Wave Bay Obesity and Diabetes: Public Health Intervention Strategies

This report addresses the significant challenge of obesity and diabetes in Wave Bay, Australia, a 100-bed health center facing high rates of these chronic diseases. The primary focus is on lifestyle factors contributing to these conditions, particularly social and psychosocial determinants. The report highlights the prevalence of obesity in Australian men and the higher mortality rates associated with diabetes in remote regions like Wave Bay. It proposes a public health intervention centered on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to address psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression, which are significant contributors to obesity and diabetes. The report emphasizes the ethical considerations of implementing CBT, ensuring non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, justice, health maximization, and efficiency. It concludes by discussing how to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed intervention, aiming to improve the well-being of the Wave Bay community. Desklib offers similar solved assignments and resources for students.

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OBESITY AND DIABETES
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Introduction
Australia is among the top-ranked countries with the best Healthcare system globally. The health
system of Australia is the best since it is monitored by all levels of the government, namely
territory, states, the local and federal government. These systems of government work in the joint
to provide affordable and safe healthcare for all people. The WHO indicates that achieving good
health in any country demonstrates proper global leadership (Rice et al., 2016). However, some
hospitals like Wave Bay hospital (WBH) are facing a significant challenge of chronic diseases
and calls for research and interventions to increase the positive outcomes of the patients.
The WBH is a 100-bed health Centre and adjacent to the Shopping Centre of Wave Bay. The
hospital provides several services, including treating patients with obesity and diabetes disorders.
According to the research by (AIHW 2019) (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare), there is
a high increase in deaths and hospitalization on diabetes-related cases. Most of these cases
happen within the Wave Bay, and the research conducted by the government indicated a higher
level when compared to the national statistics on diabetes prevalence. Hence, the main objective
of this paper is to provide a public health intervention of obesity and diabetes under the
following guidelines.
Part 1: What lifestyle factor are you targeting?
Obesity and diabetes are the lifestyle target for this study. According to the statics by the heart
foundation, over two million Australian men are obese. This figure represents 28 % higher than
that of their female counterparts who represents 27% of obese women. The local investigations
also indicated that 50% of the Wave Bay population were obese and overweight. These lifestyle-
related issues had a tremendous negative impact on health systems, individual health, and a

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higher economic cost to society (Feng et al., 2018). The rate of obesity in Australia was 56.45 in
the year 2017-2018, contributing a significant figure to approximated 300 million cases of global
diabetes and obesity epidemics.
The above results show the need for public health interventions for obesity and diabetes within
Australia. Secondly, the research conducted by the institute for health and welfare in Australia
indicates a higher mortality rate hospitalization resulting from diabetes in remote regions
(Renzaho, 2016). The mortality rate in these remote regions is approximately twice the rate of
deaths experienced in big cities. For instance, type 1 and 2 accounted for 2.2% and 0.3%,
according to the health survey conducted in the year 2015. The recent data undertaken by the
Federal government on the prevalence of diabetes for the 65-year-old individuals showed that
Wave Bay statics was higher when compared to the national statistics.
Part 2: What are the determinants of the risk factor?
There are several aspects associated with obesity and diabetes. For instance, individual
demographics, ethnicity, race, age, Psychosocial elements, environmental elements, behavioral
changes, and community settings). However, this paper will focus on two obesity and diabetes
determinants, namely, social determinants and psychosocial factors. Social determinants are
upstream and more prevalent within the Wave Bay. The midstream is represented by
psychosocial obesity and diabetes determinants (Adams et al. 2017.
First, social aspects are the determinant play vital role in the risk factors due to choosing lifestyle
put by several people, which leads to a higher risk of developing obesity and diabetes (Lee et al.
2018). Data on the Wave Bay already suggests that modifiable risk aspects like lack of physical
activities and low socioeconomic status account for the highest risks of diabetes and obesity.

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There are more top risk factors of obesity and diabetes in remote locations when compared to the
major cities of Wave Bay.
Psychosocial aspects like stress are common in Wave Bay, and various health researches claim
that they contribute significantly to increasing the prevalence of diabetes and obesity due to
activation that happens to the system of neuroendocrine.
The public health intervention for psychosocial factors
Psychosocial factors like anxiety and depression are among the factors linked to obesity and
diabetes in the Wave Bay area. According to (De Cocker et al. 2017), psychosocial aspects are
among the leading risk factors of several chronic diseases. The research conducted by (Lip &
Scheme, 2016) through a particular patient's diagnosis indicated that the history of anxiety and
depression is associated with type two diabetes. Besides, active stressors and other disorders that
contribute to psychosocial factors are linked to diabetes and obesity. Therefore, there is a need to
establish appropriate public health interventions that will help in reducing psychosocial aspects
associated with obesity and diabetes.
The appropriate public health intervention for this case is the cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT).
The CBT was established in the year 1964 by Beck with the critical roles in dealing with
psychosocial disorders (Käll et al. 2020). CBT assumes that the influence of an individual's
behavior and emotions is the perception of certain events. That means individuals' feeling is
determined by how they view situations like a negative feeling by several depressed patients.
Feeling distressed can sometimes distort an individual's reality perception. Therefore, CBT aim
at identifying the harmful feelings, examining their accuracy in depicting reality, and if such

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opinions are not right, strategies are always devised to overcome or challenge them (DuBois et
al., 2017).
Before the application of CBT, the therapist needs to examine the physical sensations, actions,
feelings, and thoughts of patients and how they are linked together. The examination helps in
breaking the health issues in small portions, which is the main aim of CBT. Then the patient
needs the right methods in adjusting their negative patterns to help in improving their feelings
(Baldwin et al., 2018). CBT will play a critical role in helping the patients affected in the Wave
Bay to cope with their current situations and also provide a practical way of improving their
states of minding every day.
Cognitive-behavioral is a problem-oriented concept that emphasizes on matters at hand rather
than focusing on symptoms and causes of anxiety and stress. CBT also involves the mutually
agreed targets, and they are always realistic, measurable, specific, time-limited, and achievable.
For instance, a goal for individuals with obesity is to reduce the number of meals per day or
weeks. The patients can set the targets on the number of times to attend the sports. For instance,
the therapist can also assist the clients in choosing games like swimming, netball, and other
games that will help in managing their obesity and diabetes conditions. Hence the primary goal
of the therapist, in this case, is to help such individuals in prioritizing their set goals by creating
and breaking down issues into small achievable objectives or hierarchies. There is also
restructuring of sessions for the effectiveness of treatment, improving the learning, and focusing
on the therapeutic procedures that will arrive at a potential solution (Didymus, 2018).
For the case of Wave Bay, sessions can begin with establishing agendas where the therapist will
take part in helping the patients to select options that lead to productive work after a single

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session. The homework activities are as well essential in extending the efforts of the patients and
reinforcing how to learn the concepts of CBT.
CBT fits as an intervention for psychosocial factors since it has proven its effectiveness through
several research studies. In the meta-analytical conducted by (Sargın, Özdel & Türkçapar, 2017),
it's clear that CBT is the most effective technique in treating the patients with significant
depressions. Another research showed a higher sign was during a 16 meta-analyses
comprehensive review to compare the CBT with placebo, no-treatment, and wait for list
conditions. The findings indicated that CBT was more effective in treating old and young adult
bipolar disorders, stress, depression, and anxiety conditions. Hence, CBT is the most effective in
reducing psychosocial disorders linked to obesity and diabetes. Its effectiveness was as well
demonstrated through a designed randomized control trial.
One of the actions contained in the Ottawa Charter is the achievement of optimum health for all
people by the local communities. CBT fits well in addressing the psychosocial factors since they
among the social aspects that threaten individual health.
Is your public health intervention appropriate for the Wave Bay community?
Ethical considerations are essential during the integration of some healthcare interventions
intended in helping the patients associated with some negative fallout. Therefore, this makes
CBT critical in helping patients with anxiety and depression within the Wave Bay community.
CBT has a certain kind of framework that enhances in balancing the disadvantages versus the
advantages when making various decisions. This part will, therefore, discuss the ethical issues
associated with psychosocial interventions for the patients in the Wave Bay community of

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Australia. There are several ethical issues linked to CBT relevance in intervening for whatever
the psychosocial issue (Barber, 2017).
First, CBT is considering the principle of non-maleficence, which allows the therapist to alert the
patients on the side effects associated with the intervention, which makes it hard for the clients to
imagine it would cause some harm. For instance, CBT helps the therapist in dealing with specific
patient's behaviors which would trigger the psychosocial episodes like taking alcohol. That
means there will be a need for intensive training before initiating the program to cater to patient
safety needs while protecting the individuals linked to the patients from possible dangers.
Secondly, CBT allows the family and patients to enjoy the beneficence principle by creating an
environment for the integration after accessing the help. Therefore, CBT applies only
interventions that are well evidenced and aim at retaining a good relationship between the
patients and their family members. CBT provides an opportunity for all the psychosocial
therapists to evaluate things before implementing them on the patients. The CBT aim at
benefiting the affected individuals and not the therapist (Williamson et al. 2019).
Thirdly, is the autonomy principle which is well observed by the CBT. Before the therapist
begins any session, he or she must ensure the rights of the patients are protected. The patients
have to decide whether they will take part in the inevitable intervention and the time they want to
terminate the treatment (Raglan, Swanson & Arnedt, 2019). One of the highest strengths
associated with CBT is its support and the role it plays to the family members but does not allow
them to override the patient's autonomy. Respecting patients' autonomy is both critical in human
rights perception as well as the personal decision of the patients. CBT does not allow the
therapist to object decisions made by their clients (McDermott & Dozois, 2019).

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Fourthly, CBT aligns with the principle of justice. Different studies indicate how specific
settings in some hospitals are vulnerable to patients' abuse. CBT gives the therapist an
opportunity of knowing what is happening and counseling the patient on matters to do with their
rights.
The fifth principle that affirms the effectiveness of CBT in the Wave Bay community is the
health maximization. CBT incorporates social and behavioral changes that are vital in health
maximization, especially in bringing additional opportunities (Dubey & Singh, 2017).
Integrating social and behavioral changes is a cultural wave that should impact the structural and
social environment of the Wave Bay community. Health maximization enhances the therapist
applying the CBT to focus on an individual who tends to be less costly.
Lastly, CBT is more appropriate for the case of the Wave Bay community because of its
efficiency. As seen earlier various meta-analysis data recommend the application of CBT
intervention instead of other medication to patients hospitalized or diagnosed with psychosocial
issues. One of the benefits linked to CBT is its efficiency in decreasing the mania and depression
and raising the rate of psychosocial activities. In the research by Miri et al (2019), the results
indicated that improving and decrease in lapse rate for the depression was more effective for the
patients who underwent CBT interventions.
How will you know if your intervention worked?
In several instances, it's not easy to determine the effectiveness of an intervention because some
therapist is not able to state the expected outcome for a specific set goal in a particular session.
That means the patients have to rely on their global impression (Kuester, Niemeyer &

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Knaevelsrud, 2016). When patients are treated with a CBT, the medical experts are required to
know the effectiveness of the treatment.
For instance, the following procedures are vital in ensuring the application of CBT in the Wave
Bay community has adequately worked.
 Examining the CBT progress through the set goals.
 Investigating the symptoms shown by the patients.
 Measuring certain behavioral target occurrences.
For instance, CBT therapist can ask the patients to fill out certain forms or checklist concerning
their symptoms before they begin a new session like those patients with anxiety and depression.
If it's possible, patients with Obesity and diabetes can report or track the re-occurrence of
symptoms associated with their symptoms (Griffioen et al. 2016). These patients can as well
follow the amount and frequency of ingested foods, especially obese patients who might have set
their daily or weekly dietary plans.
However, the assessment and monitoring rate varies from one client to another, considering the
set goals. The CBT expert can then analyze the assessment with individual clients or in a group
set up. During the analysis, the therapist will be able to identify various areas to take part in
conceptualizing the modifications of the interventions accordingly. Some of the questions to ask
are like the time taken for the symptoms to decrease per session. Some patients' symptoms may
subside immediately, and others may take longer, depending on the number of interventions'
experiences.
The effectiveness of the CBT intervention is realized through the following.

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 When the patients discover the intervention, the plan is making sense to their health. That
way, patients understand that it's through such a treatment plan; they can overcome
particular challenges and also gain more confidence with their therapists.
 Seeing the transformation of patients, especially feeling positive regarding the therapy
sessions.
 When patients can plan their activities like doing exercises or changing diets and see the
improvement in their weight or physiological processes (Huntley, 2019).
Conclusion
Obesity and diabetes were the lifestyle target for this research. According to the Wave Bay
website, two million and above male individuals were obese and represented approximately 28
% higher than that of their female counterparts. The local investigations also indicated that 50%
of the Wave Bay population were obese and overweight. The findings from this research indicate
that obesity and diabetes incidences result from several aspects associated with obesity and
diabetes like the individual demographics like sex, ethnicity, race, and age; Psychosocial
elements, environmental elements, behavioral changes, and community settings.
The research has as well incorporated ways to measure the effectiveness of an intervention when
the therapist is assisting the patients in setting goals. These goals are essential to determine the
expected outcome for the set goal in a particular session. Thus, CBT offers an excellent
opportunity for patients to rely on their global impressions. Knowing the working of CBT will
therebefore, require the medical experts to test the effectiveness of the treatment.

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