The Role of Managers in ATC Change Management: A Research Methodology

This research report investigates the role of managers in implementing change management within the Air Traffic Control (ATC) system. The study aims to evaluate how managers contribute to ensuring passenger safety, given the increasing demands on the aviation industry. The research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing questionnaires and interviews to gather data from managers and staff. The report addresses research aims, hypotheses, data collection methods, and limitations, focusing on human factors, safety culture, and the impact of increasing air traffic. Data analysis involves coding and statistical analysis to identify patterns and themes related to the effectiveness of change management strategies. The report also explores the importance of communication, training, and the role of managers in addressing resistance to change within the ATC environment. The report concludes with a discussion of findings and implications for improving change management practices in the aviation sector.

Running head: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 0
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Name of Student
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Table of content
1.0 Research Aims.......................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Research Hypothesis..........................................................................................................................3
2.0 Methods and data...................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Data Collection and analysis........................................................................................................4
Quantitative approach..........................................................................................................................4
2.3 Methods.......................................................................................................................................9
2.4 Research Limitation.............................................................................................................................11
2.5 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................................13

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1.0 Research Aims
This research paper is basically aimed at the evaluation of the roles of the managers in the
enactment of the change management in the ATC system. This can be basically done via jotting
out the questions as well as answers regarding the safety of the passengers in the aircraft (Heil,
2017). This research is anticipated to revise and gives the way on how the managers help to
implement the changes in the aviation industry. These changes are very vital since they help in
ensuring there is the safety of the passengers in the aircraft. The safety of the passengers in the
aircraft is very important since the aviation is the largest means of transportation and it rapidly
running on the way of increasing (McGee, 2015). Air traffic control essentially contains three
major types of controllers; these controllers include the following;
i. Tower controllers
These controllers help in managing, directing and controlling the movement of vehicles on the
runways and the taxiways. This movement helps in avoiding the collision which may occur
between the aircraft and the vehicles.
ii. Approach and departure controllers
These controllers help in controlling by ensuring that planes moving within an airport´s airspace
keeps minimum safety separation.
iii. Routers controllers
These controllers monitor the movement of the aircraft once they leave the aircraft´s airspace.
They check the movement of the aircraft while they are in the air until they land again.

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1.1 Research Hypothesis
There are currently so many expansions in technology and they are still expected on the
increase in the usage of the air transport. This will require more control of the aircraft´s operation
to enable smooth operation of the aviation industry (Garrison, 2014). The researchers seek to
prove the following hypothesis;
Hypothesis 1: Does human factors tool affect the Air Traffic Controllers work performance and
by what percentage do they affect the Air Traffic Control system.
Hypothesis 2: safety culture is one of the main origins of major/minor occurrences in the
Aircraft.
Hypothesis 3: Increasing tra c volumes with bound possessions has made peak obstruction atffi
specific areas and times in several regions.
2.0 Methods and data
2.1 Introduction
In this part of the research the theoretical rationale behind the human factors performance
in the aircraft control, a collection of data, research limitation as well as the portfolio will be
addressed (Smith, 2012). The chapter commenced by identifying the rationale behind the
improvement in the sector of Human Factors which help in the reduction of the risk of the
passengers in the aircraft. This probably shows the duties of executives in executing change in
management in the ATC in the aviation industry (Hopkin, 2012). The portfolios employed in
this research will be introduced and the importance of the controllers of the aircraft will be
discussed. Later the limitation of this research will be given in this research where there is the
anticipation of increasing air traffic in the next 15 years due to the fast growth of the air

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transportation. Every decision in the research of the methodology in controlling the air traffic
through the use of the managers in the aviation industry.
2.2 Data Collection and analysis
Quantitative approach
The main data collection instruments that will be used in this research will be surveys and
questionnaire schedule. The questionnaire will be used because it will give the respondents
adequate time to respond and it is confidential. A pilot study will be used to test the validity of
collection instruments especially interview and questionnaire, later after two weeks, the test-
retest method was used whereby the questionnaire filled were collected then administered again
to the same group
A standard method will be used in data analysis for example coding involving searching for
themes and patterns (Alpha, 2017, p. 13). During the research, the approaches, processes, and
confidentiality will be taken into consideration. (Valentic, 2017, p. 128). This research paper will
be based on interview from 31 workers, senior managers and non-management employees. The
table below shows the method used for data collection.
Types of participants Number Gender Method
Managers 8 5 Men
3 Women
Questionnaire
Interviews
Staff 6 5 Men
1 Woman
Questionnaire
Interview
Total 14 10 Men
4 Women

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The quantitative approach will be used in analysing data and the quantitative data from the
questionnaire will be coded and entered into a computer for computation of descriptive statistics.
The quantitative data will be presented in form of table based on major research questions.
The research will be conducted to prove if some human factor can actually affect the Air
Traffic Control system. Some of these factors will include stress, boredom as well as other
factors like workload and awareness (Ballinger, 2015). Through the interview, the results will be
used to find out if these factors have serious issues in the present Air Traffic Control system and
if anticipated to be more serious in future due to expected growth in the aviation industry
(Administration, 2012). A report conducted in 2009 by Yeh and Chang also jotted that stress
faced by these controllers due to an ineffective interface that can result in ineffectiveness in Air
Traffic Controllers. Another report also suggested that increasing tra c volumes with obligatedffi
assets made peak obstacle at particular regions and times in several zones of the world
(Smolensky, 2012).
Essentially, another investigate has noted down the imperfections with respect to the
human intuitive with program, equipment and working environment (Nordlund, 2011). These
inquiries about group expressed that unused investigate on a connection between man execution
interfacing of the framework and information collected from Air Traffic Controllers
recommended that firm has more critical part than a person impacts on how controllers
communicate with a computer program, equipment and the situation of Air Traffic Controllers
Framework (Leng, 2009).
The research on the relationship amid man execution interfacing of the framework and
information collected from Air Activity Controllers focuses out the crucial part of the director in
the human interfacing of discussing activity controller framework, appears limelight on inner and

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outside alter administration framework (United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on
Commerce, 2015). The research about recommends planning way better sound-related alarms for
Air Activity Controllers to upgrade the situational mindfulness of controllers. This sound-related
alarm permits controllers to recognize the basic occasion permits managers to sort out a fitting
arrangement for the particular matter.
In the event of any air activity framework either it’s viable, military or private;
communication amid Air Traffic Controller and airplane pilot continuously plays the key part
((U.S.), 2012). Communication in aeronautics continuously has the beat need because it is the
trade of profitable data between two shared dependence sharing important data. Communication
must be exact and clear so that the requested assignments works immaculately. Most of the
dangerous episodes happen due to miscommunication and translation. Being the foremost vital
portion of flying security, it is still happening due to personal fear of representative with the
superiors (manager). It is accepted that in the event that directors don't disregard the Human
Figure and suggest it amid the contracting prepare of Air Activity Controllers, the occurrence
with respect to Air Traffic Controls will go down to a given degree.
Directors are the pioneers of a firm, who can result to change administration additionally
play a critical part in successful security supervision. To results to an alteration in an
organization boss and chief may be the greatest supporter of it but at the same time are moreover
the most prominent rival of it. Supervisors are next to their representatives in nearly every
organization (Dept, 2011). Their motivation and support towards an unused alter play an
important part in the attitude of the workers. At some point amid the change prepare, the
manager's work and the situation can be influenced.

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There are a few parts of directors amid the execution of alter administration can be
watched. Among them; supporter, communicators, coach, arbiters and directors of the opposition
are the foremost successful and imperative (Company, 2011). The representatives of any
organization need to induce data around changes and their consequence on the activity. In every
organization, supervisors are in the position to give answers to workers and make the total group
prepared for the alter administration. Workers will have parts of interest with respect to the
impacts due to altering administration, aids which are accomplished during the change and need
for the change. The group of change administration is capable to permit the choice to get the
pined for data by their workers.
Change administration can maintain in a firm in the case and as it were in the event that
directors are strong to the change, as the representatives will have the same conduct towards
alter. Preparing the representative may be a huge portion of change management and supervisors
(Nolan, 2010). It some of the time gets to be boisterous particularly when the change influences
the everyday exercises. In this case, supervisors ought to motivate and appear an eagerness to
take an interest within the alter handle. Keeping up the interpersonal relationship with
representative supervisors ought to be able to kill obstructions that avoid the change prepare.
Moving on to the arbiter part, chief and worker must have the great flow of information.
Supervisors and managers ought to give data disciple and bad habit. The final but not the
slightest part of the director in the resistance of the manager. In an organization, no one is close
to its representative that stands up to alter than their inline supervisor. In directors, safe part;
recognizable proof of resistance, its shape, and the happening source is exceptionally vital.
Which ought to be taken after up by prompt activity that's appropriate for the given circumstance
(Subcommittee, 2012). In effectively executing alter administration each part of an organization

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should play the specified part. Diverse level of supervisors in a firm has distinctive activities to
perform.
Higher level supervisors are the official of an organization by which the command chains
streams. Best managers’ ability to include the full group for the change acts as the spine for
change administration. The entire group ought to feel as a portion of change administration.
Interaction with the lower directors, making arrangements like fulfilling worker who plays an
imperative part for alter administration, including all shareholders and staffs for distinctive
workshops, empowering and supporting for imaginative thoughts are a few of the finest
characteristics of a high-level director who promises for the change in management
2.3 Methods
The main data collection instruments that will be used in this research.
Questionnaire method
The questionnaire will be used because it will give the respondents adequate time to respond and
it is confidential. A pilot study will be used to test the validity of collection instruments
especially interview and questionnaire, later, the test-retest method was used whereby the
questionnaire filled were collected then administered again to the same group
A standard method will be used in data analysis for example coding involving searching for
themes and patterns (Alpha, 2017, p. 13). Four stages will be used according to
phenomenological analysis and this will include;
a) Going through the paper to acquire a sense of the entire work.
b) Reading the similar explanations without a hurry and recognize meaning representing
diverse healthy and safety challenges in the industry.

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c) Abstracting the meanings within each of the coded groups.
d) Summarizing the content of each code group to generalize
During the research, the approaches, processes, and confidentiality will be taken into
consideration. (Valentic, 2017, p. 128).
The quantitative approach will be used in analysing data and the quantitative data from the
questionnaire will be coded and entered into a computer for computation of descriptive statistics.
The quantitative data will be presented in form of table based on major research questions.
Interviews method
In interview, the information will be obtained through inquiry and recorded by enumerators.
Structured interviews will be performed by using survey forms whereas open interviews will
involve taking notes while talking to the respondents. The notes will be structured or interpreted
for further analysis. The structured interview will be conducted by a well-designed form already
established.
For the purpose of this research, we will focus on examining the role of the managers in
the implementation of the management changes in the ATC system. In spite of the improvements
in this topic of research. There is still a necessity to examine on multifactor which are allies with
the operation specifically within ACS. Some studies done in this chapter have closely focused on
the managerial duties and their enactment of change management in the ATC System. Since
safety comes first in the aviation industry, it is hence very important to recognize some loopholes
in the Air Traffic Control system and mitigate the problem and errors before they occur. In
several working environments, people have to be kept up on and on a rectify learning, related to

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the state of the particular nature or structure from one viewpoint, and to the works out, wants,
and information of their accomplices conversely. The stream of data and communications
interior a complex framework like ATC system impels the work productivity of administrators to
a better level (Ison, 2012).
Vis-à-vis the gaps in the literature, the research subject will fill the gaps part of duties
played by executives to implement management change in the Air Traffic Control system and
concerning security as the key slogan, directing and implementing the safety culture by
management change in ATC System. A dire workplace such as Air Traffic Control, there is a
necessity of a consistent basis that groups the ground guidelines for managers and staffs to stand
extensively so as to denigrate and optimize the concerns about Air Traffic Control systems.
Some of the Research questions in here would be: how can the management change efficiently in
the Air Traffic Control system be implemented? What are the key duties which the manager
plays in inspiring workers for a good fathoming of the necessity of management change and how
can flight occurrences about Air Traffic Control system be minimized?
2.4 Research Limitation
This research will suffer from some limitations, the research will not be that perfect,
some of the limitation which the research will encounter includes; the research will not involve
several managerial groups for the interview. The research will only engage two managerial group
as discussed above. The more the group engages in the interview the more the conclusive and
reliable result. The research will also focus only on three controllers in the aviation industry but
it would have subdivided the controllers to have several controllers. With the so many
controllers, it will be very easy to ensure that the whole operation of the aircraft is monitored

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properly and also help in boosting the safety of the passengers and the aircraft during the
operation (Oster, 2017).
The research as well was not based on several hypotheses; the hypothesis was just limited
to three hypotheses. It is advisable to have as relatively more hypothesis to enable the research
to give a highly convincing outcome. The research paper had very few questions, it only gave
two questions but it ought to have given several questions for the research paper. Finally, the
research paper was addressed for a relatively shorter period of time. The research projects a
double increase of the Air Traffic within a period of fifteen years. The research did not clearly
indicate the time when these fifteen years were starting, it did not as well give the numerical
increase of the number which will double within that period of time.
2.5 Conclusion
In conclusion the information gap and investigation questions were addressed by this
research paper additionally was capable to present my topic and the overall setting of my
research paper. At long last, there's a requirement to alter administration within the Air Traffic
Controller framework and supervisors have a more prominent part in actualizing and upgrading
the change in ATC system. The research hypothesis was proved in this research paper, from the
hypothesis one it was concluded that human factors like stress highly affect the operation of the
Air Traffic Control System.
It was found that 80-90% of accidents and incidents in aircraft were due to the human factor.
The second hypothesis, it was concluded that safety culture is one of the major cause of the
accidents and incidents in the aviation industry. Researchers also jotted out the negligence of the
manager towards safety culture as the main part in the incidence of major and minor occurrences.