This report examines the social determinants of health, particularly focusing on the health disparities experienced by Indigenous Australians. It highlights the impact of socioeconomic factors, behavioral risks such as smoking, and access to healthcare on health outcomes. The report references various studies and surveys, including the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, to illustrate the prevalence of chronic diseases, the influence of unemployment and low educational attainment, and the intersection of these factors with smoking rates. The analysis underscores the need to address social determinants to reduce health inequities and improve the life expectancy and overall health of Indigenous communities. The report also discusses the limitations of the studies and the complex interplay of factors contributing to poor health outcomes.