Attentional Bias in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Research Report

This report presents a study on attentional bias, focusing on cognitive action and comparing smokers and non-smokers. The research employed various methods, including Levene's Test for equality of variance, to analyze the relationship between demographic characteristics and attentional bias. The study involved 80 participants, categorized into smokers and non-smokers, with the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship. The findings suggest a null hypothesis, indicating no significant difference in the dependent variable between the groups. The report also discusses the limitations of the methods used, ethical considerations, and recommendations for future research, such as incorporating multifaceted approaches and combining different measures to enhance the study's outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of ethical and legal implications, including beneficence, informed consent, and respect for participants' privacy and confidentiality. The conclusion indicates that the methods used were not very effective, and recommends a combination of various measures to enhance outputs.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Present has been based on the cognitive in action that based on the topic Attentional Bias. It has been discussed the
different tools and techniques that helps to measure the Attentional Bias. All the above, it has been discussed and recorded the reaction
time for both negative and positive stimuli. It analysed that with the help of psychological knowledge has made it possible to analyse
the measure individual behaviours using different tools. Study also discussed about the literature of the existence of attentional bias as
a characteristics bias.

Cognitive in Action
Besides, researcher can improve the study goals in an
positive manner with the help to taking some other
methods such as multifaceted that helps in future to well
measure the study and find the outcomes for considering
the attentional bias. However the stud explained the
different approaches and Methods that study will use. On
the other side, researcher also need to analyse and
considered the ethical implications on the study that
helps to define the final outcome and goals. However, on
the analysation of the findings or from the results given.
The next time research needs to be followed such collect
the combination of different measures to improve the
testing models. However the study also need to be
considered the most effective and learning tools and
techniques to understand the research aims and
objectives.
Because ethical and legal implications are
significant for the study outcomes. Also, ethical
implications of the study can helps to protect the dignity
of subject and the publication of the information in the
research. Otherwise, researcher face ethical issues and
challenges for that they need to be considered some areas
such as beneficence do not harm, informed consent,
respect for anonymity and respondents confidential
results, and give respect to the privacy content.
REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Conte, R. and Castelfranchi, C., 2016. Cognitive
and social action. Garland Science.
Rapp, S.R. and et.al., 2017. Effect of a Long‐
Term Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on
Cognitive Function: Action for Health in
Diabetes Study. Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society. 65(5). pp.966-972.
Trower, P., Jones, J. and Dryden, W.,
2015. Cognitive behavioural counselling in action.
Results: however, From the study analysis it has been concluded that
the there is a null hypothesis that the dependent variable is not equal
across the smokers and non-smokers individual.
Methods: The study has been taken 80 participants
which categorized into two equal groups one is sample
and second one is control set. Group has been described
smokers and non-smokers. Along with that, researcher
conduct the study has been chosen random in both the
selection. The hypothesis of the research is to analysed
that there is not any significance relationship in
demographic characteristics with an equal number for
both male and female. However, in the present study
taken different methods to measure the cognitive action
such as Levene's Test for equality of variance that
presents that for group 1 it indicates that there is a equal
variance assumed while testing positive and negative
condition. However, on the other hand, for group 2 has
been indicates that P value , 0.76>0.005 which indicates
that there is no significance relationship.
Discussion: However, the discussion has been analysed that there is
negative relationship between the smokers and non smokers.
Conclusion & Recommendation: it has been concluded from the study
that the method used for this study is not very much effective and
relatable to the theory. Besides, it has been recommended that study
should have combination of various measures to enhance the outputs.
EVALUATION
In order to conduct the whole research
study has been chosen Leven's testy which is an
significant test method in statistics in order to use
to measure the equality of different variables or
that helps to measure the two distinct groups.
However, in this test if the hypothesis is null, it
means the population variance is equal. Otherwise
the null hypothesis is rejected.
In order to analyse the cognitive model
of human action that stresses the importance of
cognitive representation stored in long terms
memory. However, such as the present study
based on to measure the significance relationship
between smokers and non smokers. Study has
been evaluated the different articles and analysed
that psychological disorder that is based on
cognitive theory, attention. In order to the,
limitation of this study is the selected method.
Else study can also use some other methods to get
the positive response from the study. Another
study of cognitive action based on Self regulation
which described the change to bring thinking and
behaviour according to desired standards or goals.
However, the whole study has been based on the