Evidenced Based Practice Report: Chronic Diseases in Australia

This report provides an in-depth analysis of evidence-based practices (EBP) concerning chronic diseases in Australia, focusing on coronary heart disease, cancer, and mental illness. The introduction highlights the significance of EBP in healthcare and the prevalence of these diseases as leading causes of death. The report explores the problem, significance, and a searchable question framed using the PICO framework. Part 2 presents evidence from various sources, including research articles, synthesizing the relationship between mental illness and heart disease, and the impact of cancer. The literature synthesis identifies the highest level of evidence and its rationale. The report also discusses barriers to EBP and recommendations for practice and research, emphasizing the importance of government support, training, and organizational culture. The report aims to integrate knowledge and understanding of EBP concepts, contextualizing them to clinical issues and demonstrating their significance to nursing knowledge and practice. The report underscores the need for improved prevention strategies and healthcare practices to address these critical health issues in Australia, emphasizing the need to address the challenges and promote the uptake of evidence-based practices to improve patient outcomes.

Running head: EVIDENCED BASEED PRACTICE REPORT 1
Evidenced Based practice report
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

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Part 1
Introduction
Evidence based practice is any practice in the medical field that relies on the scientific evidence
for guiding and making decision. Unlike the practice that rely on evidence, unevidenced practice
may rely on intuition, tradition or other unproven methods. It is always important to utilize
evidence based practices especially in the medical field where life is a key concern to every
single move in an individual’s life. Anything that affects a patient is of concern and needs to be
addressed an amicable manner to bring out the required results of the individual groups. The
paper aims at integrating the knowledge and understanding of concepts principle that are in
relational with evidence based practice and contextualize it to existing clinical issue in Australia
(the three chronic conditions: coronary heart disease, cancer and mental illness) send
demonstrate why it is significant in to nursing knowledge and reality of practice.
The problem
There is one major serious health problem that has become one time talk of heath care
disparities. This include three of the leading causes of death in Australia. The three diseases are
considered as a local and even national health need and issue. It is defecting to admit that mental
illness could also be part of the leading causes of diseases in Australia. In any case, the recorded
cases and reports reveals that the leading causes of diseases are coronary heart diseases, cancer
and mental illness particularly dementia ad Alzheimer. The issue is that the diseases are
preventable ore less than cure. Yet there is nothing constructive ad improvement in the heath
sector to bring a new hope in the people of Australia.
Significance of problem.

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It is important that we understand that the three categories of diseases are the leading causes of
death in Australia. According to Nichols et al. 2015)) the three categories if diseases makes it a
very big issue in Australia. Crossland et al. (2016) notes that it is the greatest issue in the
country. There is a great need to do something especially in identifying heathy ways by which
the general population will live a life to their full age without necessarily being cut short by the
diseases prematurely. It is surprising how mental illness also comes in as one if the illnesses that
are leading to death. It something that one can hardly believe. It is important to address the
problem for the safety of the future generations.
Searchable question
Could Cancer, mental illness and cardiovascular among individuals in Australia be prevented in
a more better way than the current prevention and treatment plans?
The question fits as PICO and it best be answered holistically and nit at an individual level.
Part 2
Evidence Report and recommendations
All the articles that have been used as an evidence in the context of clinical practice acknowledge
that heart diseases are the leading cause if death in Australia. Roberts et al. (2019) note that
people fail to understand about their health and health issues because they tend to be ignorant
and never find it necessary to follow the stipulated prevention mechanisms of dieses prevention.
They also note that most people are at the verge of utilizing the available resources including
food, body compromises at the expenses of their health. They further note that mental health
could affect the heath of an individual and an individual’s heart health could also affect their
mental illness. Conditions of the heart like heart attack and angina are also categorized as

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cardiovascular diseases and these diseases swill most often occur with anxiety and depression.
Weber et al. (2019) observes that depression is risk factors considerable to causing coronary
heart diseases alongside smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol level. having
depression cold affect how well individuals with disease of the heart recovery ad increase their
developing of risk for other diseases. In other words, a good number of articles suggest that there
is a relationship between the mental illness and the heart health. There are several links between
heart and mental health diseases. One of the links is that depression is a substantial risk factor for
heart diseases that is independent. The other link is that depression is linked with conventional
risk factor for the heart disease like living unhealthy lifestyles. Another link is the depression
exhibited among individuals with heart diseases. It significantly increases the risk of further
incident of the heart and affects recovery. Woodruffe et al. (2015) observes that patients with the
heart attack and having depression are usually less motivated to follow dietary healthy daily
routines. This means that they may skip significant medication, avoid adequate exercising,
employing proper dietary intake and continue with behaviors that are likely to expose them to the
conditions such as drinking alcohol ad smoking. The recent studies also reveal that anxiety may
be a risk factor to causing heart diseases. Nichols et al. (2016) observes that a heart attack has so
many in which it affects individuals who fall victim. Having a heart attack has a higher
probability of affecting one’s mood and attitude. Tre are cases where because is afraid, doubts
and uncertain about the future regarding his/her long-term illness, they die early than expected.
Being overanxious and less confident, embraced and feeling guilty are some of the factors that
increases the degree fir one developing advanced stages of heart diseases.
On the other hand, there are studies that proves cancer to be the leading cause of death in the
country. According to Trollor et. (2017), 145, 0000 estimations of the new cases of cancer were

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estimated to be diagnosed in Australia in the year 2019 with the number set to rise to 150,000 by
the year 2020. They also note that more people die from cancer mainly because of the population
growth and ageing. They also note that the survival chances for the people suffering from cancer
was less than 50% but today, the chances for survival for one cases are as high as 90%. it is
surprising that individuals grow into their old age and develop cancer. It is also sad that when we
expect that the old people will spend their old age having not trouble and waiting to die
gracefully, die horrible especially after very serious treatments for cancer including
chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other related treatments that leaves an individual weak as days
continue elapsing. It is in the old age that our old men are busy enrolling fir various medications
on cancers. Some if these medications derail them and eave them poor, leaving nothing to leave
as the inheritance fir the family Trollor et al., 2017)). Even though Australia is one of the
countries with the best health system in the whole world, however, this doesn’t negate the fact
that when people are stricken by the disease, they will always suffer physically and emotionally.
It dies nit not only affect the patient alone but also the family members. An affected member of
the family with cancer, makes almost all the other members committed in some way to support
and in some way, it poses challenges of life and them too may end up developing mental
illnesses because of the uncertainties, less confidence, unsure about the future.
Literature synthesis
One of the highest level of evidence that addresses PICO questions is Trollor, Srasuebkul and
Howlett (2017). It is the best evidence because it loos appealing and predictably working to
answer the four comments one would look in a PICO question. Because evidence based
medicine has three components: research based evidence, patient values and preferences and
clinical expertise. We rea more interests in research based evidence according to the context. It is

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best because it is more likely to influence the decision if the clinical officer or any heath
professional. For instance, it will enable the clinicians to achieve the triple aim’s objectives
regarding quality improvement, increased satisfaction of the patient and reduced costs. It also has
the information and data that is informed, what we refer to as informed evidence based medicine.
The rationale behind being the best is because it provides a reliable information and data that’s
concise, attractive and eye catching. Through the evidence the provider can be in a better
position of predicting whether the addressing of the PICO questions will do more harm than
good. Another reason why it is also advisable and can be used as the tool of reference is that it
can be used to systematically established the approach to caring for patients with the conditions
of concern. Bankset al. (2016) observes that using the best evidence will he will help the
provider to be more rational in providing the needed care to a patient and with better outcomes in
health. Another essential fact to note concerning the rationale behind the best evidence is that it
would the patient to get either the physician or the health professional in making appropriate
decision. It will allow participation of the patient in making the decision and make their
references and values known. In unison, providers and patients have the ability to determine an
appropriate action course. Because it is the best evidence, the provider will take the account of
the data and information and might share with the patient and listen to the patient’s
considerations in determining the appropriate plan of treatment electronic medical records,
support systems on decisions, built in protocol and data ware houses.
One more important fact to understand is that the evidence is the best because it is useful in
providing near real time data in making informed decisions (Woodruffe et al., 2015). The
provider will easily access the information on the evidence at any time they feel convenient;
especially now with the new technology. Having such an improved health care data, the provider

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can easily use near real time data to provide care to the patients. Also, the provider is remaining
up to date concerning the new treatment or some of the proposed ways and mechanisms that
would help prevent the onset of such conditions and what could be done to reduce the impact
among the population of the people in the country. In short, there is a relationship between
diseases of the heart and mental illness because the study shows (Roberts et al., 2018). Also, the
findings reveal that cancer is among the leading causes if cancer and appropriate mechanisms
and strategies have been proposed. The evidence proves a clue and indeed a big clue on how to
go about with the current situation of health in Australia, considering that those three categories
if diseases are the main challenge in Australia (Weber et al., 2019).
Recommendations for practice and research
Some of the barriers to evidence based practice of interest is that some providers would view it
as time consuming, complicated and involving. It is not simple for most of the health providers
to perform similar thing to almost every patient or the clients that have come for health
education. The health providers would consider working out within the shortest time possible,
not that they want the short cut but because of so many involving activities that are require
attention and time. time is one of the greatest barrier that would give challenge to using and
implementing the evidence practice.
Another barrier to the evidence practice is the organisations culture unwillingness to support the
practice. There are some organisations within Australia that will be every reluctant in practicing
the evidence because it is against the organization’s culture. For this reason, many opt to work in
line with organisations which is their employer.

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One of the strategies to increase the uptake of the evidence is that the government should
promote training sessions and workshops especially in the appraisal of research and its use to
increase participation of both the health providers and the patients. The evidence based process
involves: cultivating an inquiry spirit, asking clinical question in PICOT format, searching for
the best evidence, critically appraising the evidence, integration if the evidence with health
experts and preferences and values of the patients, evaluation of the practice decision outcomes
or changes based on the evidence and lastly dissemination of EBP results.

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References
Banks, E., Crouch, S. R., Korda, R. J., Stavreski, B., Page, K., Thurber, K. A., & Grenfell, R.
(2016). Absolute risk of cardiovascular disease events, and blood pressure‐and lipid‐
lowering therapy in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 204(8), 320-320.
Crossland, L., Askew, D., Ware, R., Cranstoun, P., Mitchell, P., Bryett, A., & Jackson, C.
(2016). Diabetic retinopathy screening and monitoring of early stage disease in
Australian general practice: tackling preventable blindness within a chronic care
model. Journal of diabetes research, 2016.
Nichols, M., Peterson, K., Herbert, J., Alston, L., & Allender, S. (2016). Australian heart
disease statistics 2015. Melbourne: National Heart Foundation of Australia.
Roberts, R., Lockett, H., Bagnall, C., Maylea, C., & Hopwood, M. (2018). Improving the
physical health of people living with mental illness in Australia and New
Zealand. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 26(5), 354-362.
Trollor, J., Srasuebkul, P., Xu, H., & Howlett, S. (2017). Cause of death and potentially
avoidable deaths in Australian adults with intellectual disability using retrospective
linked data. BMJ open, 7(2), e013489.
Weber, M. F., Marshall, H. M., Rankin, N., Duffy, S., Fong, K. M., Dunlop, K., ... & Mitchell,
G. (2019). Cancer screening in Australia: future directions in melanoma, Lynch
syndrome, and liver, lung and prostate cancers. Public health research &
practice, 29(2).

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Woodruffe, S., Neubeck, L., Clark, R. A., Gray, K., Ferry, C., Finan, J., ... & Briffa, T. G.
(2015). Australian Cardiovascular Health and Rehabilitation Association (ACRA)
core components of cardiovascular disease secondary prevention and cardiac
rehabilitation 2014. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 24(5), 430-441.