Investigating Educational Provision for Children with Autism Spectrum

This dissertation investigates the educational provisions available for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), focusing on identifying the responsible parties and evaluating the quality standards of education provided. It addresses the research question of who provides educational provision for children with ASD, covering aspects such as assessment, early intervention, diagnosis, limitations, and prevalence. The methodology employs a secondary literature review, drawing from research articles, online resources, and journals. Key findings include challenges related to delayed diagnoses, behavioral disruptions, cognitive characteristics, and associated conditions like Oppositional Defiant Disorder, anxiety disorders, and ADHD. The research also touches on the genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to autism. The study emphasizes the importance of local authorities and educators in providing appropriate special needs education within inclusive environments, ensuring that children with autism have access to the same rights and opportunities as their peers. Desklib provides access to similar documents and study resources for students.

Dissertation Title: ASD and Educational Provision Research Question: Who
Provide Educational Provision for Children with Autism Spectrum
Disorders?

Table of Contents
Abstract................................................................................
Acknowledgements..............................................................
Chapter 1: Introduction.............................................................
1.1 What is Autism.........................................
1.2 Background..............................................
1.3 Aims and Objectives...................................
Chapter 2: Methodology...............................................................
Description of methodology
Description of quantitative and qualitative
Description of secondary Research
2.1Methodological approach Research pattern............
2.2 Ethical Consideration................................
2.3 Analytical Structures.......................................
2.4 Constructing a PICO Question...........................
2.6 Keywords.......................................................
2.7 Limitation......................................
Chapter 3: Literature Review........................................................
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Children with Autism........................
3.3 Autism Type....................................
3.4 Pervasive Developmental Disorder...............
3.5 Asperger Syndrome......................................
3.6 Causes of Autism..............................................
3.7 Diagnosis and Treatment................................
3,8 Educational Provision for Autistic Children...........
3.9 Local Authorities Responsibilities and Roles In supplying Educational Provision for
Autism Childre.....................................................................
3.10 Provisions in mainstream schools and special need schools......
3.11 Health Care Expenditures Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders........
Chapter 4: Results or Findings..................................................
4.1 Number One: Findings is Delay in Diagnoses.......................
4.2 Number Two: Findings is Behaviour Disruption...................
4.3 Number Three: Findings is on Cognitive Characteristic.........
4.4 Number Four: Oppositional Defiant Disorder...................................................
4.5 Number Five: Anxiety Disorders......................................................................
4.6 Number Six: ADHD …...................................................................................
4.7 Number Seven: Learning Disorder..................................................................
4.8 Number Eight: Sensory Processing Problems.............................................
4.9 Number Nine: It is not just genetic: it is epigenetic.......................................
4.10 Number Eleven: Shared Mechanism: a spectrum within a spectrum.............

Chapter 5 Discussion....................................................
Chapter 6: Conclusion.......................................................................
Recommendation.................................................................................
References............................................................................................
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a disorder for the lifelong that affects to the development
towards the behavior and the communication of the individual. There are different
symptoms and its effect is different in the different people. With the several medications
it can be cure like nauroleptics that treated the behavioral problems.
Thelocal authority and educators has to prove the proper education and the special
needs for those children and this need should be made possible, this must take place in
inclusive surroundings with those children that do not have the same need. The local
authority and others to make sure they provide educational need that will enable them
to have access on the same right with their grade to benefit from by carrying them along
without exclusion. To support the children with special educational needs that will help
them got skills to take part or become involved in an activity to level of their limit, so that
they can also work effectively in the social and the economic activities that happens in
the community in their own way and with the satisfied life (Educational Act 2004).

The aim of this current project is to find people that are responsible and their role in
providing educational provision for autistic children with special needs and the goal is to
discover To evaluate whether educational provision meet the quality standard of
education that are given to the children that are suffering from the Autism spectrum
disorder. This goal will cover assessment, early intervention, diagnosis, limitations,
findings and prevalence of children with autism.
The method of approach used for this current project is based on secondary literature
review research written by other researchers, abstract form google scholar, online
website, journal articles to get a good result of the research question which relate to
autism spectrum disorders.
There are few findings or results found from the literature review research such are;
children with autism have a disruptive behaviour which is quite challenging for both
parents and teachers at school and secondly, researchers found that approximately
over the 150 genes that are to be linked with the autism. With the changes in the layer
of genome that is termed as epigenome, scientist found the risk is appear more with the
change in this layer.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the lecturers, course mates for all their help and encouragement in making
sure that the dream expectation of this current project come true without giving up on it,
see this project through start to finish even though there are ups and down. There are
other people at the Center to thank for their time, generosity and thoughtfulness is also
acknowledged with gratitude. In doing of this current project, have help to enhance the
knowledge of understanding health and social science course level 3 foundation which
relate to human being day to day activities.

Chapter 1: Introduction
This current project will explore the concept of autism spectrum disorders and
educational provisions for children with autism together with other relevant words that
relate to the chosen topic of interest. It will highlight the aims and goals of this current
project and the background of autism spectrum disorders, it includes the research
question which is, Who Provide Educational Provision for Autism Children and will also
talk about the method system of approach together with PICO that was used to
formulate questions. It will also to find any gap in knowledge, result, weaknesses,
strength, findings and limitation.
1.1 What is autism?
The term autism that is also known from the name of Pervasive Developmental disorder
(PDD) is a general term that is used for describing the complex development of the
disorder that occurs in the brain of the person. This disorder is developed in the early
childhood of the person and gets difficulty to the person to do communication and
forming in the relationship with the others. It was first described in the year 1943 by the
Leo Kanner. He emphasis on the three key areas that people are suffering from the
disease can exhibit that is social isolation, insistence and abnormal language.
(Fischbach Gerald, 2007).
According to Leo Kanner, it is disorder that is developed from the early childhood or
from the birth till the life of the individual and it affects to the human behavior that are
interaction with the society, communication of the ideas and the feelings with the people
and building the relationships. It affects to the long life to the children that are affecting
from the disorder to keep the care of themselves, to be active with the community by
taking part and learn interaction with the society. It is a disorder that is origin from the
neurobiological that is based on the features of the developmental and the behavior. As
the causes of the Autism are not known yet and has link directly between the behaviour
and pathophysiology that is still rare and not influences effectively on the treatment and
the diagnoses. With the current research of biologics, like the genetics, it gives the
important implication to the families of the children suffering from the disorder.
(Fischbach Gerald, 2007).

With the research it is founded that with the Autism Spectrum Disorder represents with
the health issues in the public having in the 1 percent in the United States children that
are diagnosed with this disorder. People suffering from the ASD having the symptoms
that are to be associated with the medical conditions that are problem in sleeping,
seizures, metabolic conditions and the gastrointestinal disorder. That affects on the
development of social, education and the health impact. Problem that is gastrointestinal
is the major concern for the parents and also to the behavioural problems and other
issues like deregulated sleep. In addition, if any child notice to have a sign of developing
autism which means early dislike and being diagnosed of autism, a suitable assessment
must begin for that child (Daniel et al., 2012).
1.2 Background
Autism is also known as Asperger syndrome spectrum disorder. It is a diagnostic term
that official came onto the professional scene in 1994 within the diagnostic statistical
manual (DSM) IV and later sub named under the category of autism spectrum disorder
(ASD). This disorder is based in the neurological condition that means the people who
are suffering from this have from the birth and it should be for lifetime nevertheless, as
some of them grow into adulthood, is possible they may gain new skills and is they will
also outgrow some of the traits or use their strength to recoup their area of disorder
(Autism society, 2020).
According to Merlyn Krich and Lauren Wollschlager said that from the autism research
institute, autism is at a fast rate which is mainly common within children. Autism
prevalence in many years past, was unusual which just happen that 5 out of 10,000
children were affected with autism. In addition, from the year 1990s, the prevalence rate
of autism has been increasing in large amount throughout the globe. In March 2012, the
united states of America the federal centres for disease control said that 1 out of 88
children in USA has been confirmed with autism spectrum disorder which shows that as
many as 1.5 million Americans till this present day considered to experience autism.

ASDs are found in all socioeconomic ethnicity, and age groups. It is said that boys are
suffering 5 times more than the girls from this disorder.
From the finding in the 2014 it is marked that ASD prevalence have the variations when
it is formed by the geographical are, sex and the level of ability of the intellectuality. With
the differences in the prevalence it is founded in the black and white children in the
declining in most of the areas but in the Hispanic children it can be noticed. In the 2014,
the results came from the application of DSM- IV-TR and DSM-5 cases were the similar.
It can be stratiform by the sex, race, DSM-IV-TR subtype and to the level of the ability of
intelectualty.(Baio J et al., 2018).
Stephen Wiltshire was mute and could not associated with other people. At the age of
three Stephen was diagnosed and were affected with autism or become autistic, had no
language, who entirely lived alone in a different world. Stephen happened to be born on
April 1974 in London precisely United Kingdom by west Indian parents.
Stephen at the age of 5 years old, was sent to Queen-smile school in London where
everything about Stephen came into light through an instructor at Queens-mile who
encouraged Stephen to speak and the who gave pen to write something by taking away
Stephen art tools, responded by saying a word and was learned to speak fully at the of
9 years old that suddenly became strongly attracted with London buildings landmark
sketching. One of the teachers was interested about Stephen by going along with
Stephen whilst as to be the young children who did the drawing in the leisure activity by
entered in the completion of the children artwork and gained many awards to the
Stephen. The local press became more sceptical of Stephen early age could construct
such articulate drawings (Wiltshire Stephen, 2021).
Aims
The aim of this current project is to find out the people that are responsible and their
roles in providing educational provision for children with autism spectrum disorders and

what kind of provision that is most proper for them. To know the causes autism and the
problem appearing when making choice on these, in agreement of satisfactory
performance of quality standard of learning for children with autism. The aim will be in
collaboration agreement of sharing with one another's knowledge, experience and ideas
which allow parents and other professional to think on how to work effectively for good
outcomes that will better the lives of children with autism.
Objectives
To evaluate whether educational provision meet the quality standard of education
provided for children with autism spectrum disorder. This goal will cover assessment,
early intervention, diagnosis, limitations, findings and prevalence of children with autism.
Chapter 2: Methodology
Whatis method meant? Method is a particular way used to outline, collect, or select in
processing data on a topic. Method is an approach that allow the reader to read and
critically judge the work in general from the research articles, books related to the
project proposal research question and also get a clear clarification to understand what
the researcher or writer has written regarding to research of interest. In academia, there
are two major types of research method which are;
(Research support, 2021).
Qualitative and quantitative research, often these two versions of research are
framed as working against one another. But they simply serve two different purposes
and role in research area and they can work together to complement one another.
Quantitative research is powered by numbers, statistical analysis, mixed method
both combines, while Qualitative is powered by words, ideas, descriptors and concept
(Question Pro 2021).

Secondary research is method of the research that involves the uses of the existing
data. From the existing data that collects and gather the data to increases the research
overall effectiveness. Research material that is published in the review research and in
the other related data is involves in the secondary research. The documents or the data
can be available by the public, libraries, websites etc. Data can be stores by the
agencies that can be government and nongovernmental that use to study the aims. It is
more constructive data then the primary research as it is an existing data not like the
primary data where the data is collected first hand by the organization. (Question Pro
2021).
2.1 Methodological approach Research pattern
The aim of this proposed research is to know the people responsible and their roles in
supplying educational provision for autistic children both in mainstream schools and
special need schools. PICO will be used to formulate questions in order to get a clear
answer relate to autism spectrum disorders. It will also include keywords abstract from
the proposal research question to get more clarification, result, limitation, strength and
weaknesses or findings to the topic of interest.
The current project will use literature review strategy to explore the different approach
for the topic of interest. This approach is widely used in the extent of secondary
literature review. It will give a clear definition of this thesis abstraction to filter out the
idea, and critically evaluate the issues of the interest chosen topic in this research
(Dewey &Drahota, 2016). This literature review research forms a diversified of correct
analysis available for this literature incorporate of collecting data from earlier
researchers to discover the answers to the research question using online research
(Pare &Kitsiou, 2017).
2.2 Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations may not be necessary because why, due to is a secondary
literature review not primary it has no human involvement rather It follows the principles
ethics of accessibility, straightforwardness, coalescing, availability, fairness, analysis,
and significance (Lame, 2019).
2.3 Analytical Structures
This current project research will employ the PICO structure to critically assess the
research questions. It is applied for crafting a research question which strain of four
elements which are, Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome that is
shortened as PICO. The population direct to the sample of the research such as
children and adolescence, while intervention direct to the service educational
intervention being proposed, comparison as direct to the evaluation and the outcomes
direct to the result evaluate whether educational provision meet the needs of autistic
children (Jensen, 2017). PICO research question will include constructing a PICO
question which will made up of four question parts. In this method, it will talk about
literature review and how the question was formulated form PICO.
Executing the search will be abstract from the online website database and online
journals article from the internet were used to get the clear answers to the research
question.
2.4 Constructing a PICO Question
This case research upon which the question is frame and the constructing PICO
question in this current project literature research will review the differentiation between
Special education provision and provisions in inclusion schools for children with autism
spectrum disorder. This will view to understand the duties of teachers and educational
professionals in this aspect. This will figure out the right suitable educational
intervention and to conclude on the provisions that are necessary for these children. It
will also help to understanding how to improve education provision for autistic children.
The research questions centered on this case study are;
2.5 Research Question

Population- Children affected with the disorder of Autism spectrum
Intercession- Educational interventions for the students with this disorder
Comparison- the differentiation between Special education provision and provisions in
inclusion schools
Outcome- To improve the provision of education for the Autism spectrum disorder
children.
2.6 Keywords used are; Autism spectrum disorders, children with autism and
educational provision
2.7 Limitations
The secondary studies do not necessarily include ethical considerations, and
this is not going to be a primary systematic literature review rather it will be a secondary
literature review due to the unexpected Covid- 19 pandemic crisis ongoing occurrence
and there will be no access to participants neither interview to take place in this current
project.
Chapter 3: Literature Review
3.1 Introduction
This literature review section will be a secondary literature review which has been
written by other researchers, it will help to review in order to abstract the rightful data
source to give a clear answer to the question and other relevant words relate to this
current project. it includes of the following, children with autism spectrum disorders,

educational provision, include the research question which means, who provide
educational provision for autism children?
In the literature review is on the Autism spectrum disorder suffering children that are
suffered with the increased in the distress in psychology that includes anxiety,
depression, interpersonal sensitivity, schizoid traits, hostility, obsession- compulsion etc.
(Karst and Van Hecke 2012). Having a child with the disability creates the stress in both
to the family and to the society and understand their needs , their various primary care
aspects, educational and the medical services and their financial hardship is difficult
(Gupta and Singhal 2005); Tehee et al. 2009). Children that are suffering from the ASD
have different aspects on the racial, socioeconomic and to the ethnic groups and due to
this scale many problems of the ASD face the challenges for whole society.
3.2 Children with Autism
Autism disorder can be seen as a medical cause of developmental state at the early
age of childhood adolescence and this also influence their way of communication and
how they connect to each other. ASD has a complexity development disorder the fact is
still that autistic children show signs and symptoms in which severity may vary from one
to another and it’s difficult for the ASD people to understand the feelings of the other
and convey to their own feelings. (NIH, 2018).
Those with autistic issues prone to have difficulties with social direct involvement and
connections and may experience people differently. Some of these autistic children
have other needs like mental health issues, disability learning difficulties and other
problems relate to their health condition (NIH, 2018).
Statistically, shows that in England 1 in 100 children got ASD mainly, boys are 3 to 4
times more affected than girls. The prevalence has become more greater than previous
years. May be because of current ASD diagnosed cases occurrence done or carried out
by the health professionals (NIH, 2018).

ASD start from early age and the causes of it remain unknown and there is no cure for
this. But there could be other source of help or intervention available which could also
improve their communication skill and behaviour challenge. It is true that this could be a
nightmare and stressful for the parents of these autistic children because of inadequate
medical treatment or solution and support (NIH, 2018).
Autism disorder that is characterized with the spectrum and varies with the severe
conditions with the age of the person, symptoms and with the other disorder for
example, speech language difficulties delay, mental retardation, include epilepsy. The
manifestations of autism might be differed from one another among children with autism
across the globe and there has been no consist behaviour that is classic of autism, no
behaviour that will particularly prohibit individuality from being diagnose of autism. Even
though there are powerful and stable in similarity mainly, in neurological or
psychological function. (NIH, 2018).
Sometimes the Autistic disorder is also termed as autism or Autism spectrum disorder.
This disorder that is common conditions in the groups for the disorder of the
development. Children who are suffering from the ASD finds difficulty in the interaction
with the society, communication, and show the behaviour that is repetitive or narrow
and have obsessive interest. The impact of the behaviour can be ranged to the mild to
disabling. This disorder can vary with its symptoms, severity and might get
unrecognized, mostly to the mild affected children (NIH, 2021).
Scientists are not sure about the cause of the Autism but it is likely from the both
genetics and the environment. Diagnosis is done to the patients suffering from the
autism spectrum disorder that is based on the symptoms, signs and also according to
the other test according to the statistical manua and diagnostic. For the Autism there is
no cure for it. To bring out the improvements some therapies and the behavioural
interventions are designed as a remedy for the specific symptoms. For the specific
needs of individual children the proper treatment plan, therapies are to be coordinated.
Medications, therapies and educational behavioural interventions are some of the
treatment options. Many of the professional agrees with to get the best result earlier
interventions is better(NIH, 2021) .

With the treatment and age in various children the symptoms of the Autism can get
improved. With the grow up many children of Autism can lead to their normal or near to
normal lives. Those children whose language is retreated early in the life, usually before
the three years of age have risk in the developing of seizure like brain activity. Children
suffering from the autism might get suffered during the adolescence can get depressed
or experiences from the behavioural problems. The treatment required for those
children to get cure their parents are ready as needed. People having an ASD will
mostly need the continuous support and the service as they get old and many of them
get independent and work successfully in their life (NIH, 2021).
Characteristic behaviours and Repetitive, having the children with the ASD problem has
suffered with the repetitive movements and behaviours that are unusual such as arms
flapping, side to die rocking and twirling. They got buy in the parts of the objects such as
the in wheel of toy truck. Children get interested in the obsessively in the particular
topics. People suffering from the ASD has been thrive with the change in the routine of
their daily patterns of the life is incredibly challenging. Some of the children get angry,
conscious or get outburst emotionally when they are placed in the newly environment
(NIH, 2020).
With the known of the genetic disorders that are associated with the autism risk, that
includes the X syndrome that causes the disability and the tuberous sclerosis that leads
to begin the tumour growth in the brain and also to the other vital organs that results in
the mutation in the single but in the different gene. Syndrome that have not been
appointed with this name, researchers found different genetic mutations in the children
that are suffered with Autism. As this is rare as it is account to be 20 percent or more in
the autism case (NIH, 2020).
As Autism that is to be extremely rare disorder the incidence of the development of the
mental disorder in the repetitive language with the other disease not associated with the
autism is 1 in the 10000 children and it is scarily practical (Mckeith and Rutter, 1972).
With the children suffering from the ASD has unlikely noticed in the areas of the country
with the good service provisions. With the varied service agencies the children are well
lead with the vagaries of the local level practices (Bartak, et al., 1975).

To obtain the representative samples use of the clinical and education facilities is
necessary. For the children of the Autism or the children with the uncomplicated
language disorders a attempt was made that includes the neurological, audio logical,
pediatric and psychiatric clinics that coves the special schools for them. Many of the
writers are serving in the United Kingdom with the good facilities for the children that are
delayed in their speech and dealing with the ASD. With the study from the researchers
and the scientist the root cause of the autism is not understand even in the futire and in
the present time as well.
However, these are some of the possibility elements which may contributed or relate to
autism spectrum disorders such as, genetic mutation, metabolic imbalances, exposure
to heavy metals, environmental toxins, low birth weight, a history of viral infection and
having an immediate family member with autism (Cherneykristeen, 2019).
In addition, according to Leo Kanner, described autism spectrum disorder as a person’s
incapability to associate with themselves to another different people. From Kanner
discussion, gives definition of what autism mean by saying that children affected with
autism has an attribute of common unique to autism. For instance, for them not being
able to know or aware of what is happening around their environments, their self-well-
being and being hypnotize. Kanner went further by saying that many of these autistic
children were highly considered as imbeciles, stupid and unable to think carefully or
schizophrenia (Kanner, 1943).
Autistic children could behave in unusual ways, like due to the child’s negligence to
know when the child is being taking in, or it might be the lack of ability of the autism
child to use speech to interact. Children with autism suffer from loud noise of which they
react to it quickly and it is Obvious that autistic children move things that are very
shocking and frightening with frequent sounds. In Kanner’s research, explain the
thought in response to show that autistic child had the nature of an obsession of
keeping similarity of the area of surroundings. These children appear easily to connect
with non-animal objects than human beings. Finally, the children used in this research
came from a well-known and highly brilliant families (Kanner, 1943).

Autism Type
Autism spectrum disorder has order types of disorder such as Pervasive developmental
disorder and Asperger syndrome.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
This can be also called atypical autism; it happens that some people can encounter
Asperger syndrome or autistic disorder but not everyone may be affected with this type
and they could have tender or may be hardly show any sign of having it at all.
It can be related in causing unusual social behaviour, language, speech delay or
affected the sensorimotor and cognitive function. It is a developmental disorder which
forms large scale of obstacle of several vastness in different domains.
Development disorder cold be serious, it can lead to a long-term health issue or
disorder that causes physical or mental impairment are show before the person reaches
20 years of age. This is more likely to ongoing continually and results in
Essential practical restriction in the major aspect of life pursuit. (Ferris state University,
n.d).
Asperger Syndrome
Asperger syndrome, it is a neurobiological disorder that involve a consequential
deficiency both in social and communication skills without obstacle of speech language
development, and compulsive in uninterested routines and obsession
With a certain subject stuff. People with Asperger syndrome may experience
Difficult in interacting with one another, non-verbal communication or cope with new
routine they seem to have shortage of good sense or feeling of thing happening around
them. They also have other issues such as math, motto skills, way of thinking or general
ideas or processing a word and writing.

Any individual with Asperger syndrome may encounterbehaviour issues, depression
and anxiety. (Ferris state University, n.d).
Causes of Autism
Aetiology of ASD, there is a consensus in the literature that autism is caused by both
genetic and environmental factors. Although family studies support a strong genetic part
in the aetiology of idiopathic autism, concordance rates are not 100%, showing that
environmental factors also contribute to ASD.
A recent 10-year meta-analysis found some environmental risk factors from pre-
conception to early childhood which are potentially involved in the presentation of ASD.
summarizes the most common environmental factors cited in the literature. As the
evidence supporting causality is lacking and inconclusive, further studies are Needed.
Whether autism is present at birth or arises after normal early development is still
unsettled. About 20 percent of parents with an autistic child report either male or female
developed normally for one or two years, although in many of these cases the parents
may have overlooked the condition’s subtle early signs. Nevertheless, some autistic
people appear to have developed normally in infancy. In fact, there are rare reported
cases of autism starting after age 3. Late-onset cases do not seem to differ in their
clinical features or prognosis for improvement, However, Convincing evidence suggests
that autism has a genetic basis.
About 20 percent of cases occur in association with illnesses we know are inherited,
most commonly fragile X syndrome and tuberous sclerosis (though only a minority of
people with these conditions develop autism). Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited
metabolic disorder that, when untreated, leads to autism and severe mental retardation;
fortunately, most babies are tested at birth for this condition, and a medically regulated
diet prevents the severe brain damage.
About 80 percent of autism cases are idiopathic caused by unknown mechanisms, but
there is still evidence that most cases are inherited. When one identical twin has autism,

the odds of the other having it range from 60 percent to 90 percent. In contrast, the
concordance rate found for fraternal twins and siblings ranges from 2 percent to 5
percent—and even that rate is 50 to 100 times higher than the rate in the general
population. Recent research has shown that siblings, parents, and other close relatives
of people with autism have an unusually high rate of learning disabilities, language
delays, and impaired social skills.
After several large genetic studies, only a few genes have been weakly associated with
autism, which strongly implies that several genes in combination must produce the
disorder. Most males with PDDs compared with females raises suspicion that the X
chromosome, of which males have only one copy while females have a “backup,” has
high-susceptibility genes. However, genetic research has not borne this out. There may
be several different genetic types of autism. The evidence for brain abnormalities
underlying autism is impressive. Eighty percent of people with autism are also mentally
retarded, reflecting neurodevelopmental defects or brain damage. Many of these have
very severe intellectual impairment.
Much more in the general population, in the adulthood people with the autism in
between 20 to 35 percent have suffered from the seizures. From the magnetic resource
imaging or MRI it is supplied the more evidences of brain abnormalities in the Autism.
Form the studies it founded that mostly in the next regions autistic individuals have
larger brain than to the normal people.
The connecting fibers of the two sides of the brain that is the rear portion of the corpus
callosum are smaller in the autistic people. From the finding researchers proposed that
from the autism the failure can happens in the neurons migration and pruning before the
birth or in the early months of the life. In manay cases of the autism associated with the
specific brain lesions that causes the tuberous sclerosis and the other malformations,
but the development of the autism is still unknown.
Diagnosis and Treatment

For the improvement in the functioning in the early interventions in the preschool period
with the diagnosis, diagnosing autism and the other PDDs early. As there is no cure for
the autism, to helping the children with the PDDs development and the learning and the
adaption to the world. There are two types for the diagnosis that is PDDs diagnosing
and child psychiatrists that helps to receive the specialized traininthst recognizes and
confirm the condition.(Feinstein Carl n.d).
For the rare case of the Retts disorder there is no biological test to confirm the
Pervasive developmental disorder. To check the genetic disorders or the seizure
disorder the physician are requested to do the laboratory test. Some of the screening
test for the autism and other pervasive developmental disorder are get progressed by
the Psychiatrists. It is essential for the pediatrician to analyzed the autism in the young
children. In the comprehensive interview the use of autism diagnostic instrument (ADI)
is done with the detailed on the interviewing with their parents about the symptoms and
the behaviour from the autism. (Feinstein Carl n.d).
In the second stage of the diagnosing PDDs how the child is affected and the severally.
To help to the most of them, having different abilities to the different helps to recognize
and its important for them to helps them. Recommending ways to help the child often
requires the collaboration of the child’s psychiatrist, paediatrician, or paediatric
neurologist, cognitive and behavioural psychologists, speech and language specialists,
and occupational therapists. The report of the diagnostic of a child of autism has
various significance n it. Parents and the agencies depnds on it for the major decisions
reagarding the early interventions, school placement, special education etc. (Feinstein
Carl n.d).
For treating the autism behavioural problem the treatment and the teaching drug
therapy is used but don’t have any evidence that shows any affects on the autism. For
their effective drug treatment it is a greatest obstacle in the autism to mistaken the
assumption of that the all behavioural problems are that from the autistic people that are
a part of the disorder. Parents are aware for the autistic children that are part of the
disorder and increases their likelihood for the abnormal responses and need
medication. For example, while selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often

effective in reducing anxiety, repetitive behaviour, and tantrums, much anecdotal
evidence exists that for some people increase their behaviours (Feinstein Carl n.d).
For the paradoxical reaction it is termed to provoke to seems the sedatives and of the
silly and the out of control behaviour and need the medications of the side effects from
the sedatives that interfere the child learning and their attention. Parents of the autistic
children has to face many challenges like managing the behaviour of the children, extra
time for the child care routines, keep composure to the child behaviour or the tantrums
in public. (Feinstein Carl n.d).
The positivity of the treatment of the autism is has to been rise to strong, orgainsed
parent advocacy group. With the early intervention programs that involves the one to
one behavioural lessons for 10 to 40 hours each week that considerably success to the
autistic pre schooler’s. With the positive attitude the teacher started teaching the verbal
and the gestural instruction to the child that helps him to communicate, thinking and
social skills (Feinstein Carl n.d).
To foster the communication and social skills the encouraging data supports the
efficiency of the specially designed preschools program. Other psychotherapeutically
program rely on the parent child interventions by the training parents in extensive floor
play with their young children and parents and evaluate them carefully because the time
and expenses rules the other approaches. (Feinstein Carl n.d).
With the language and the communication therapy that includes the training in the
everyday communication with the individual and the small group therapy. With the use
of the sign, symbols languages, pictures by both manually and computer assisted helps
to communicate the rewarding ways for the non verbal children to communicate. Many
of the autistic children with the low functioning probably severe the communication
deficits and learn on point with the simple request and greatly improve their own and
their family lives (Feinstein Carl n.d).
There are various interventions which are being used. Specially engaged classroom
model is used which is predictable, behaviourally reinforced lessons. Children who have
autism should plan their schooling and review should be done through the individualized

educational program (IEP) which is defined by law. In autistic children most advances in
drug treatments and psychotherapy are quite common behavioural problems, including
disruptive anxiety,phobias, behavior disorders, tantrums, obsession rituals, self-injurious
behaviours and mood swings (Feinstein Carl n.d).
More than the direct symptoms of autism it affects the family life. In some community's
behavioural after school therapists are available to go home to help parents in
reinforcing training in self-care skills and to develop improved behavior management
strategies. From individual psychotherapy older autistic adolescence and children can
benefit from this psychotherapy. Individual therapies like this emphasize counseling for
more which helps the children and adolescence in effective socializing and create role
play so that they increase their social coping skills effectively (Feinstein Carl n.d).
3.3 Educational Provision for Autistic Children
Education is built on the fundamental human rights which every individual and are
entitled to basic rights and freedoms to which often held to include freedom, liberty, the
right to life, equality from freedom of expression and thought, from slavery, torture.
Education is fundamental right as it immortalized the comprehensive declaration of
every individual's rightness (United Nations 1948).
Children who are having with or without any disability also have the education rights
equally which are provided as opportunities that is under united nation convention on
the rights of child.Depriving them their right to education or keep the children out of
school is an act of violation against the children’s right to proper educational provision
inclusion precisely to the community where the children live. Denying the autistic
children education might lessen their chances of them obtain educational opportunities
in future to come (United Nation 1989).

An educational activity for autistic, will need to involve construction that will be useful
opportunities for them to develop their imagination allowable for the children to be at the
centre approach to teaching and learning (Sherratt and Peter, 2002).
Educational provision is made specifically for children with disability or learning
difficulties/dyslexia by the remedial service teachers. This intends to improve by helping
the ability of the autistic children on how to write, read or do English and Mathematics
mostly, even when they struggle or find things exceedingly difficult to do and children
affected with autism spectrum disorder required remedial education to enhance their
learning ability due to educational retardation. Children with learning difficulties or
problem due to intellectual, physical, emotional, and disability mental imbalance include
speech, behaviour challenging and language impairment are likely to be directed to a
source for help to enrolled into special need schools.
In the year 1998, a decision was made concerning the rapid growth of autism,
specifically, in educational provision together with special education for autistic children.
It also provided in special need schools, mainstream classes, special classes and
special centres for education for children with autism. Educators' professionals must
come with a reasonable adjustment or plan to make sure that these children with
learning difficulties are not being discriminated from school.
To help them by providing them with extra support and other means such as
equipment, ramp, transport and specialist teachers, it is against the law for any
education provider or school to treat the students with rude manners because of their
disability weakened. Furthermore, Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND) in
children may be eligible with some support from teachers, the SEN co-coordinator
which is (SENCO) and health professionals. Also, these children may need an
education health care plan (EHC) this is to find out any health, educational issues and
social need for them to get extra hep that will meet their needs.
Before any child will be place to a special need school, the authority must carry out
educational health care plan assessment following the guidelines relating to person who

are to carry out assessments under the educational department and the form that those
assessments are to take as may being issued from time to time by the Council and if it
happened that the arrangement of an assessment of the child is not practicable, it is the
duty of the school include other professionals in making a request to the Council to
arrange for an assessment of the child.
According to the council it must be done within three consecutive months. This must
include the head teacher, SENCO, class teacher of the school child is going to, medical
professionals, a qualified social worker, psychologist, and a qualified therapist that
properly fit to provide them with support in respective of their educational special needs.
So therefore, the authorities, health board as proper will certainly help in a way that is
accordant with the assessment being convey successful together with the involvement
of the parents of the child worried in carrying out the assessment. In addition, after
doing all the normal process of an assessment and if being considered by the
authorities, the affected child may be eligible to a personal budget funds to meet the
needs of that child.
Furthermore, a lot of autistic children and young adult experience anxiety. It also
influences their health and wellbeing both physically and psychologically, a continual an
anxiety could be exceedingly distressful for children with autism. Meanwhile, them being
autistic limit their ability for making decision, controlling of their emotions, and knowing
how to behave appropriately in times of challenging circumstances. In addition to this,
autistic children can be affected with eating disorder.
Parents of these autistic children could express worries for their children having
unhealthy condition in relate to food and the possibility reason behind this could be
negative feeling over the smell, texture, or taste of certain foods. for example, such as
past experience with food that caused them pain or unhappy, falling sick after eating
what they don’t like, loss of appetite, choking and lack of interest in food eating.
Research show that autism traits are usual in children with eating disorders. So,
individual researcher has officially shown rate differently from the figure of 4.7 to 22.9
percent.

3.4 Local Authorities Responsibilities and Roles In supplying
Educational Provision for Autism Children
The local authority or government has a duty and responsibilities of providing early
provision to make sure proper educational plans are put in place for them to meet
individual need requirement with autism. Every disability and special education plan
helps in regulating how schools, local authorities and nursery schools will carry out the
regular needs of those children (Croner-i, 2020)
This information is provided in the disability code of practice and special educational
need produced by the department of education in January 2015 from 0 to 25 years and
this reflect on the key themes of the local plans' national strategies together with prompt
involvement, embedding inclusive training, elevate expectation and accomplishment,
working together in collaboration. The local authority supporting nursery schools should
place a staff representative to performed as Special Educational Needs Coordinator by
the guidance of the local authority which means (SENCO) Early years provision for
children on the autism spectrum (Croner-i, 2020)
Every local or educational authorities provide educational provision for elementary
school children with autism spectrum disorder by offering different range of provision
and support within their fixtures in order to support the autistic children with another
need. Some of these authorities were involved in developing provision for school
children with learning need, they focus their aim to make sure that early recognition of
autism spectrum disorder and learning problem in connection of using inter agency
professions to provide support relate to autistic children and of their loved ones.
Provisions in mainstream schools and special need schools
For regular school placements mainstream provision was defined and schools were
made for the children who are in need for the provisions which included the specialized
units attached to the mainstream school.The differences between both of this schools
are, a lot of teachers from the mainstream are not well trained or specialised in meeting
the need of children with ASD. While special need school are specifically made for

autistic children for their need to be met by specialised teachers in a specialist approach
to education (independent school parent, 2021).
Additionally, it is true that a lot of parents want their children to be in mainstream school,
but due to lack of experience and inability of the teacher to meet their needs.
furthermore, in special need school they support them with all the provision needed in
relate to their learning difficulties. In mainstream school these children feel stigmatised,
bullied, frightened because of the way of behaviour toward other
Children. The best solution is to place them in a special need school where they have
all the right educational provision requirements that carter for their needs (independent
school parent, 2021).
Expenditures for Health Care Associated with Autism Spectrum
Disorders
Other autism Spectrum disorders (ASD’s) along with increased prevalence of autism
have increased the concerns of autism to be as epidemic. It is still unclear to what
extent the autism has been increased which reflects better and clinical identification,
public awareness and a preserve incentive and on the contrary children who are
suffering from ASD are eligible for better educational services and with this
combination.Over the past decades most of the studies focus on an increase in the
prevalence of ASD. The cost associated with this disorder is still vague in examining the
prevalence of ASD (Douglas et al., 2007)
There is the system which has been fragmented in providing the services for ASD,
which includes the services to be delivered in residential treatment settings, special
education settings and traditional health care settings. Therefore, there are very few
studies which have examined the cost that is associated for the treatment of this
disorder and the in the setting. And when these studies are done, it is identified that
there are some limitations such as the use of data sources that are outdated, small

sample size 6 and 10 are used and there was limited generalizability that were not
geographically representable were used in for the samples (Douglas et al., 2007)
Because of the differences in the health care financing and practice style in United
States and United Kingdom the studies of costs associated with autism becomes
difficult to understand. And it is very important to understand the cost that is associated
with autism in treating the patients of ASD. The resources are not available for treating
other patients with ASD and along with this there is a cost that is associated with the
ASD as an opportunity(Douglas et al., 2007)
More appropriate health care financing decisions can be made if there is proper
allocation of health care resources as through this policy maker will have more
information regarding the status of the process. For people with ASDs right financing of
services becomes a critical part for the access to health care.Proper access to care for
ASD patients will be compromised if private and public health insurance programs are
not designed for covering the issue.For treating the patients of ASD there should be
thorough understanding of cost which helps in framing proper insurance program and
reduce the financial burden on the families of individuals who are suffering from
ASD(Douglas et al., 2007)
Finally, in developing policy priorities the first step is cost that is associated with the
condition is necessary to be implemented.For such organizations as the Interagency
Autism Coordinating Committee the information regarding the treatment cost with
autism is the tool with high demand which was set up under the Children’s Health Act of
2000,14. This served the main purpose and objective to coordinate along with the
research and other efforts within the department of Human services and health(Douglas
et al., 2007)
Findings
Number One Findings is Delay in Diagnoses

One of the findings relate to research question from this thesis through literature review
is, delay of diagnosis in autism. Why because, diagnosing any child showing a sign of
autism could be hard and the key issues for this is that, no medical test, like blood test
is available to find the condition. Currently, the only thing the for any doctors or health
professionals will do is to look at the child’s history of development and behaviour in
order to carry out the assessment on the child
Department of health,1999).
Number Two Findings is Behaviour Disruption
Behaviour disruption is of the usual number of findings in children affected with autism,
findings such as behaviour disruption every 3 out of 4 children affected with autism
spectrum disorder are recognised with disruptive behaviours. According to yale
researchers by Denis Sukhodolsky have shown a possible natural cause; a basic
method that controls emotional functions in varied ways in the brains of the Children
that display disruption behaviour. Disruptive behaviour is quite common with autistic
children and this kind of behaviour causes them to become aggressive, being annoyed
very easily and denial are part of the major cause for psychiatric medical care and even
hospitalized. (Sukhodolsky, 2003)
According to Denis Sukhodolsky said that even up till this present time very less is
identified about the biological underpinnings of behaviour issues relate with autism
Children. A little research was carried out by Denis Sukhodolsky. The Yale study
conducted this study by using FMRI scans for an emotion physical sense piece of work
to weigh up the children’s brain activity with autism that does and does not display
disruption behaviour. The children in the scanner were asked to sight the pictures of
individual faces that shown peaceful and scared face expressions(Sukhodolsky, 2003)

So, at the time of the task, the scientists find lessen connectivity between the
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and amygdalaa pathway analytical management of
emotion in the brains of children that display disruption behaviour as compared to the
brainpower of children that do not. In addition, another finding to a brain system of
emotion dysfunction in autistic children, give an ability for developing biomarker directed
treatments for anger and aggressiveness in autistic children. (Sukhodolsky, 2003)
Number Three Findings is on Cognitive Characteristic
Cognitive Characteristic Even children that were greater function,
but still have the likelihood to think what their goal should be rather than specific object
or grammar. Quite a lot of autistic got friction skills which normally include natural ability
or skill for a routine memorizing process or repetition, often with full attentions or
understanding which surpass their other skills. autistic children in a small number of
groups have sever ant skill such as being skilled to execute multiplex in intellectual
expectation (Department of health,1999).
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
In children who follow a pattern of hostile, negative or defiant behavior refuse or lash out
to follow the direction of thought. There are various symptoms which are identified in
ODD which are children arguing with adults, losing their temper, disobeying the rules
and orders and are annoyed easily. When a person is diagnosed with ODD, it appears
in six months. Along with this, there are several other issues with the children which
leads them to being out of control and oppositional at home or in school(Child mind
institute, 2021).
Anxiety Disorders

Children having autism are unable to or have difficulties in coping up with the stress
which makes them more distress. In this situation, when a child is put into overcoming
there fear or in any anxiety inducing situation, they try to escape and oppose in that
situation in which they are being placed and thus, they avoid the sources from which it
has been coming. For example, whenever a child is in any inconvenient situation they
lash out at the other child which happens when that child is suffering from acute anxiety
disorder. When there is no constant and repetitive reassurance from the parents then
children who are suffering from OCD become extremely upset and then they scream at
their parents. Anxiety is one of the great disguise diagnoses. It looks like a lot of things
are happening.When kids are unable to express their feelings and emotion as they feel
that no one is listening to them they then manifest their anxiety with behavioural
dysregulation (Child mind institute, 2021).
ADHD
There are many children who appear intentionally oppositional that is because they
have ADHD and they experience hyperactivity and impulsivity. The children having this
emotional imbalance grab things from other kids, interrupt others, act without thinking,
have difficulties in sitting still, have difficulties in waiting for a purpose, spell out
inappropriate remarks. These symptoms occur because of their impaired cognitive
processes ability and skills to assess the impact and to think beyond of their behaviour
than decisive oppositional behavior (Child mind institute, 2021).
Learning Disorder
When in child it is seen that the behaviour streams are coming from the disorders then it
reflects in the child’s act in school. They will then have difficulties in solving the math
problems and other type of problems which then makes them more frustrated over any
situations. Kids in the math’s class do not want to show their vulnerability as they know
that they are deceptive in solving the math problem(Child mind institute, 2021).

The children with this disorder distract the other person in recognizing their problem.
When the child has problem in math and is unable to write or read then the child will rip
the assignment or show disinterest rather than admitting that he is stuck or needs help.
When the parents paying attention to when the problematic behaviour happens it then
leads to exposing a learning issue, parents and teachers are looking for the causes of
dysregulation. There is a kind of weakness that is observed in the children (Child mind
institute, 2021).
Sensory Processing problems
In sensory processing problems the person can have the disruptive behaviour and the
feeling of being overwhelmed. In this, the person through violent tantrums crash into
walls and even people, scream when their faces get wet, put inedible things in the
mouths like mud, paints or rock. Besides tantrums and mood swings, children alos run
away when the environment is too crowdy for them as they are suffering from sensory
processing problems. The fight or flight response can kick in the situation when they are
feel overloaded with the panicked reactions and this put them in danger(Child mind
institute, 2021).
It is not just genetic: it is epigenetic
There are over 150 genes which have now linked to autism. Risk for autism may appear
from changes in a layer of the genome called the epigenome which is observed in the
research by the scientists in the consideration of the gene mutations.The environmental
factors like the chemical and the psychological factors are triggered that makes the
person less or more active after the protein expression. Many epigenetic mechanisms
are important for brain development which makes the molecular changes susceptible
and relevant to neurodevelopment disorders. In addition, epigenetic changes in the
brain tissue of autistic individual are being found in the research and the study by
various researchers as well as in the brains of donors with disorders relate to autism,

including Rettand fifteen duplication syndromes and some of the changes were very
unique in the study which shared the information about the disorder. This finding
became one of the important findings as these disorders might affect the genetic causes
which share the common molecular(Autism society 2019).
Shared Mechanism: a spectrum within a spectrum
In this the psychiatric conditions such as obsessive compulsive disorder, attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia share similarities with the other neuro
developmental and these psychiatric conditions. The similar pattern of gene activity is
seen in the tissue of brain who are having this disorder scientists have confirmed this
disorder to be similar with the gene activity. Therefore, this finding helps in explaining
the partial overlap in diagnostic feature and is also an important part as it highlights the
intervention parts which target the pathology through it (Autism society 2019).
current research continues to report sex difference through male bias factor in ASD
which includes repetitive behaviours and few restrictions and focusing on the
behavioural changes in females which contributes to biasness. The females in this
process are protected from the effects of genetic and de nvo risk variants and studies
suggest that sex hormones especially testosterone in the process controls the effects of
genetic variations which is present on the autistic genotype(Werling and Geschwind,
2014).
Discussion
There is no known cure for ASD. In order to reduce difficulty in communication and
social behaviour evidence based psychological interventions such as behavioral
treatment and skill training program for parents and caregivers is effective. In addition to
this also makes positive impact on well being and quality of life of individual. Individuals
with ASD need several types of integrated services in terms of Health Care
requirements such as Health Promotion health care services of rehabilitation and

collaboration with social care employment and educational sector. Individuals with ASD
and other developmental disorder are required that several other actions are taken for
accessible inclusive and supportive physical social and attitudinal environment (World
Health Organization, 2019).
The aim of this research was to know those that are responsible and their roles in
providing education provision for autistic children with learning difficulties. There are
different findings from the literature review relate to autism may have several
implications for strategies and services due nonclear medical intervention. Foremost, it
is understandable that before any conclusive diagnosis for autism can be made it can
affect developmental and growth of individuals. It requires that strong support is given
for early research through which early diagnosis can be made. In addition to this,
examination about responsibilities in professional and ethical context have developed
and focus of this is that it is visible in young children and because of this early relation
regarding general delays for further children can be avoided (Stone and Turner, 2005).
For example it is not clear that with all children who shows risk for Autism at the age of
12 months should be sent for an early intervention or they should be receiving total
services for autism. It is a question that whether full consideration for autism can be
prevented by early intervention in life and in addition to this investigation is required for
figuring out about which services should be provided to infant that are at risk.
Regardless of this fact can these services be helpful for preventing full expression of
autism (Stone and Turner, 2005).
Second an ongoing research in similar way is being conducted so that development of
Autism at early stage can be identified. Development of disorder and when deviation in
development start can be understood and explained by collective work between
scientific research studying the early behavioural showcase of autism and also scientific
research about early brain development. Lastly partnership across middle point of
studying young children who are at high risk will be assessed for getting adequate
temples so that consideration for Complicated question about development of Autism at
early stage can be answered (Stone and Turner, 2005).

Effect of ASD on female is less as compared to males and in addition to this many sex
differential genetic and hormonal factors might also contribute. Work to figure out in
future about mechanism through which factors indicate risk and protection to male and
female is required.
It has been found that ASD prevalence is biased in males even population screen is
having high number of autistic females than males work in clinically as samples.
Besides that, it is stated whether female present autistics phenotype than female or not.
So, more work is required in it find if undiagnosed female benefit from ASD standard or
not and what new criteria must be formed. Moreover, ASD risk is more multi factorial
with new genetic variants and environment factor. The factors are sex, hormones, etc.
which rise risk in males or reduce in female. There are some evidence which shows
gene dosage and sex hormone can be involved in sex specific liability. However, more
future work is required in it to find out environment factors of ASD (Werling and
Geschwind, 2014).
From above report it can be found that standard practice vary in various local authority.
But many differences was find out in severity of ASD in school. The children were
having more ASD poor social life, skills, etc. as compared to those in main school. So, it
means children are placed in different way on basis of function of ASD severity (Hedley,
et al. 2016).
People with autism are frequently faced with substantial number of barriers going into
workforce, despite of their individual level of performance or competence. studious
inquiry recommends that even in the developed countries an adult's person with autism
undergo greater figure of unemployment than almost all other disorder groups. These
discovering are worried, need to understood the positive outcome of employment on the
individual, the family structure, and as a means of balance the economic costs of
autism. (Hedley, et al. 2016).
in addition, unemployment have traumatic effects on the mental and physical health of
person. Despite the significance of employment amendment outcomes for individuals
with autism, there is a noticeable lack of research on employment help or interventions
for adults with autism (Hedley, et al. 2016).

This Literature review that mother and father if autism children face various
psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, etc. the stressor is linked with family
as well social life of children suffering from autism. There is need to find out child needs,
education and finance support (Gupta and Nidhi, 2005);
Conclusion
Manifestations of Autism, Autistic individuals differ greatly in the type and severity of
symptoms they may show. At least two subgroups in the range of autism appear to
exist, defined by their degree of intellectual and social impairment: high functioning and
low functioning. Many people with autism make considerable progress in various life
skills, (Feinstein Carl, n.d).
Because children of different racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic groups are affected by
ASD and due to the scale of its prevalence, many problems related to ASD pose a
challenge to the whole of society.
Anxiety is a real difficulty for many autistic adults, particularly in social situations or
when facing change. It can affect a person psychologically and physically and impact
quality of life for autistic people and their families.
It is especially important that autistic people learn to recognise their triggers and find
coping mechanisms to help reduce their anxiety. However, many autistic people have
difficulty recognising and regulating their emotions. Over one third of autistic people
have serious mental health issues and too many autistic people are being failed by
mental health services (National Autistic Society 2021).
Recommendation
It is required to make people aware about autism and to understand that ASD is
different in individual. There are some therapies which can work for some people. Both

parent and health care people may have different view on how to deal with autism
children. Hence, this start with making people aware about it (Healthline, 2021).
There is need to provide relevant funds in local areas to make sure that no children
need to wait for more than 3 months for diagnosis and also national standards are met.
Refences
Autism society (2019) Autism brain net share five discoveries about autism spectrum
disorder. Available at: https://www.autism-society.org/autism-brainnet-shares-five-
discoveries-about-autism-spectrum-disorder/ (Accessed: 24 March. 2021).
Bartak, L., Rutter, M., & Cox, A. (1975). A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism and
Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder: I. The Children.
Autism society (2020) Asperger’s syndrome. Available at:
https://www.autism-society.org/what-is/aspergers-syndrome/ (Accessed: 13 February,
2021).
Ashum Gupta and SinghalNidhi (2005) Psychosocial social support for families of
children with autism. Available at:
f HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/adaok/Downloads/Psychosocial_support_for_families_of_children_with.
pdf"ile:///C:/Users/adaok/Downloads/
Psychosocial_support_for_families_of_children_with.pd HYPERLINK
"file:///C:/Users/adaok/Downloads/Psychosocial_support_for_families_of_childre
n_with.pdf"f(Accessed:23 March, 20).

BMA (2020) Autism spectrum disorder. Available at: https://www.bma.org.uk/what-we-
do/population-health/child-health/autism-spectrum-disorder#:~:text=It%20is
%20estimated%20that%20around,diagnosis%20of%20autism%20spectrum
%20disorder. Accessed: 24 March, 2021).
Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, et al. (2018) Prevalence of Autism Spectrum
Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities
Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014.
Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/ss/ss6706a1.htm (Accessed:23
February, 2021).
Child mind institute (2021) Disruptive behaviour; why it is often misdiagnosed.
Available at: https://childmind.org/article/disruptive-behavior-why-its-often-
misdiagnosed/ (Accessed: 23 March, 2021).
Cherneykristeen (2019) What is autism? Available at:
https://www.healthline.com/health/autism (Accessed: 28 February, 2021).
Croner-I (2020) Early years provision for children on the autism spectrum.
Available at:https://app.croneri.co.uk/feature-articles/early-years-provision-children-
autism-spectrum#:~:text=A%20well-planned%20early%20years,personalised%20to
%20meet%20individual%20needs.
(Accessed: 10 February, 2020).
Ferris state university (n.d) Autism spectrum disorder: pervasive developmental
disorder. Available at:www.ferris.edu/RSS/disability/documentationguidelines/autism-

defined.htm#:~:text=Individuals%20with%20Asperger%20Syndrome%20may,abstract
%20reasoning%2C%20or%20concept%20formation. (Accessed: 26 February, 2021).
Feinstein Carl (n.d) Autism. Available at
ttps://dnalc.cshl.edu/content/0884/0884_DANA_Review_-_Autism.pdf?
super=_level0.pdf_btn (Accessed: 20 March, 2021).
Daniel L. Coury, Paul Ashwood, Alessio Fasano, George Fuchs, Maureen Geraghty,
Ajay Kaul, Gary Mawe, Paul Patterson and Nancy E. Jones
Paediatrics (2012) 130 (Supplement 2) S160-S168; DOI: Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0900N
David B. Nicholas, Participants: Darren Hedley, Jena K. Randolph, Dora M. Raymaker,
Scott M. Robertson, and Jonathan Vincent. Autism in Adulthood's 2019.162-169.
http://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2019.29003.djn (Accessed:11 Maech. 2021).
Douglas L. Leslie and Andres Martin (2007) Health Care Expenditures Associated with
Autism Spectrum Disorders. Available at:
file:///C:/Users/adaok/Downloads/poa60112_350_355%20(1).pdf
(Accessed: 11 Maech, 2021).
Derosier, Melissa E, and Stacey W Lloyd. “The Impact of Children's Social Adjustment
on Academic Outcomes.” Reading & writing quarterly: overcoming learningdifficulties
vol. 27,1 (2011): 25-47.
doi:10.1080/10573569.2011.532710 (Accessed:16, 2021).
Ferris state university (n.d) Autism spectrum disorder and pervasive developmental.
Available at:

www.ferris.edu/RSS/disability/documentation-guidelines/autismdefined.htm#:~:text=Indi
viduals%20with%20Asperger%20Syndrome%20may,abstract%20reasoning%2C%20or
%20concept%20formation. (Accessed:21 March, 2021).
Education Act 2004 (2021) An Act about the education of children in the Act, for other
purpose. Available at: file:///C:/Users/adaok/Downloads/2004-17%20(1).pdf
Accessed: 5 March, 2021).
Fischbach Gerald (2007) Leo Kenner's 1943 paper on autism. Available at:
https://www.spectrumnews.org/opinion/viewpoint/leo-kanners-1943-paper-on-autism/
(Accessed: 10 February, 2021).
Feinstein Carl (n.d) Autism. Available at
https://dnalc.cshl.edu/content/0884/0884_DANA_Review_-_Autism.pdf?
super=_level0.pdf_btn (Accessed at:16 March, 2021).
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., Cameron, L., Halder, S., Richdale, A., Dissanayake, C.
(2016). Employment programs and interventions targeting adults with autism spectrum
disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Autism. Advance online publication. doi:
10.1177/1362361316661855 (Accessed: 2 March. 2021).
Department of health (1999) Understand autism. Available at:
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/infants_children/early_intervention/disorders/
autism/chapter2.htm (Accessed: 5 March, 2021).

Healthline (2021) What is autism. Available at:
https://www.healthline.com/health/autism#autism-awareness (Accessed: 24
March,2021).
Independent school parent (2021) special needs advice: mainstrean or specialist
school?
Available at https://www.independentschoolparent.com/school/special-needs-
mainstream-or-specialist-school/ (Accessed: 28 March, 2021).
Karst S. Jeffrey, Vaughan Amy. And Heck Van Parent and family impact of autism
spectrum disorders: a review and proposed model for intervention evaluation
Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10567-012-0119-6
(Accessed: 22 March).
Kupersmidt, J. B., &DeRosier, M. E. (2004). How peer problems lead to negative
outcomes: An integrative mediational model. In J. B. Kupersmidt& K. A. Dodge (Eds.),
Decade of behaviour. Children's peer relations: From development to intervention (p.
119–138). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10653-007
(Accessed:19 March, 2021).
Lame, G. 2019. Systematic Literature Reviews: An Introduction. International
Conference on Engineering Design 2019. pp.1633-1642. Lotter, V. 1966. Epidemiology
of autistic conditions in young children. Soc Psychiatry, 1:124–135. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00584048 (Accessed: 19 March, 2021).

Kanner, L. 1943. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2:217–250.
Available at: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/autistic-disturbances-affective-contact-1943-
leo-kanner (Accessed: 20 February, 2021).
Mayo clinic (2021) Autism spectrum disorder.
Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-
disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 (Accessed: 28 February, 2021).
National Autistic Society (2021) what is an autism? Available at:
https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism (Accessed: 9 February,
2021).
National Autistic Society (2021) What is Autism? Available at:
https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism Accessed: 24 (March,
2021).
NIH (2021) What research is being done?
Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Autism-Spectrum-
Disorder-Information-Page (Accessed: 25 February, 2021).
NIH (2018) Autism spectrum disorders. Available at:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml
(Accessed: 15 February, 2021).
NIH (2020) Autism spectrum disorder fact sheet.
Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-
Sheets/Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-Fact-Sheet (Accessed: 16 February, 2021).

Neil Humphrey & Wendy Symes (2013) Inclusive education for pupils with autistic
spectrum disorders in secondary mainstream schools: teacher attitudes, experience and
knowledge, International Journal of Inclusive Education, 17:1, 32-46, DOI:
10.1080/13603116.2011.580462 (Accessed: 15, February 2021).
Question Pro (2021) Secondary research- definition methods and examples.
Available at: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/secondary-research/ (Accessed: 18
March, 2021).
Research support (2021) What is research methodology?
Available at: https://libguides.wits.ac.za/c.php?g=693518 HYPERLINK
"https://libguides.wits.ac.za/c.php?g=693518&p=4914913"& HYPERLINK
"https://libguides.wits.ac.za/c.php?g=693518&p=4914913"p=4914913 (Accessed: 19
February, 2021).
Sukhodolsky Denis (2003) Yale school of medicine. Available at:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190418164340.htm#:~:text=
%22Disruptive%20behaviors%20such%20as%20aggression,the%20Yale%20Child
%20Study%20Center. (Accessed: 14 March, 2021).
Stone Wendy L. and Turner Lauren (2005) Autism. Available at:
https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/autism/according-experts/impact-autism-child-
development (Accessed: 22 March, 2021).

United Nation (2015) universal declaration of human rights. Available at
https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf
(Accessed: February 10, 2021).
Wiltshire Stepen (2021) An artist was born.
Available at: https://www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk/biography (Accessed: 23 March, 2021).
Werling Donna M, and Geschwind Daniel H (2014) Sex differences in autism spectrum
disorder. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164392/citedby/
(Accessed: 24 March, 2021).
World Health Organization (2019) Autism spectrum disorder.
Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-
disorders (Accessed: 23 March, 2021).