Analysis of Australian Road Safety Techniques for Developing Countries

This report examines the potential application of Australian road safety techniques in developing countries, specifically focusing on Pakistan and Bangladesh. The research delves into the problem of increasing road accidents and the need for improved safety measures. It introduces the Australian National Road Safety Strategy and its components, including vehicle safety standards, infrastructure development, and driver licensing. The report analyzes case studies of countries like the United Nations, Canada, and New Zealand that have implemented Australian safety rules, comparing and contrasting the Australian approach with existing practices in Pakistan and Bangladesh. It identifies key factors related to road safety, such as traffic conflict techniques and the use of technology like LIDAR guns. The research also explores the challenges of implementing these techniques in developing countries, considering differences in infrastructure, driving culture, and enforcement capabilities. The report concludes by analyzing different strategies to overcome these challenges and highlighting the potential benefits of adopting Australian road safety practices, such as reduced accident rates and improved overall road safety. The report provides a comprehensive overview of road safety, comparing different approaches and providing solutions for the implementation of Australian road safety techniques in developing countries.

Application of Australian Road safety
techniques in developing countries
(Pakistan and Bangladesh)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this research, there is discussion about implementation of Australian road safety to
developing countries i.e. Pakistan and Bangladesh. Road safety is one of the prime component
which has to be considered by people residing in society because number of accidents are
increasing day by day. It is important to create awareness among people regarding road safety
techniques. Australia is a developed country, so it has different safety rules compared to other
countries. There is discussion about case studies of three countries i.e. United nations, Canada,
New Zealand which already implemented Australian safety rules. In this research there is
discussion about what is different in Australian safety rules as compared to others and Australian
rules which are beneficial for developing country i.e. Pakistan and Bangladesh. In order to
implement Australian safety rules at Pakistan and Bangladesh, there are some challenges which
arise, so it is important to plan strategies through which it can be resolved.
At last, it is concluded that with following Australian safety rules, there is positive impact
on growth and development of country and there is reduction in number of accidents.
Bangladesh and Pakistan also analyse that number of accidents reduced after implementing
Australian safety rules.

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Problem Identification............................................................................................................2
Rationale of Research.............................................................................................................2
Aims & Objectives.................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4
Case Studies 3 countries.......................................................................................................10
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................5
FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................................7
Similarities and Differences between 3 countries..................................................................7
Identify key factors related to road Safety...........................................................................10
LEARNING ....................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

Topic: Application of Australian Road safety techniques in developing countries (Pakistan and
Bangladesh).
INTRODUCTION
Road Safety refers to measures as well as methods which used to prevent the road users
from being injured and killed. Mainly the road users are motorists, pedestrians, horse- riders,
vehicle passengers etc. The road safety is necessary for all the road users. Every year, more than
one million of people are injured in road accidents in Australia because to enhanced number of
vehicles. To prevent the death crisis and serious injury, there is a main focus of country is to
develop the best- practice road safety strategies. The road safety is necessary because in this
present time road accidents are enhancing tremendously. In Australia, driving rules assure that
drives of all the ages drive in safest possible manner. Under this strongest needs from obtaining
driving license, safety regulations and many others. In Australia, National Road Safety Strategy
was developed through state, federal and territory ministers in year 1992. It gives a proper
framework for the national collaboration on improvement of road safety that has included over
previous two decades. National Road Safety Strategy is an Initiative of Transport and
Infrastructure Council and is developed cooperatively through state, territory Commonwealth
governments. Under this, it is a responsibility of Australian government is to regulating the
proper safety standards for the new vehicles as well as allocating an infrastructure resources
consisting safety across local road networks and national highway. On the other hand, state and
territory governments are responsible for the planning, designing, funding and also operating
road network, managing the registration of vehicle, regulating as well as enforcing behaviour or
road users and driving licensing systems. It is a responsibility of local government is findings,
designings and also operating road networks in local areas.
In recognition of special relationship among Australia and New Zealand. Under this
government of New Zealand participated in Infrastructure council and Transport. The transport
agencies in territories and stated take main role in executing as well as facilitating Directions and
particular actions which set out in Action Plan and National Road Safety Strategy.
Under this research report, Pakistan and Bangladesh country will adopt the techniques of
Australia related to road safety because in Australia, accidents ratio is less and people can drive
safely. So, these both countries develop plan to implement the techniques of Australia in a better
manner.
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Problem Identification
Research problem is clear or definite expression about era of concern, condition to be
improves, complexities to be eliminated which exist in the scholarly literature with existing
practice that points to require for the meaningful deliberate and understanding of investigation.
This present report is taken in to consideration on Application of Australian Road safety
techniques in developing countries. Road safety is a major concern for people as well as
government. In this research, there are some problems faced by researcher. The main problem in
this research that need to identify is application of the Australian Road safety techniques in
Bangladesh and Pakistan. The environment of both countries are different from the each other.
So, in this context both the developing countries such as Bangladesh and Pakistan face some
issues in implementing the techniques related to Australian Road safety.
Rationale of Research
Main aim of conducting this investigation is to analyse the benefits of applying
Australian Road safety techniques in developing countries. The purpose of performing research
is to determine the issues for execution of Australian road safety techniques in Bangladesh ad
Australia. Under this, other purpose of research is to increase knowledge of a researcher about
the safety standards or road safety techniques of Australia in detailed manner. It will help in
provide the better opportunities in future context. With the help of this research skills,
knowledge, core competencies of a leaner will be enhanced in a better manner. In addition to
this, present investigation will make improvement in professional skills for an instance
confidence level, communication, research skills etc. It will helpful in provide the better career
opportunities to researcher in future.
Aims & Objectives
Aim: The aim of this research is “To analyse the benefits of applying Australian Road
safety techniques in developing countries (Pakistan and Bangladesh). A case study on Pakistan
and Bangladesh.”
Objectives
 To study concept of Australian Road safety.
 To determine different techniques used to ensure Road safety in Australia.
 To identify the Australian Road safety techniques that are suitable for Bangladesh and
Pakistan.
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 To examine the major challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan in implementing
Australian Road safety techniques.
 To analyse different ways to overcome challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan
while applying Australian Road safety techniques.
Questions
 What is concept of Australian Road safety?
 What are the different techniques used to ensure Road safety in Australia?
 What are different Australian Road safety techniques suitable for Bangladesh and
Pakistan?
 What are the major challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan in implementing
Australian Road safety techniques?
 What are different ways to overcome challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan while
applying Australian Road safety techniques?
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review refers to the scholar paper in which investigator represents views and
perception of different authors on a single paper. Information presented on this section is
currently based on present knowledge, methods and findings which supports in identifying actual
outcome on specific topic. Present literature review section will provide in depth information on
three research questions that is concept of Application of Australian Road Safety Techniques in
developing countries and these are Pakistan and Bangladesh. In order to collect information,
secondary method of data collection has been used through researcher. The different sources of
collecting the secondary information are books, articles, journals, articles etc. On the other hand,
there has been considered the opinions as well as view points of different writers and authors
regarding specific research area in detailed manner. All of these research questions are explained
below one after one.
Concept of Australian Road safety
On the basis of opinion of Lenka Komackova and Milos Poliak (2018) it has been stated
that road safety is explained as process and methods which are mainly used to prevent the people
from any kind of risks or injury. Roads are the necessary to everyday lives. People use them in
some manner like through driving, travelling, walking and rising as passengers. Under this, it is
responsible for the driving tests as well as promoting the road use rules for an instance Highway
code. DVLA is general law enforcement as well as executive agency promoting through
maintaining the registers of vehicles and drivers. DVAL is responsible for the annual testing of
all vehicles and also enforcement checks on maintenance standards of coaches, lorries and their
compliance with legislations consisting rules of driver's hours. It is necessary for the people to
follow all the ethical standards as well as regulations which are developed through government.
Under this, Department for Transport is responsible for the road safety policy in several areas of
the road safety, from developing proper guidance for local authorises, reviewing road safety
legislations etc. In addition to this, Australian Road Rules are national body of legislations which
governing use of footpaths, roads and the other shared spaced through cyclists, drivers etc. there
are more than 350 rules and they have been involved in the operations since December 1999.
Operation of rules is amendments as well as monitored continuously take in to an account
changes in technology, behaviour of driver and road safety policy. Many of the modifications are
simple that clarifications improvement in their operations and interpretations. Son the other hand,
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there are some of the other changes related to road legislations are made by emending the
relevant laws. Under this, government provided the handbook to drivers that gives proper
overview of rules of road and legislations for licenses of drivers as well as registering vehicle in
Australia. Information includes within handbook has been prepared to aid in better informed
regarding road safety, drivers, registration of vehicles, road rules etc. The road rules are
framework for efficient and safe movement of the traffic on NSW roads.
There is a National Road Safety Partnership Program (NRSPP) that provides
collaborative network in order to support the Australian businesses in developing positive toad
safety culture, it is related to saving the lives without red tape. The partners with NRSPP identify
the road safety not as competitive benefit but as shared advantages. The government developed
road rules for safety of drivers.
Different techniques used to ensure Road safety in Australia
According to the view of Toroyan (2015) Australian driving rules are ensure that drivers
need to protect themselves in order to follow required techniques in better manner. There are
various techniques and methods which are used for ensuring Road safety in Australia country.
Australian drive keeping to the left of the road and it is different from some other nations. The
government intention to leverage technology in order to improve road safety. With Australian's
ever surging levels of motorisation and an enforcement which force that it is already stretched
thin, developing the use of technology which create system to regular traffic, catching offenders
and ensure about road safety. There are some techniques of Road safety which are described as
follows:
 Traffic conflicts techniques (TCT) – It is that method and tool which help in observing
and analysing the near accidents which are recorded and it is used for predicted
accidental risk and various events which happened in future time period. The set of TCT
is the recognition and recording of serious disputes and conflicts by human observers.
Such events can be classified by the fact that the quality to a difference is very
impending. In this, analysis of major conflicts has similarities with the examination of
accidents. The main difference is that events are leading towards conflicts which are
more relatively explained, as they are directly ascertained by especially trained.
 LIDAR Gun – It is light and easy to use, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) gun is
that method and technique which assist law enforces to catch and book vehicles that cross
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the speed limit. It is invisible infrared beam that are target a person vehicle and predicted
whether it is violating the speed limit and it is not based on variations. LIDAR guns can
help in evaluating and measuring the distance between two vehicles that can assist in
identifying and detecting instances of tallgating and evidence and store pictures of license
plates.
 Speed Indication Display – It is the technique which is based on effective idea which
non confrontational warnings can be equally appropriate in protecting an individual from
flouting various traffic regulations. It is termed as digital speed boards which are installed
on roads which informed transports or vehicles whether they are under limit or not. In
this, such type of devices are fitted with radar sensor that is capable to predict speed of
vehicles and show data on LED demonstration for the conveyance.
 Speed controller – The union government currently develop the installation of speed
governors compulsory in all technical vehicles in Australia. It is one of the essential
device which put a cap on the speed that can be reached which is below the vehicle's
natural maximum speed. The technique and device has a program of sensors which can
identify how fast a vehicle is going and when this will cross the determined limit so it
control the flow of air and fuel of engine. It can be analysed that speed governors are one
of the most appropriate solutions which ensure about vehicles remain within speed limit.
 Variable message signs – It is refer as LED boards which can assist in display essential
data and information that required to be communicate with the commuters. It can be used
to update their country road users on real time road and traffic situation in the regard of
major failures, over-crowding and many more. Inductive Loops – When integrated in the surface of the road, induction loops can aid in
controlling traffic by detecting at the time when large number of transports are waiting at
a junction and transfer information to traffic signals. It can be change according to the on-
ground condition. Such loops develop use of electromagnetic sectors which analyse the
change in frequency when a vehicle enter in the area.
Implication of Australian Road safety techniques for Bangladesh and Pakistan.
According to the James William, 2017, Road accidents are one of the main causes of
death in all over the world. Nowadays a certain kind of road safety devices or techniques are
applied to reducing the number of death rate by managing traffic effectively. There are basically
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five technology or techniques used by Australian for reducing road accidents such as LIDAR
Gun, Speed Indication Display, Speed Governors, variable message signs and inductive loops
etc.
As per the point of view of Nadeem and Loiacono, Siemens, (2013), In Pakistan and
Bangladesh, LIDAR Gun is more suitable and appropriate because there is huge traffic and
number of accidents have been increased day-by-day. It has a narrow beam divergence so that a
specific vehicle can not be targeted. Therefore, Light detection and Ranging gun is a best
technique that support law enforces to catch as well as book vehicles or transport that cross the
speed limit. It is also effective for Bangladeshi and Pakistani because this technique can identify
the distance betwixt 2 vehicles which can assist detect case of tailgating and store image of
license plates.
On the other hand Guerrero-Ibanez, Zeadally and Contreras-Castillo, (2015), Variable
Message Sign introduces as a LED boards which can show essential information that requires to
be communicated to commuters. It is also consider as a best technique of road safety which will
help a citizen to drive safely. Thus, it will be effective by reducing rate of accidents in
Bangladesh and Pakistan. Along with this, there are different road safest devices which should be
followed by Bangladeshi and Pakistani including, driver feedback signs, dynamic message signs,
mobile variable message signs, speed bumps, Roadways reflectors, Barrier walls etc. Therefore,
all these techniques are essential but in Pakistan and Bangladesh, barrier Walls are should be
followed as a device of road safety for controlling and managing the traffic. Such kind of device
may also be applied for controlling and managing the crows at particular events. Such it is more
essential and useful device for managing traffic as well as accident in roads.
According to the Vegni, Biagi and Cusani, (2013), Driver feedback signs is also consider
as a type of techniques which is designed to maximise driver speed awareness and also road
safety for residential communities, educational corridors, road construction sites, police
enforcement zones, military bases and just about anyplace speeding is a issue. This is a best
method to slow traffic and essential in Bangladesh and Pakistan in creating enforcement
decisions and planning based on time to time to gathered information.
Therefore, above discussed all these techniques will be essential for a targeted countries.
With the assist of Variable Message Sign, LIDAR Gun etc. traffic can be controlled and
managed by an individual. In Australia, there are different rules and regulations related to road
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safety such as; they require a global driver's licence to drive in Australia, it is a illegal not to
wear a seatbelt, rules on drinking alcohol and driving etc. All these are major rules which is
follow by Australia. Apart from this, all these regulations and techniques should also applied
Bangladeshi and Pakistani which will also assist them in reducing number of accidents and
people's death in specific nations.
Challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan in implementing Australian Road safety
techniques
According to the view of Goniewicz (2016) there are various issues and challenges which
are faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan at the time of implementing Australian Road safety
techniques. LIDAR gun has some challenges in which normal weather situation have negligible
impact on device performance but it can impede operators abilities in order to target vehicle.
This includes occasions when sun is directly behind the target vehicle, night-time and it is that
device which is used within stationery vehicle with a soiled wind shied. Heavy weather may
reduces the range of device and it is specially heavy fog will render it unusable. Speed Indicators
Devices are a variation of standard vehicle activated signs that can be moved around in difficult
manner. Sometime it does not easily flash the current speed limit. Such signs are run on batteries
and it is attached to any current post by the side of road. It is not effective as other permanent
treatments and signs could be vandalised. The major challenge occurs is that SIDs need to
positioned on a relatively straight stretch of road which should allow the radar technique to
correctly judge the speed of motor vehicles. The challenge faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan
while implementing speed governor is that there are small number of population in these
countries. So there is no reason to execute such technique in such areas where common public
are run their vehicles. It is seen that the road are short length so this is not possible for them is to
detect transports who are come with high speed. They are not able to slow down and stop the
vehicle because they does not have latest techniques and methods which control traffic rules and
regulations. Along with this, variable message signs are create major issue and challenges in
Bangladesh and Pakistan nations where they are not able to directly communicate with their
commuters. For implementing this technique, there is world class road infrastructure is
required for the development of industry. In Bangladesh and Pakistan, there are various problem
which create issue for executing this device such as traffic congestion, poor road condition,
accidents, low visibility, weather condition and avoid all traffic rules and regulations by the
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public. They are not able to develop accurate strategies and policies which are helpful in lead
traffic towards right direction due to poor technologies and methods.
On the other hand, while implementing Inductive loops in Bangladesh and Pakistan so
there are various challenges occurs such as such countries are not well advanced in current time
period. For this, they does not able to detect all small and big vehicles which run around the
roads. This is required for such nations is to use appropriate device while developing such
technique so there is reduction in damaged road deterioration and heavy vehicles. At the time of
executing such device, it is mainly disrupting the traffic during installation, sensitivity to
temperature fluctuations. Sometime, if they does not analyse and examine all factors or
infrastructure so this is directly affected by metallic road construction materials and occurs high
risk of loop and feeder conductor stealing.
Different ways to overcome challenges faced by Bangladesh and Pakistan while applying
Australian Road safety techniques
As per the view of Sivak (2015), Road traffic is dangerous and risky in current time
period. There are various modes and methods of transportation such as railways and air traffic,
the road traffic is not developed with safety as a jumping off point. There are various ways
through which Bangladesh and Pakistan can easily overcome such challenges while applying
Australian Road safety techniques in the countries that are explained as follows:
Update technologies– It is required for such nations is to update and upgrade
technologies which are useful in overcoming above described issues and problems in better
manner. With the help of this, they can easily seen the vehicle status and position and able to
slow down their speed which can lead towards accident. This is necessary for the Bangladesh
and Pakistan counties is to adopt latest techniques and methods which assist them in seeing all
happening problem which are create challenge for the country in effective manner. Along with
this, Bangladesh and Pakistan is under developed nations have very low technologies which are
not designed in that way in order to reduces the traffic control and manage in proper manner. In
addition to this, it is one of the essential technique through which they can overcome certain
challenge which occurs while executing new techniques and device. It is required for
government is to update and upgrade their adopting technologies in order to maintaining safety
and security of the common people. It is necessary for an individual is to follow all rules and
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