Nursing in Australia: System, Cultural Issues, and Healthcare Delivery

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the Australian healthcare system, focusing on various aspects of nursing practice within the context of the Australian healthcare landscape. It addresses health issues, barriers faced by individuals from diverse backgrounds, and the role of health insurance organizations like Medibank, Australian Unity, and HCF. The report delves into specific health problems faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and mental health issues. It explores the impact of healthcare delivery on these communities, emphasizing the importance of trust and cultural respect. The report also examines the historical moments in healthcare reforms in Australia, ethical principles, and legislations, along with the roles and responsibilities of nurses, including enrolled nurses. Furthermore, it analyzes the influence of social, cultural, and political factors on health and healthcare delivery, including the impact of stress, hopelessness, and social isolation on health outcomes. The report also provides a case study, discussing the impact of social and cultural factors on health, and concludes with an overview of the nursing practices and healthcare delivery.

Nursing Within The Australian
Health Care System

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2 .........................................................................................................................................14
1. Agencies of health services ..................................................................................................14
2. Identify cultural and social issue which Alizeh Lateef undergoes .......................................15
3. Influence of political and economical factor on immunization delivery .............................15
4. Importance of hijama cupping .............................................................................................16
5. Examine sources of funding which is suggested for Alizeh Lateef .....................................16
6. Discussion over health care funding is a good idea or not. Explain it?................................16
7. Strategies to enhance Alizeh's social well-being?................................................................16
8. Principles of primary health care and wellness as well as its impact over Alizeh?..............17
9. Analyse the way to comply with jurisdiction requirements? ..............................................17
10. Tactics to enrich Alizeh's emotional well-being?...............................................................17
11. Question related to understand heath promotional strategies?............................................17
12. Describe Leininger's theory.................................................................................................17
13. Implication of principles and parameters of nursing ..........................................................18
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Health care service is concern with furnishing of medicine, medical or surgical treatment,
nursing, hospital aid and many more in terms of providing healthy life and also improves
resistant power of an individual to fight against infectious diseases (Willis, Reynolds and
Keleher, 2016). Moreover, the fundamental intent of health care is to intensify quality of life by
enhancing wellness in order to bring increased level of satisfaction and motivation within
personnel. However, this report is based upon Alizeh case study which states that how she got
mistreated or discriminated by Australian government just because of being Syrian refugee.
Hence, it involves several principle, value, agencies and strategies to enrich Alizeh mental state
as well as living standard in an impressive and healthy style.
TASK 1
Q1:
Change in climate lead towards affecting individual those who come from outside
Australia. Mentioned below some of the issue that affect individual
Health Issues:
Tuberculosis Infection
Vitamin Deficiencies
Hepatitis
Barriers:
There are some major barriers that are faced be these individual which is further defined below:
Communication Barriers:
Individual from outside mainly have poor English skill and some of them have difficulty
to understand Australian accent. Thus, for this it is important for healthcare practitioners and
hospital emergency department to make themselves aware with many languages (McCormack
and McCance, 2016).
Cost of health services:
Economic conditions in Australia as compared to other countries are relatively high as
compared to other nation all around the world. This may create issue for many individuals those
who come from outside Australia, as many of them arrive with low funds and economically
backward country.

Cultural barriers:
Many of individuals those who arrive from different country have minimal knowledge
related to healthcare system in Australia. As they are not used to the services that are provide in
Australian healthcare. For example, Middle East women seems to be terrified if treated by male
doctor this can also be because of embarrassment from patient part.
Q2:
Mentioned below there are three health insurance-related organization within Australia:
Medibank:
It is an affordable and non-profit health insurer that offer private healthcare. It is
Australia's one of the largest health and insurance solution proving segment.
Australian Unity:
It is mainly a national healthcare that provide financial services. It is sixth largest health
fund in Australia.
HCF:
Hospital Contribution Fund of Australia founded in the year 1932 that offer wide range of
lifestyle, health and disease management programmes. This organization have 50 branches in
Australia and offer private health insurance along with pet insurance, life cover and travel
insurance.
Q3.
Australian health care system mainly cover mix of private and public health care. In
addition with this, it has been seen that Australian health system is considered as an one of the
best health care system in world that provide safe and affordable health care services. In this
private health insurance provide service related to avoiding penalties. These are mainly run by
charities, companies and non-profit organizations (Rudge, 2016). Private healthcare insurance is
mainly designed to cover policyholders should certain health problems crop up that need to be
treated in the private system. Specifically, it can help you pay hospital and medical costs not
covered by Medicare.
Q4:

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are the first inhabitants of Australia.
Mentioned below there are some six health problems that has been faced by Australia's
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
Respiratory Diseases:
31% indigenous people have long term respiratory disease in the year 2012-2013.
Cardiovascular Disease:
This is also one of the common disease that has been faced by Australia's Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people.
Diabetes:
This has been seen that 11% indigenous adults in the year 2012-2013 had diabetes.
Chronic Kidney disease:
In the year 2008-2012, chronic kidney disease which an associated and underlying cause
of death of indigenous death,
Cancer:
It has been seen that one of the most common diagnosed cancer within Indigenous
Australian were lung cancer that was 130 cases per year on average basis. While females with
breast cancer accounted for 95 cases per year. In addition with this, there was almost 16%
significant increase in cancer death for Indigenous individuals between 1998-2012.
Mental health:
As per according to data, of 5-year period 2008-2012, Indigenous Australians suicide rate
was high.
Q5:
Impact of Healthcare delivery in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island in Australia include
initiation of trust and cultural respect. In addition with this, with the help of this medical
practitioners can effectively able to recognize cultural vales as well as tradition of Aboriginal
communities (Taylor and Guerin, 2019). Further it, impact on reducing disparities for Aboriginal
individuals with the help of programmes that ensure equity for Aboriginal individuals.

Q6
Religion order: Adherence to the particular set of belief nursing have some duties
regarding patients and their families. So it is important to have necessary information of religion
in order to deliver holistic care to different patients. It is prime duty to check the detail about
patient religion and should not prior assumptions.
Women role: Women plays an vital role in nursing since last century. It include caring of
patients and make sure that wards and operation theatre should neat and clean. There are two
level of regulated nurse in Australia which are registered nurse and enrolled nurses. Majority of
women are working nursing and have serving country to their best.
Q7:
According to the scenario of Kelley, it has been analysed that current perspectives of
nursing practices is based on ethical principles and legislations. It also consist the utilisation of
evidence based practices which facilitate to conduct appropriate medical procedures for well
being of an individual (Johnson, Sanchez and Zheng, 2016). Moreover, practitioners should obey
national standards of providing treatment while dealing with patients.
Q8:
As an enrolled nurse, as to maintain healthcare standard the strategies which will be
applied in own role include observing changes in health of patients on timely manner. In addition
with this, one of the most important role include administrating medicines and undertaking other
essential nursing care responsibilities in best effective manner. Further strategies relating to
monitoring and managing complex health conditions is covered as to effectively maintain
standard of care.
Q9:
4. All the above
Q 11.
There are different types of historical moments in health care reforms described below:
1811 – The opening of Sydney Hospital. Convict men and women undertook the nursing

Sydney Hospital one of the most important and major hospital Australia, situated in
McQuarrie Street within Sydney central business district. This hospital is one of the oldest form
of hospital situated in Australia. In this hospital there are 113 impatient beds. In addition with
this with their specialists services this hospital effectively attracts large n umber of patients from
New South Wales. In the year 1909, this hospital become teaching hospital of university of
Sydney.
1838 – The first trained nurses arrived in Sydney, they were five Irish Sisters of Charity
Five women arrived on 31, December in Australia. Those women are mainly Religious
Sisters of Charity members which is basically bases in Ireland. Most of their time went spending
with sick and poor apart from this, they found time to build school for convicts children. Within
the group of five three of them was trained as professional nurses. They further offered training
to other girls in order to make them nurses.
1899 – Australasian Trained Nurses Association was founded in New South Wales
In the year 1899, The Australasian Trained Nurses Association ( ATNA) was founded. It
is Australia one of the first nursing association that was established in South Wales.
1949 - Formation of College of Nursing,Australia
The college of Nursing was founded in the year 1949. it is a professional organisation
that represent Australian nurses in mainly all necessary form of practice. In the year 1989 college
was awarded with the title of “ Royal”. Thus, from that period of time this nursing College
starting recognizing as Royal College of Nursing, Australia.
1975 – First nursing diploma program in Australia in a College of Advanced Education
(CAE) in Melbourne, followed quickly by programs in New South Wales, South Australia and
Western Australia
Q12.
Match
1. Road traffic accident, Rushes to the
nearest GP
J. GP, PHC Nurse

2. Dressing done to wound. Bleeding
stopped
F. Surgery Nurse, Post OP Nurse
3. Sent to the Hospital via Ambulance I. Paramedic
4. Patient resuscitation performed in ER E. ICU Nurse
5. Patient moved to ICU A. Patient, civilians
6. Patient stable. Diagnosis was confirmed
to have a fracture of the left femur
shaft.
G. Orthopedic Consultant
7. Patient moved to Operating room. H. ICU Nurse, Surgery Nurse
8. Patient moved to Post-operative ward C. Floor / Ward Nurse
9. Patient discharged D. ER Nurse, ER Physician
10. Patient starts rehabilitation B. Physiotherapist

Q13.
Psycho-social factors Health behaviours Physiological systems
 Stress: The stress is a
psycho-social element
that effects health
condition of a person
by causing certain
other serious diseases
like anxiety,
depression, heart
problem, high blood
pressure etc.
 Hopelessness: This
includes feelings of
powerlessness,
abandonment, captivity
and oppression that
may create mental
health problems.
 Behaviour of
Overeating: the
behaviour of
overeating and intake
of junk on regular basis
reduce immunity and
create overweight
condition that can
cause several other
health issues (Creamer
and Austin, 2017).
 Behaviour of taking
excess alcohol &
smoke: This will create
problems or infections
in internal organs
which may cause
several diseases.
 Digestive system: If
this system will not
work property to
complete the digestive
process to alimentary
canal then it will create
problem like
indigestion, stomach
infection, constipation
etc.
 Respiratory system:
The infection in
respiratory organs may
create different issues
related to respiration.
Q14
Social culture impact on health: Basically health is culture concept because it models
and frame how individual perceive the world and experience. Social culture decide how health
care provider view the health and illness of patients. In some culture stoicism is a norm in this
people feel pain and patient is treated different due its culture.
Social influence: Social interaction shape humans and influence individual physiological
behaviour and attitude towards society. This also effect the physiological thinking of patients
during illness or health issues. In contract to this, social isolation will lead to mental and physical
health issue.

Q15
Social: Evidence state that working condition and health environment of people has lead
to society. Social factor include income, education, condition of employment are consider as
social factor which impact the healthcare delivery (Kingma, 2018). For example if a person
having high income can avail best in class services for health care and in case person falls under
low income can not afford better healthcare delivery services for his family.
Political: Government play vital role in healthcare services for example governance body
provide relief in taxation, income support and health care insurance to their public so everyone
can use the service to live a prospering life.
Economical: Life in Australia is full of benefits facilitate with various services to their
respectively public like housing, healthcare education etc. As the country is among 20 largest
economy with GDP around 55000 USD. Individual can avail offer as per their financial
situation. Country have healthcare system called Medicare. It is funded by the so called Medicare
Levy.
Q16
Strengths and weaknesses of Australian Health Care System:
Strengths Weaknesses
 The system is wide and population
based data.
 Efficacy versus effectiveness is
considered.
 Large number and time series for
investigation.
 Events remain unaffected by recall
 It has data with unobtrusive nature
(Lavander, Meriläinen and Turkki,
2016).
 It consist multiple comparisons, design
flexibility and potential for multiple
projects.
 This system has structural limitations
due to fixed amount of data.
 Bias due to differential contact,
reporting and coding.
 It is difficult to determine benefits of
treatment in an administrative systems.

 It focus on risks and clinical decision
making.
Q17
The healthcare agenda is important because it contribute to the economy. The Australian
government is investing around $7.8 billion in healthcare sector to reform the country health
issue. Th agenda are made to improve and modernize the Australian health system by ensuring
the investment and quality offering to their patients. Structural reform will change the way health
services are delivered through better access to high quality, integrated care designed. In addition
to this government is paying 50 cents for hospital who provide quality services to public patients.
Q18
Primary healthcare promotes health and wellness to prevent individual from injures and
illness. There are four primary principles for healthcare are as follows:
Accessibility: It is a prime duty of healthcare to provide affordable services to their
public. There should be equal treatment for individual irrespective of gender, age and ethnicity
(Clayton, Isaacs and Ellender, 2016).
Public and community Participation: Community should involve in promoting healthcare
services to their public. People of Australia should take ownership for health and wellness of its
people.
Health promotion: It is important to promote health for a better future. People should
believe in treating people who struggle daily due to health issues and also to them who cannot
afford health care services.
Appropriate use of technology: By using medical technologies people can get affordable,
feasible and culturally acceptable healthcare for community.
Q19
Characteristics Selective PHC Comprehensive PHC
Main aim Absence of disease Positive well-being
Sectors involved Doctor plus other health
professionals
Multidisciplinary teams
Strategies & development Medical interventions Multi-sectoral collaboration

Participation Health professionals Communities and individuals
Forms of evidence Health by medical
interventions
Health through equity and
community development.
Q20
Wellness model of care refers to state of physically, emotionally, mentally and socially
well being. It has some of basic aspects like self responsibility, an ultimate goal, a dynamic
growing process, regular decision making areas of health and entire being of an individual.
Individual factors:
 Physical ability
 Emotional stability
 Occupational balance
 Moral values
Environmental factors:
 Food
 Water
 Air
 Weather
Q21
Non traditional health care practices are increasing rapidly and is being adopted by many
countries to support people and in order to replace conventional medicine. It have different
healthcare practises and treatment method which are applied by doctors and physicians. The four
non traditional healthcare approaches are Conventional, Alternative, Complimentary and
Integrative medicine.
Q 22. TRUE AND FALSE
STATEMENT TRUE/ FALSE
A TRUE
B TRUE
C TRUE
D TRUE
E TRUE