form of concern based on the particular research.
3. Research Aim and Objectives
The primary aim of the research would be based on the different operations based on the
commercial and successful use of automotive cars, which would thus make human lives easier.

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The objectives of the research are:
 To provide essential information about the decision about the control of the car
 To assess the different forms of strategies that could address the issues
 Assess the different risks that could affect the operations of automotive cars.
4. Research Question
Will the small and large scale commercial usage of autonomous cars would prove to be a
major help for the society?
5. Literature Review
5.1 Key Technology of Autonomous Cars
There are different kinds of advanced technologies that are primarily integrated within
the autonomous cars. These forms of technologies would include technologies based on
computer science, intelligent control technology and pattern recognition. The kind of technology
that are embedded within the autonomous cars would represent a higher level of scientific
research (Zhang et al., 2016). They would also be able to represent the scientific advances of the
concerned country. Different papers have thus reviewed the process of technology that have been
used within the cars due to a higher level of complexity based on the design process used within
the cars (Seif & Hu, 2016).

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(Fig 1: Classification of the Primary Technology of Autonomous Cars)
As compared to the manual methods of driving, the primary characteristic of autonomous
cars would be based on an automation equipment for the purpose of replacing the human driver.
The core technology embedded within the autonomous cars could be classified into four
categories. These are known as path planning, car navigation systems, car control and
environment perception (Anderson et al., 2014).
5.1.1 Path Planning
Based on the different kinds of sensors that would be embedded within the cars, these
intelligent cars would be able to perform the planning of the paths and the various kinds of
shortest routes that would be able to make the car top reach till their destination (Broggi et al.,
2013).
5.1.2 Car Navigation Systems
There are two major issues that could be affecting the driving of the autonomous cars.
These would include the current location and the ways of driving from the location up to the

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predetermined destination. However, in the cases of self-driving cars, the car should be able to
intelligently locate their position and thus be able to perform the planning of the paths to reach
till the destination (Litman, 2017).
(Fig 2: On-Board Navigation System of Autonomous Cars)
5.1.3 Car Control
There should be a proper form of control based on the driving activity of the cars. Based
on the impact of different kinds of sensors, the car would be able to locate their personal
position. In the navigation systems of these cars, the global positioning systems (GPS) and
geographic information system would be embedded for the purpose of receiving the information
of the location. Hence the controlling systems within these cars would be able to control
themselves. These cars are equipped with automatic braking systems, advanced steering options
and various other control mechanisms. These different forms of mechanisms would be able to
control the different functionalities of the car (Lee et al., 2013).
5.1.4 Environment Perception
This form of perception could be defined as one of the module based on the autonomous
cars. In order to gain sufficient information based on the decision of the control of the car, the car
would be required to perceive the surrounding environment. The major forms of methods based

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on perception include visual navigation, radar navigation and laser navigation (Ziegler et al.,
2014). In this form of perception the different kinds of embedded sensors would be deployed for
sensing the various kinds of information of the environment and thus react according to the
needs of the environment.
5.2 Different Trends based on Autonomous Cars
In the present times, the autonomous cars would be able to configure different forms of
sensors that would be non-existent within the traditional cars. The vision and laser sensors would
be mainly be used for environmental perception based on typical key sensors (Fagnant &
Kockelman, 2014). The different kinds of sensors that are mainly embedded within these
autonomous cars are highly expensive. They have higher forms of requirement based on their
condition. The installation and use of these sensors within the cars would include different forms
of risks that need to be avoided. The service lifetime of these kind of high-powered sensors
would reduce after a prolonged period of use (Yaghoubi et al., 2013). Hence, these sensors
should be highly efficient in order to fit according to the needs of movement of the cars.
5.3 Social Habits
The most important issue of sociological research is based on social habits. With the
increase in the level of self-driven cars, it has been seen that the technologies would have a major
form of impact on the life of transportation within the people. The use of self-driven cars would
replace the existing vehicles and would make the people to become much more dependent on
computing technologies for redefining the ways of technologies (Urry, 2016). The impact of self-
driven cars would be able to promote a better form of life among the people.

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6. Research Methodology
6.1 Data Collection Methods
The methodology of collection of different forms of data would be based on the
secondary based collection of data. These data would be based on the works of different
researchers who have performed extensive form of research within the concerned area. The
research would also make the extensive form of research based on the gaining of vast knowledge
that could be gathered from different journals, media sources and research articles. These
previous works of different researchers would be properly reviewed and thus this would be
helpful in understanding the different gaps within the research area. Based on the different kinds
of previous works of research, further form of investigation could be developed based on
successful development of improved ideas based on self-driven cars.
6.2 Proposed Timeline
Task Description Duration Strat Date End Date
1 Selection of Topic 6 01 August 2018 07 August 2018
2
Gathering information from secondary
sources 14 08 August 2018 22 August 2018
3 Finalizing the layout 11 23 August 2018 03 September 2018
4 Review of Literature 22 04 September 2018 26 September 2018
5 Develop Research Plan 14 27 September 2018 11 October 2018
6 Selection of Proper Technique 7 12 October 2018 19 October 2018
7 Collection of Secondary Data 21 20 October 2018 10 November 2018
8 Data Interpretation and Analysis 12 11 November 2018 23 November 2018
9 Drawing of Conclusion 7 24 November 2018 01 December 2018
10 Preparation of Rough Draft 9 02 December 2018 11 December 2018
11 Completion of Final Work 19 12 December 2018 31 December 2018
(Fig 3: Proposed Project Description)

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Task ID Task Description resource Name Cost
1 Topic Selection Superviser 8.00$
2 Gather information from secondary sources Researcher 10.00$
3 Finalize the layout Researcher 9.00$
4 Review Literature Researcher 8.00$
5 Develop Plan for Research Researcher 10.00$
6 Select the correct technique Researcher 8.00$
7 Collect secondary data Researcher 5.00$
8 Data analysis and Interpretation Researcher 6.00$
9 Draw Conclusion Researcher 7.00$
10 Prepare Rough Draft Researcher 8.00$
11 Completion of Final Work Researcher 20.00$
Total cost 99.00$
(Fig 4: Proposed Budget of the Project)
Topic Selection
Gather information from secondary sources
Finalize the layout
Review Literature
Develop Plan for Research
Select the correct technique
Collect secondary data
Data analysis and Interpretation
Draw Conclusion
Prepare Rough Draft
Completion of Final Work
Total cost
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Chart Title
resource Name Cost
(Fig 4: Proposed Timeline of the Project)

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7. Conclusion
Based on the discussion from the research proposal, it could be stated the different forms
of risks within the operations of autonomous cars. The research is conducted based on the
discussion of the various kinds of operations that are performed within the functioning of
autonomous cars. Based on the discussion from the various works of different researchers, it
could be discussed that the self-driving cars makes the configuration of different kinds of
sensors. These sensors would not be present in the traditional cars. The discussion also focuses
on the risks that could be incurred within the use of sensor technology. These self-driven cars
makes use of AI based technologies. They should be able to mitigate the different forms of risks
that could be incurred within the systems. The mitigation of these form of incurred risks would
be able to improve the ways in which the self-driven cars would leave a major form of impact on
the people.

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8. References
Anderson, J. M., Nidhi, K., Stanley, K. D., Sorensen, P., Samaras, C., & Oluwatola, O. A.
(2014). Autonomous vehicle technology: A guide for policymakers. Rand Corporation.
Broggi, A., Buzzoni, M., Debattisti, S., Grisleri, P., Laghi, M. C., Medici, P., & Versari, P.
(2013). Extensive tests of autonomous driving technologies. IEEE Transactions on
Intelligent Transportation Systems, 14(3), 1403-1415.
Chen, C., Seff, A., Kornhauser, A., & Xiao, J. (2015). Deepdriving: Learning affordance for
direct perception in autonomous driving. In Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 2722-2730).
Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. M. (2014). The travel and environmental implications of shared
autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios. Transportation Research Part
C: Emerging Technologies, 40, 1-13.
Lee, J., Park, B. B., Malakorn, K., & So, J. J. (2013). Sustainability assessments of cooperative
vehicle intersection control at an urban corridor. Transportation Research Part C:
Emerging Technologies, 32, 193-206.
Litman, T. (2017). Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions. Victoria, Canada: Victoria
Transport Policy Institute.
Seif, H. G., & Hu, X. (2016). Autonomous driving in the iCity—HD maps as a key challenge of
the automotive industry. Engineering, 2(2), 159-162.
Urry, J. (2016). Mobilities: new perspectives on transport and society. Routledge.