Comprehensive Analysis of Australian Diabetes Policies

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Australian diabetes policies, focusing on their effectiveness in addressing the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The research explores the government's strategies, action plans, and the extent to which these policies incorporate physical activity a...Read More

Running head: AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Name of the Student
Name of the university
Author note

1AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Abstract
Diabetes has become one of the most common diseases affecting majority of the Australians
and can be said to be as prevalent in old age people. There have many policies, strategies and
action plan laid down by the government to deal with the same. In this paper, some major
policies have been discusses and the main point is to check whether these policies address
physical activity to be one of the ways in which type 2 diabetes can be dealt with. The
research identifies the key themes of all these policies. Lastly, the paper concludes by
providing some limitations of the study along with certain recommendations that are
definitely related to this topic.

2AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Table of Contents
Background................................................................................................................................4
Research question...................................................................................................................6
Research Design and Methods...................................................................................................7
Summary of research design..................................................................................................8
Data Collection.......................................................................................................................9
Data Analysis.........................................................................................................................9
Ethical issues........................................................................................................................10
Policies selected.......................................................................................................................10
Results......................................................................................................................................11
Coding framework for purpose of document analysis.........................................................11
Key themes...........................................................................................................................11
Explanation of figures or graphs or tables...........................................................................11
Discussion................................................................................................................................11
Limitations...........................................................................................................................11
Conclusion................................................................................................................................11
Recommendations................................................................................................................11
References................................................................................................................................11

3AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Background
Diabetes is a complicated, chronic, poorly regulated condition that results from
impaired insulin production, impaired level of insulin or both. Type 2 diabetes is one of the
most prevalent types of the condition and accounts for more than 90 percent of the worldwide
estimated 29.1 million people (Zhu et al., 2015). According to the reports by the World
Health Organization, among majority of the countries, the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes has
risen dramatically in recent years. This emerging health challenge is putting a major
economic burden over the society. The reports from the International Diabetes Federation
revealed more than 387 million to suffer from the heath challenge of diabetes and the number
is on the rising rate and it expected to reach more than 592 million by the end of the year
2035.
The inability of the production of sufficient level of insulin from pancreas has been
denoted as one of the major causes of the rapid prevalence of the type 2 diabetes throughout
the world. According to the data gathered from the review of the literature sources, some of
the modifiable factors of risks lay the obesity; poor and the sedentary life style are
contributing to the increased risk of diabetes. Drawing upon the review of literature, diabetes
can be considered as one of the most public health challenge, emerging as a global epidemic
in the recent times. In the alignment with the trends within the globe, the modern lifestyle and
the lack of prober physical activity are contributing to the higher rate of mortality for diabetes
(Khalid et al., 2014). Some of the targeted recommendation towards addressing this major
health challenge as per the research studies and the World Health Organization includes the
importance of engagement with physical activity. 999 in his research studies targeted the
association among the physical activity for the prevention and the management of type 2
diabetes. The issue related to the physical inactivity has become one of the major sources of

4AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
concern within the field of public health during this era (Brown et al., 2017). As per the
reports by 999, due to the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity, a big public health
concern has become the topic of physical inactivity. For obese patients, physical exercise
regulates glucose level in the blood. A fast 30-minute wake can help reduce the level of blood
glucose (Lazzarini et al., 2015). The physical activity helps to increase the BMR level so that
glucose produced right after eating is re-used easily.
Voluntary physical activity can lead three times to insulin stimulation. The review
from the literary source signifies the important role of physical activity towards the
prevention and the effective management of type 2 diabetes. With the rate of rising diabetes
and lack of physical activity, one of the major alarming factors is the development and proper
implementation of effective intervention strategies for the achievement of the common good
of global health (Zimmet, Alberti, Magliano & Bennett, 2016). To solve this health problem,
successful policies and programs are critical. Recent studies have shown that sedentary
activity raises the risk of diabetes type 2. The aim of promotion programs for physical
activity is to avoid Type 2 diabetes. Physical inactivity in the life of an individual improves
the chance of diabetes type 2 (Greg et al., 2018). Physical activities, including brisk walking
and light workouts help manage blood glucose levels effectively. Obesity is an important risk
factor associated with diabetes type 2. Among people with a history to develop diabetes,
Physical exercise can delay or prevent Type 2 diabetes. The Literature Review clearly
indicates that diabetes requires good strategies and policies to prevent and control diabetes in
emerging health problems in all countries. The Australian Institute for Family Affairs and
Welfare claims diabetes places a tremendous economic strain on the economy of Australia.
Diabetes affects five per cent of Australians between 2017 and 2018 (Huo et al., 2018). It is
therefore very important for the country to identify successful diabetes prevention and
management policies and strategies. Different studies have shown that physical activities help

5AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
to control blood glucose levels. Via physical activity, diabetes can be strengthened and
avoided. In order to tackle physical activity, the assessment of diabetes is very important.
This research study is focused over the population of Australia and aims to contribute
to the diabetes health challenge among the Australian population. The review from the
literary sources majorly focused over the rising statistics of the health epidemic, type 2
diabetes, followed by identifying lack of physical activity as one of the major causes of
mortality rate due to this heath issue (Holmes-Truscott et al., 2016). The review furthermore
denoted the importance of development and proper implementation of effective intervention
strategies for the achievement of the common good of global health. However the gap
identified in the review of the literary sources has been the lack of discussion related to any
of the existing health policies. Within the research area of Australia, the review lacked to
mention and analyse the effectiveness of the current diabetes policies of Australia towards
addressing physical activity as one of the major component of health.
This research study will address this knowledge gap with the considerate of all the
sources reviewed regarding the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Australia. The aim of the
research paper is to conduct policy analysis of five different diabetes policies for addressing
the question below.
Research question
The research question for this particular study is
1. To what extent Australian diabetes policies address physical activity for the
prevention of type 2 diabetes?

6AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
For conducting this particular research study, the researcher of the study has noted the
objectives which includes
 To understand Diabetes policies and their intention to plot national response to
diabetes.
 To explore how the government can coordinate the limited health resources in a better
way.
 To identify the most appropriate intervention for the prevention and management of
diabetes.
 To evaluate the impact of diabetes policies in prevention and early detection of
diabetes.
 To assess the health care services related to diabetes policies.
Research Design and Methods
The section of this research study will summarise the research designs and the
methods and the type of project that research adopted. Selection of the appropriate design,
methodology and the method is one of the important parts of any research study. Research
methodology can be considered as the way in which research designs is research in an
appropriate manner (Mackey & Gass, 2015). The proper selection of a research study is does
very much vital for a researcher for reducing his findings at a suitable way.
For carrying out this particular research study, policy analysis has been selected as the
research design. Furthermore research design in qualitative research has been considered as
the method which is extensively being used by the researcher to analyse opinions and
behaviour as well as themes of human. Analysis and review of the policies in this research
study will help the researcher for evaluating as well as understanding the effectiveness of the

7AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
policies as well as the implementation procedure and the outcomes of the strategies. This
particular research study will conduct analysis of several diabetic policies presented in the
current state of Australia for taking up evidences of physical activity.
Summary of research design
Taking the help of the research onion design for this research study, the researcher got
help for designing his research paper in the form of a layer. Each and every layer of this
particular onion provided the researcher with authentic information and data related to the
study of diabetes in Australia. The researcher furthermore uses several to use which help
them for gaining in depth knowledge regarding the research topic of physical activity
importance in diabetes in the context of Australia. Several tools of researcher which has
helped him for gaining and indirect knowledge of this research topic include all the layers of
research onions. The research on includes 6 particular layers namely, the research
philosophy, the research strategies, choices, horizon, technique as well as procedure (Flick,
2015). This traditional design of the research study has helped the researcher for meeting his
research questions and objective of the research in a specific and a better way.
Research philosophy can be considered as a set of believes. According to the research
data there are three research philosophies like positivism, realism and interpretivism. For this
specific research study the researcher has taken in consideration of the positivism research
philosophy (Kumar, 2019). This is because it has helped the research for investing the topic
of diabetes in the context of Australia in a critical analogical day. The researcher for the more
did not prefer to use the other two philosophies since they are based on outcomes of the study
and individual perceptions and not raw medical data.
Deductive approach has been chosen to make proper analysis of the existing models
as well as the theories that are related to the research topic. Research design selected for this

8AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
paper is qualitative research which has been extensively used for understanding human
behaviour, opinion and themes (Bresler & Stake, 2017).
Data Collection
Data collection method includes the collection of two types of data. Primary data
collection and secondary data collection are the two important methods for data collection.
Primary data are the information of the data which are gained by the researcher by
conducting various interviews in survey. This form of data collection is considered to be very
genuine since it provides a better approach to the study. The secondary data collection refers
to the process of collection of information which is already available in a printed or online
form in the website or in journals entry. This furthermore includes the existing set of data of
the previous surveys on the research that has been undertaken by the government
organisation or any other researchers (Creswell & Poth, 2016). In the context of policy
analysis, the researcher of the study has adopted secondary data collection method for
reviewing the existing policies related to diabetes in Australia. For the collection of the data
of the research study the researcher has adopted policy consultation process. For reviewing
the policies as well as the appropriate articles from relevant, the researcher of the study has
adopted secondary data collection method which appropriate for this research. Research of
the study has selected five different policies gathering from the health department of
Australia specifically targeting diabetes and its impact over the population of Australia for
thorough analysis. it is not that the researcher has collected that diabetes related policies from
all health policies which has been available to him on different websites of Australia.

9AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Data Analysis
Qualitative research method used in this research study by the research for thorough
data analysis. For evaluation of the qualitative data, the researcher adopted thematic analysis
and structure of coding in the form of tables and themes for better analysis of the factors of
diabetes as well as the impact of physical exercise over this health challenge within the
context of Australia (Creswell & Poth, 2016).
Ethical issues
During the entire process of the research study, the researcher has considered and
maintained all the ethics and the factors related to ethics forwarding any issues. Authentic
data has been collected from peer reviewed journals and newspaper articles together with
having for research on the reports from the government website of Australia. The researcher
has particularly selected the policies and the health programmes related to diabetes in line to
the objectives and the target of this research study (Ryen, 2016). The researcher is also kept
in mind about the sole purpose of the research study and has not copied from any previous
journals to maintain the act of plagiarism. No unethical mean was adopted by the researcher
during the entire process of research.
Policies selected
The South Australian aboriginal diabetes strategy 2017 – 2021
Diabetes action plan Queensland
Australian National diabetes strategy 2016 – 2020
Western Australian framework for action on diabetes and diabetes services standards 2014
National policy priorities 2010 - beta management and prevention of diabetes for all the
Australians

10AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Results
In order to get an understanding whether these policies address the various evidences
on social determinants it is required to find out the main strategies and goals of the five
selected policies:
a. The South Australian aboriginal diabetes strategy 2017 – 2021- This strategy was
designed to meet the various needs of the Aboriginal people in the region of South Australia.
The recommendations that are provided in this strategy give priority to a state wide response
to the chronic disease guiding potential health care reforms for diabetes and associated
conditions (Pearson et al., 2016). The strategy has been designed to bring in enhancement in
the existing infrastructure and systems. In order to implement the strategy the most important
thing that is required is a governance structure. The major goals are:
1. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes as well as gestational diabetes.
2. Detection of the type 2 diabetes at an early phase.
3. Improving diabetes care and bringing in reductions in complications
4. Reduction in incidence as well as impact of the disease in pregnant women.
5. Better manage the services in priority groups.
6. Strengthening research, data usage as well as population health monitoring.
b. Diabetes action plan Queensland- In Queensland, diabetes can be said to as biggest
health challenge and as per the data more than 200,000 of the Queenslanders suffer from
diabetes. As per the action plan it is said that self management is the only cornerstone of
successful diabetes care. Personal responsibility is what matters in this case. As per the action
plan it is said that type 2 diabetes can be prevented by understanding the risk that this chronic

11AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
disease is posing (Akbar et al., 2018). There are evidences that people often misjudge their
body weights thus misjudging the risk of type 2 diabetes. The action plan involves three
different initiatives such as diabetes passport, diabetes Queensland telephone support services
and structured education course.
c. Australian National diabetes strategy 2016 – 2020- The Australian diabetes strategy
serves as an opportunity that considers various current approaches to services related to
diabetes considering one important factor that is the role of the governments at various levels.
It is said that in order to fight with this disease the government needs to play an important
role in services such as providing access to high-quality medicines, medical equipments as
well as associated services that can support the people suffering from this disease in self
management as well as treatment (Speight et al., 2016). The main aim of the strategy is to
make Australian response to the chronic disease a priority so that communities can be
relieved from the effects of this deadly disease.
d. Western Australian framework for action on diabetes and diabetes services
standards 2014- This framework for action on diabetes and the diabetes services standards
seeks to make required changes in the healthcare system to ensure that the Western
Australian Diabetes Services Standards to get delivered on consistent basis. The requirements
of the consumers and the carer first and other main aspect to be considered is that the
vulnerable groups such as aboriginal people, aged people, people in the rural areas should be
kept at the top of the priority list. The quality of the diabetes services should be improved and
the resources should be appropriately used (World Health Organization, 2014). Prevention as
well as self management is also promoted through this and the services to stop this chronic
disease should be made available to the people. The ways in which the services are getting
delivered should be innovated and use of different technology encouraged.

12AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
e. National policy priorities 2010 beta management and prevention of diabetes for all
the Australians- This policy provides better support for the young people thus transitioning
to the adult services. The diabetes in the pregnant women is another major issue as they are
the most vulnerable of all the patients and requires extra care and better services. The policy
has provisions for better insulin pump access for almost all age groups. The diabetes
management in case of aged care services should be given utmost priority as they are ones
who are another major vulnerable group after the pregnant women (Kurowski et al., 2015).
The policy promotes diabetes health literacy for those suffering from the disease. Diabetes in
the communities such as the aboriginal and the Torres Strait islander people should be give a
priority and it should be ensured that these people get good services.
From the above brief of the policies it can be said that these try to battle out the
increasing diabetes cases and their main aim is to see to it that every community and every
section of the society is benefited from the services that are being provided. There should be
no discrimination in terms of community, sex and anything else. Everyone is liable to get
proper services and a priority list should be made so that according to this services can be
made available to those who need it on an urgent basis.
Coding framework for purpose of document analysis
The section of document analysis is a vital aspect that is related to the various social
determinants of health associated with Australian health policy. Analysis of the policies is
essential as this aids both public health researchers as well as health departments in
highlighting the different outputs of these policies. Doing this lessons can be learnt from
either the success or the failure stories of these. The paper analyzed five major policies to
understand how these address various health inequities. The coding structure given below

13AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
categorizes the policies considering their major aims and various other facts and rules
associated with the same.
Structure of coding
Main categories Codes
1. Goals a. addressing all groups
b. subject to type 2 diabetes
c. no differentiation for caste and community
2. Strategies a. enhancing health of the diabetic people
b. frequent research
c. quality of services
d. community engagement
e. diabetes services access
Table 1: Coding structure
Policy
Document
Main issue Community
addressed
Goals Objectives
main code
Strategies
main code
1. The South
Australian
aboriginal
diabetes strategy
2017 – 2021
Type 2
diabetes
Aborigines are
mainly
addresses
through this as
the community
is one of the
backward
communities
and it is the
duty of the
government to
Addressing
all the groups
irrespective
of age and
early
detection and
proper
treatment of
the disease.
To manage the
services in a
better way
specifically in
the vulnerable
groups and
setting
priority.
1. enhancing
health of the
diabetic
people
2. diabetes
services
access

14AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
check that
proper
services are
being provided
to these people
and that no
service
provider is
making any
discrimination.
2. Diabetes action
plan Queensland
Type 2
diabetes
People of the
Queensland
region
Subject to
type 2
diabetes
promotion of
self
management
in the public
and literacy
about
diabetes
Educating the
people about
the chronic
disease.
1. quality of
services
2. community
engagement

15AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
3. Australian
National diabetes
strategy 2016 –
2020
Type 2
diabetes
Address the
entire nation
and
specifically
the youths are
considered.
Addresses all
groups.
Bringing in
the
government to
support the
diabetes
related
services in
Australia.
1. enhancing
health of the
diabetic
people
2. diabetes
services
access
4. Western
Australian
framework for
action on diabetes
and diabetes
services standards
2014-
Type 2
diabetes
Western
Australian
people
Providing
services on a
consistent
basis.
To bring in
improvisation
s in the quality
of the diabetes
services and
proper use of
resources.
1. enhancing
health of the
diabetic
people
2. diabetes
services
access
5. National policy
priorities 2010
beta management
and prevention of
diabetes for all the
Australians-
Type 2
diabetes
All groups
specially
pregnant
women and
aged people
Addresses all The
vulnerable
groups such as
aged people
and pregnant
women should
be given
priority while
rendering
services.
1.enhancing
health of the
diabetic
people
2. frequent
research
3. quality of
services
4. community
engagement
5. diabetes
services

16AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
access
Key themes
The key themes in these policies are as follows:
1. Addressing all the age groups is one of the main aspects of these policies.
2. The policies or the strategies focus on the vulnerable groups and almost of these mention
backward communities should be given utmost priority.
3. The pregnant women and the aged require special care and they should be in the priority
list.
4. It is required that proper awareness about the disease should be there among the people so
that they can self manage themselves.
5. The medical equipments and all resources in the treatment of diabetes should be used in
proper way so that there is no wastage and everyone in need gets proper services.

17AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Explanation of figures or graphs or tables
Picture 1: Initiatives mentioned in Diabetes Action Plan Queensland (2020)
It is clearly evident from the table above that education or more specifically spreading
awareness about the disease is important. The more people will get to know about the disease
they will take precautionary steps. Most importantly the health care professionals can brush
up their knowledge about the disease by the help of the education modules. Next is the model
of care framework that is everyone that includes practitioners as well as the patients should
get the care that they are need irrespective of the place they are in. In the rural or the regional
areas of Queensland the services are not good and thus with the education modules more and
more health professionals can get to brush their skills and be able to render services at these
areas. The main thing is that proper education can help cure or prevent this disease from
getting spread in the rate that it is doing.
Discussion
From the above discussion of the policies it can be said that the Australian
government has taken the problem of diabetes seriously and that they have come up with

18AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
every possible measure in forms of strategies, action plan, policies to deal with the chronic
disease. But still it can be said that the problem continues. The data suggest that in the year
2017-18 one in every twenty Australians that is 4.9 percent or it can be said 1.2 million
people had diabetes. But the goof thing in this data suggests that the strategies are somewhere
working as the rate that has increased by 3.3% since the year 2001 has come to a stable point
the value being 5.1 percent since the year 2014-15 ("4364.0.55.001 - National Health Survey:
First Results, 2017-18", 2020). The policies lay stress on awareness and given priority to the
more vulnerable group and thus these data can help identify that this chronic disease is more
common in men rather than in the females. The percentage being 5.5 percent and 4.3 percent
for females and males respectively. The policies speak about special care to the aged people
and it is a fact that rate of diabetes has increased with age. Data reveal that the rate of
diabetes amongst the men who are aged in between 65 to 74 years have increased from a
value of 11.8 percent to 18.7 percent, similarly for the women it has increased from a value of
11.2 percent to 17.0 percent ("4364.0.55.001 - National Health Survey: First Results, 2017-
18", 2020).
Limitations
The limitations of the research are as follows:
1. The secondary sources have been referred to for the research which can be said to be as
one of the drawbacks. Secondary sources if not chosen properly can affect the research result
in an adverse way and thus it could have been better if some sort of primary data would have
been collected and more people included through surveys to understand how effective the
policies have been in treating diabetes in the community.

19AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
2. Time is another major constraint in this case as depending only on the secondary sources
and analyzing policies required properly going through these which could have been better if
more time would have been there.
Conclusion
RQ: To what extent Australian diabetes policies address physical activity for the
prevention of type 2 diabetes?
The research question that was considered did not get appropriately answered as all the
policies though referred to spreading awareness among the public did not specifically
mention that physical activity could prevent type 2 diabetes. The policies talked about
communities, enhancing services and reaching out to as many people as possible but none
addressed the physical activity for prevention of type 2 diabetes. The main aspect recognized
is that the vulnerable groups should top the priority list and that they should be properly taken
care of. Thus, from the above discussion it can be said that physical activity helping in
treating type 2 diabetes may be hidden in the educational program charters but was not talked
of directly in any such policies or strategy.
Recommendations
1. More and more attempts should be made to organize awareness programs and better if
different age groups are called in different time.
2. Regular diabetes check up camps should be organized and people encouraged taking part
in the same.
3. The policies of the strategies should be revised at regular basis based on the data which
will help to know which section is getting more affected from the disease.

20AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES

21AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
References
(2020). Retrieved 15 April 2020, from
https://www.diabetesqld.org.au/media/352484/2015_diabetes_action_plan_final.pdf
4364.0.55.001 - National Health Survey: First Results, 2017-18. (2020). Retrieved 15 April
2020, from
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4364.0.55.001~201
7-18~Main%20Features~Diabetes%20mellitus~50
Akbar, H. (2018). Socio-cultural context of managing type 2 diabetes in Australian Pacific
Islander women living in Queensland (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University
of Technology).
Bresler, L., & Stake, R. E. (2017). Qualitative research methodology in music education.
In Critical Essays in Music Education (pp. 113-128). Routledge.
Browne, J. L., Holmes-Truscott, E., Ventura, A. D., Hendrieckx, C., Pouwer, F., & Speight,
J. (2017). Cohort profiles of the cross-sectional and prospective participant groups in
the second Diabetes MILES—Australia (MILES-2) study. BMJ open, 7(2), e012926.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing
among five approaches. Sage publications.
Flick, U. (2015). Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research
project. Sage.
Gregg, E. W., Cheng, Y. J., Srinivasan, M., Lin, J., Geiss, L. S., Albright, A. L., &
Imperatore, G. (2018). Trends in cause-specific mortality among adults with and

22AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
without diagnosed diabetes in the USA: an epidemiological analysis of linked national
survey and vital statistics data. The Lancet, 391(10138), 2430-2440.
Holmes-Truscott, E., Skinner, T. C., Pouwer, F., & Speight, J. (2016). Explaining
psychological insulin resistance in adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: the
roles of diabetes distress and current medication concerns. Results from Diabetes
MILES—Australia. Primary care diabetes, 10(1), 75-82.
Huo, L., Shaw, J. E., Wong, E., Harding, J. L., Peeters, A., & Magliano, D. J. (2016). Burden
of diabetes in Australia: life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy in adults
with diabetes. Diabetologia, 59(7), 1437-1445.
Khalid, J. M., Raluy‐Callado, M., Curtis, B. H., Boye, K. S., Maguire, A., & Reaney, M.
(2014). Rates and risk of hospitalisation among patients with type 2 diabetes:
retrospective cohort study using the UK General Practice Research Database linked to
English Hospital Episode Statistics. International journal of clinical practice, 68(1),
40-48.
Kumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage
Publications Limited.
Kurowski, J. R., Nedkoff, L., Schoen, D. E., Knuiman, M., Norman, P. E., & Briffa, T. G.
(2015). Temporal trends in initial and recurrent lower extremity amputations in people
with and without diabetes in Western Australia from 2000 to 2010. Diabetes research
and clinical practice, 108(2), 280-287.
Lazzarini, P. A., O’Rourke, S. R., Russell, A. W., Derhy, P. H., & Kamp, M. C. (2015).
Reduced incidence of foot-related hospitalisation and amputation amongst persons
with diabetes in Queensland, Australia. PLoS One, 10(6).

23AUSTRALIAN POLICIES RELATED TO DIABETES
Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design.
Routledge.
Pearson, O., Eltridge, F., Luz, Z., Stewart, H., Westhead, S., Zimmet, P., & Brown, A.
(2016). The South Australian Aboriginal Diabetes Strategy 2017–2021.
Ryen, A. (2016). Research ethics and qualitative research. Qualitative research, 31-48.
Speight, J. (2016). Behavioural innovation is key to improving the health of one million
Australians living with type 2 diabetes. Medical journal of Australia, 205(4), 149-
151.
World Health Organization. (2014). Regional framework for action on ageing and health in
the Western Pacific (2014-2019). Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western
Pacific.
Zhu, M., Li, J., Li, Z., Luo, W., Dai, D., Weaver, S. R., ... & Fu, H. (2015). Mortality rates
and the causes of death related to diabetes mellitus in Shanghai Songjiang District: an
11-year retrospective analysis of death certificates. BMC endocrine disorders, 15(1),
45.
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G., Magliano, D. J., & Bennett, P. H. (2016). Diabetes mellitus
statistics on prevalence and mortality: facts and fallacies. Nature Reviews
Endocrinology, 12(10), 616.