Mitigating Cardiovascular Disease: Policy and Alternative Strategies

This essay examines the problem of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Australia, highlighting its significant impact on mortality and morbidity, particularly among lower socioeconomic groups and those in remote areas. It identifies key determinants such as lifestyle factors (obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and lack of physical activity), socioeconomic status, environmental factors, and genetics. The essay reviews existing government policies aimed at addressing CVD, including clinical guidelines for stroke management, the National Heart Foundation, and obesity management programs. It critiques the limitations of current policies and proposes an alternative strategy: the formulation and implementation of a national nutrition strategy. This strategy would involve government-funded programs to educate the public about dietary guidelines, promote healthy food choices, and engage with the foodservice sector to ensure the availability of affordable, nutritious food products. The essay also identifies key actors who could influence policy change, including the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, healthcare professionals, policymakers, and food industry stakeholders. The successful implementation of this policy requires the support and collaboration of these actors to promote healthier lifestyles and reduce the burden of CVD in Australia.

Running head: REDUCTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
REDUCTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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REDUCTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Introduction
Non-communicable diseases are defined as such type of diseases which does not get
passed from one person to another; instead, it tends to stay for a longer period of time. Most
typical non-communicable diseases include chronic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
and diabetes. These diseases are considered to be more dangerous diseases as compared to
communicable diseases. World health organisation has estimated that a number of deaths is
caused by non-communicable diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This essay
will shed light on the discussion of problems associated with cardiovascular diseases in Australia
and its government policy to mitigate issues. It will further provide an alternative policy in order
to break the vicious circle of non-communicable diseases in Australia. This essay will revolve
around the identification of main issues relating to cardiovascular diseases and ways to mitigate
them.
Discussion about a particular non-communicable disease
One of the most non-communicable diseases which affect the population in Australia is
cardiovascular disease. Existence of cardiovascular diseases has become a major cause of
growing numbers of death occurring in Australia. As opined by Muka et al. (2015),
cardiovascular diseases are referred to as a health condition which is affected by heart disease.
Process for initiation of cardiovascular disease starts with slow accumulation of fatty plaques,
which eventually blocks coronary arteries of the heart. Qiao et al. (2015) stated that due to such
action, muscles of the heart starts to starve as a result of which an individual starts to feel chest
pain or even a heart attack. It has been identified that most of the health problems in Australia
are due to the presence of cardiovascular disease. As per heart foundation, cardiovascular disease
kills one Australia in every 12 minutes (heart foundation, 2019). In addition to this, most of the
people whose age is more than 65 are suffering from long term cardiovascular disease. People
belonging in the lower socioeconomic groups as well as residing in remote areas are facing death
because of this disease. In the year 2017, 30% of the total death has been caused by this disease,
which had a scope to get prevented if proper treatment and care was given (Heart foundation,
2019).
Problem and determinants factors associated with the identified disease
Cardiovascular diseases have become one of the important health issues that are affecting
most of the population living in Australia. The increased upsurge of this disease has happened
due to the change in lifestyle where people are living under obesity, taking a high amount of
alcohol and smoking, as well as lack of physical activities in daily routine. As opined by Jaspers
et al. (2015), determinants which have been identified that increase the effect of cardiovascular
disease includes socioeconomic status, environmental, location, health behaviours, and to some
extent genetics. Socioeconomic status has become one of the key reasons for the increased
number of the population getting affected by this disease. Income disparity and employment
status are becoming the main issues for having an imbalance healthy lifestyle (Rose et al. 2017).
People who are earning less income are not being able to consume healthy food products which
can improve their lifestyle.
As per employment status, people having the highest job grade is least expected to get
affected by heart disease, whereas people with lowest pay grade is more prone to suffering from
this disease. A next significant determinant which has a direct impact on the health of an

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individual is the location. People living in remote areas do not have access to lead a healthy life
due to lack of knowledge on a healthy diet as well as lack of access to healthy food products.
According to Li (2015), environmental factors are causing individuals to have a risk of leading
an unhealthy life, thus resulting in the welcoming of various diseases. Environmental factors
such as transportation, social norms, and prices of healthy as well as unhealthy foods, instincts
various heart diseases.
Identification of government policy in dealing with a problem related to the
disease
Population in Australia is more prone to cardiovascular diseases due to modified change
in lifestyle among adults as well as in teenagers. Policies in Australia are generally governed by
the federal government of the country. Due to the increased number of deaths caused by
cardiovascular diseases has urged a national emergency in the country. As per recent year death
counts, 48456 population has died out of CVD in Australia (Australian government, 2019). In
order to deal with such a national crisis, the federal government in Australia has made some
reforms which can eliminate issues related to cardiovascular disease (Handika, 2016).
Government of the country has constructed national health reforms which ensure that every
individual is getting access to affordable health care. All the policies relating to health issues of
the country is governed by the department of health who is involved in initiating health program,
which can address current issues relating to cardiovascular disease. Some of the policies or
health programs relating to cardiovascular diseases are discussed below.
Clinical guidelines for stroke management in 2010
This program provides guidelines for managing stroke care in the best possible manner. It
has been initiated by the department of health and Ageing department in order to regulate
medical treatment for heart stroke. Under this program, health providers are responsible for
admitting stroke patients who should be managed using acute care pathways (Stroke foundation,
2019).
National Heart foundation 2010
This charitable organisation was established with a motive to provide the best medical
care for cardiovascular disease in Australia. Its mission is to reduce people’s suffering from heart
diseases, blood vessel disease, and stroke. It provides clinical guidelines to avoid smoking and
alcohol consumption with respect to including nutritious foods and physical activity in the daily
routine of a patient.
Clinical guidelines from the management of obesity and overweight, 2003
Management of obesity and overweight is one of the key measures identified by the
national health council of the country. Under this program, there are some provided guidelines
relating to marinating body weight as per their body mass index.
In addition to this, the government has developed guidelines for managing cardiovascular
disease, which was being taken care of by national vascular disease prevention alliances. As
opined by Ryan (2018), heart-related diseases are causing a major differentiator in terms of
maintenance of health status within the country.
Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged care in Australia is responsible for
treating people who fall under a higher age group. This government entity is also responsible for
inculcating better management and treatment facilities by educating the patients about decreasing
the rate of consumption of tobacco and alcohol.

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The suggestion of an alternative policy
Formulation of the policy starts with the identification of cause and effect of a particular
issue, which is making an imbalance in the society. As opined by Azzopardi et al. (2018), a
government policy gets implemented in order to address a particular national issue which can
eliminate the chance of an increased number of catastrophe. Policy implementation is defined as
the set of actions that translates documented policies into sequential actions. Health is considered
to be one of the major concerns for every country. Government attempts to formulate strategic
policies in order to curb down the health crisis that is affecting most of the population
(Rowlands, 2016). It can be observed that in Australia, cardiovascular disease is posing a great
threat to most of the population due to changes in lifestyle and lack of physical activities on a
daily basis. Instead of implementation of various government policies in order to curtail health
issues, there have been some gaps in the approach which is not being proved much effective.
It has been identified that governments are not able to address the main problems related to
cardiovascular diseases in the country (Gilson et al. 2018). In addition to this, they are not able
to provide proper financial support in terms of undergone medical treatment of patients. Due to
the presence of such issues present in current government policy, there are certain things that the
government need to adapt in order to facilitate healthy medical facilities to their citizens. One
such policy which can be implemented is the formulation of a strategy for national nutrition.
According to Lawless et al. (2017), eating healthy is one of the key measures that an individual
can take in order to remove any possibility of having a cardiovascular disease. Maintenance of
proper diet has already been recommended by health and welfare institutions in Australia.
However, the government has not taken proper action in terms of integrating such policies into
their old health policies. It can be suggested that the government need to take action plan in order
to implement a national nutrition strategy alongside other major health policies. In this particular
policy, the government should fund programs for the reformulation of the national good.
It means that this program will conduct a rigorous campaign where people will be
educated about dietary guidelines that need to adapt to their daily routine. In addition to this,
another program should be conducted where health advisors will be educating people about daily
portion food that would be required to stay healthy (Moodie, Tolhurst, & Martin, 2016). With the
aid of such a program, people will get awareness about the amount of quantity of food needed to
every individual as per their body mass index. In order to facilitate healthy food products in the
market, the government need to engage with foodservice sector in order to make sure those
healthy foods with high nutritive value is being manufactured and provided to customers at an
affordable price so that every individual can purchase high nutritious food products. All these
measures will make Australian people choose, purchase, and prepare more healthy foods in their
daily life.
Identification of four key actors which might influence policy change
Implementation of the policy will be successful when all the key participants of policy
change signal positive support from their side. When a policy is being formulated, there are
various regulatory bodies involved who take decisions regarding action plans as well as there are
people who support that action. As opined by Crino et al. (2016), implementation of health
policy has a significant effect on all the people who are involved in making such policies and
also to those people upon whom the policy will get implemented. Generally, health policies are
developed by Australian health authorities who get supported by the federal government. In
addition to this, the Australian health system is supported and funded by the state as well as the

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federal government who are responsible for making any kind of changes in their current health
policies. Making a change in policy is a big step for every government due to its broader impact
on the general population as well as other associated sectors (Browne et al. 2016).
In case of implementation of the strategy for national nutrition, it can be observed that the
implementation of such changes in policy will impact various individuals or group of
individuals. In addition to this, there are some key factors associated with this policy, which
might influence the change in either in a negative way or positive way.
Australian Commission on safety and quality care
One of the key factors related to this policy that can support this new policy is the
Australian commission on safety and quality care. This government agency is responsible for
making sure that every patient is getting quality health care treatment as well as their role is to
make national improvements in terms of maintaining quality and safety of health care
(ACSQHC, 2019). Implementation of policy for the strategy of national nutrition will be
supported by this government agency as they support healthcare professional and policymakers
who attempt to work closely for the well being of patients.
Department of health
Another key actor who might support the policy change is the department of health,
which is supported by state and federal government. This government agency takes care of all
the policies, rules, and regulations related to health care facilities provided to Australian citizens.
Their main motive is to structure strategic program which will address all the health issues that
are currently suffered by every individual. Implementation of national nutrition strategy is to
eliminate the chance of getting affected from cardiovascular diseases which have become a key
concern for various medical facilities and governing bodies because of the high rate of death
caused by this disease (Banks et al. 2016). Hence it is being expected that the department of
health will support this new policy and provide proper assistance to initiate an action plan
associated with the policy.
Foodservice companies
One of the key actors who might oppose this policy is major food service companies.
This is because of the encouragement of production of healthy food which might affect their
profit share in the business.
Health professionals
It is being expected that health professionals will also favour this policy as it will
improve the lifestyle of patients, thus resulting in getting affected by cardiovascular diseases.
Analysis of key actor’s power by applying power analysis cube
A power cube analysis is used as a framework to understand forms, levels, and spaces of
power with accordance to interrelationship among each other. Basically, power cube analysis is
being conducted in order to understand various aspects of power as well as their level of
interaction with each other. A power cube has three dimensions on the basis of which power of
an individual is analysed. Those three dimensions include levels, form, and spaces. According to
Chew et al. (2016), level dimensional factor highlights the interrelationship among various layers
of authority present on a vertical scale. It also focuses on differentiating authority of decision-
making process depending upon the level of authority. Form dimensional factor highlights the
way through which power manifestation takes place which focuses on visibility and invisibility
of particular power. The last dimension of the power cube is called spaces which refer to areas of
action and participation. Power cube analysis is generally being applied to understand the

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expression of power present within a system. It clearly describes who is more powerful than
whom (Roth et al. 2017). With the aid of such an analytical tool power of key factors identified
in having an influence on policy change can be determined. On the basis of the dimensional
factor associated with power cube, key actors can be placed in the cube.
Level
The first dimension talks about the level of authority as per which it can be observed that in case
of having an influence on power, department of health will be placed at highest level followed by
ACSQHC and health professionals. Foodservice companies will be placed at a lower level of
authority as their influence on the policy will not have a powerful effect. Department of health
will be considered as the most powerful actors which will have control over other key actors. As
opined by Darke, Kaye, & Duflou (2017), dimensions of power cube also make an interrelation
with each other by forming powerful actors by making a group of independent power holders.
Forms
Next dimension talks about forms of power which highlight power manifestation. In this case,
visibility of power will be portrayed through the health department of the country whereas;
invisible for of power will be taken by health professionals and food service companies.
Space
Space dimension of power cube highlights the area of decision-making process taken by
powerful entities. It can be observed that power for taking decisions regarding new policy will be
present in the hands of the department of health which can get supported by ACSQHC and health
professionals.
Key Actors Level Forms Space
Foodservice
companies
Low level (Local) Less powerful
(hidden)
Less impact (Closed)
Department of
health
High level (National) Most
powerful(Visible)
Major space in
decision making
(Invited)
Australian
Commission on
safety and quality
care
Moderated level
(Global)
Moderately powerful
(invisible)
Moderate space
(Claimed)
Table 1: Power cube analysis
(Source: As influenced by Darke, Kaye, & Duflou, 2017, p.27)
Development of an action plan
The action plan will get developed on the basis of strategies noted under the new policy
for making a national nutrition plan. With the increased number of death rate because of
suffering from cardiovascular disease has made instigated the need for formulating a new
strategy that can contribute to reducing people’s suffering from this disease (Braunholtz-Speight,
2015). Process for implementation of the new policy is not an easy task, and it requires coming
into agreeable terms with regulating bodies. In this case of implementation of this new policy, at
first, it would require to come into agreeable terms by the department of health in Australia. It
can be done by highlighting the need for change, which would be beneficial for well being of the
society. Getting public support can act as an added advantage for influencing government to
adopt a new policy. The public is the main stakeholders for whom government formulates

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strategies, and if their support comes handy, then the government will be ready to accept the new
policy.
In addition to this, the government might get influenced if health professionals are also
showcasing their support in favour of the policy. Health policy is basically being formulated for
the welfare of patients by working closely with health professionals. If they show their interest in
conducting program related to maintenance of a healthy diet, then the government will show
support in favour of the program. Hence in the action plan support from public and participation
of health professionals will convince the government in adopting a new policy for reducing heart
diseases among the Australian population.
Reflection of assignment
Week 1:
This assignment on the development of an action plan for formulating health policy has
taught me regarding various government policies and rules related to health issues faced by the
Australian population. In order to get a detailed understanding of the topic, I have taken help
from my learning module that I have learnt in the first week which consisted of on health policy,
and organisation of health system. In both the modules ways of formulating health policy and
regulatory bodies responsible for making those policies have mentioned. It has taught me about
types of theories available in terms of implementation of policies
Week 2:
In the second week of my learning module, I have gathered knowledge on types of policy
evaluation, which have helped me in constructing new policies in dealing with cardiovascular
diseases in Australia. Policy evaluation assists in filtering the set policy in order to make an
effective policy action plan.
Discussion board post 1:
Learning about health policy has assisted me in understanding the importance of policies
which addresses the health issue of a country. It provides guidelines with the aid of which all the
health facilities direct their task within the health institution.
Discussion board post 2:
In the process of structuring this assignment, I have gathered knowledge on decision-
making process which will help in doing any kind of assignment in the future course of time. The
decision-making process is the choice for identification of effective decision will have a greater
impact.
Conclusion
Thus it can be concluded that addressing health issue related to non-communicable
disease has become a major concern for various developed nations. Increased death rates are
caused due to the presence of non-communicable disease as compared to communicable disease.
One of the major non-communicable diseases that have affected most of the population in
Australia is cardiovascular disease. It has been observed that the government has taken various
measures in order to curtail health issues related to cardiovascular diseases. However, such
policies are not be proven that much effective as a result of which it has been recommended to
formulate a strategy for national nutrition program which will make awareness about including a
healthy diet in their daily life.

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