Analysis of Healthcare Provision Issues in Rural Australia
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AI Summary
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by the healthcare industry in rural Australia. It begins by highlighting the disparity between rural and urban healthcare services, emphasizing the geographical and demographic factors that contribute to these issues. The report delves into the political, socio-economic, and other issues affecting healthcare provision, including the government's focus on urban areas and the limited awareness of healthcare services in rural communities. It explores the concept of multipurpose services as an experimental solution, discussing its benefits and challenges. The report concludes with a discussion of healthcare challenges and provides recommendations for improvement, aiming to shed light on the issues faced by the rural population in accessing healthcare and suggesting interventions for better healthcare outcomes for these communities. The report is available on Desklib, a platform providing AI-based study tools for students.
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Issues Faced in Healthcare Provision in Rural Australia
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Executive Summary
This report mentions the challenges faced by the healthcare industries in rural Australia and
the reason that might exist affecting it. As it is known that healthcare in Australia is much
better than other economies yet there lies a vast difference in Australia's own rural and urban
healthcare services. Although there are various unexplored opportunities in this segment of
the population that could prove to be beneficial for both the government, healthcare providers
and the rural population. The recommendations could best be understood with the help of this
report.
This report mentions the challenges faced by the healthcare industries in rural Australia and
the reason that might exist affecting it. As it is known that healthcare in Australia is much
better than other economies yet there lies a vast difference in Australia's own rural and urban
healthcare services. Although there are various unexplored opportunities in this segment of
the population that could prove to be beneficial for both the government, healthcare providers
and the rural population. The recommendations could best be understood with the help of this
report.
Contents
Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................2
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................4
Reason behind selecting the subject......................................................................................................5
Healthcare in Rural Region:..................................................................................................................5
Issues due to Geography and Demography........................................................................................6
Demographic and Geographic Issues.....................................................................................................7
Political, Socio-economic and Other Issues...........................................................................................8
The Experimental Solution: Multipurpose Services..............................................................................9
Healthcare Challenges and Recommendations....................................................................................10
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................11
References...........................................................................................................................................13
Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................2
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................4
Reason behind selecting the subject......................................................................................................5
Healthcare in Rural Region:..................................................................................................................5
Issues due to Geography and Demography........................................................................................6
Demographic and Geographic Issues.....................................................................................................7
Political, Socio-economic and Other Issues...........................................................................................8
The Experimental Solution: Multipurpose Services..............................................................................9
Healthcare Challenges and Recommendations....................................................................................10
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................11
References...........................................................................................................................................13
Introduction
Although Healthcare provision is a common and one of the most important aspects of
Australia, which makes it one of the developed nations, yet the provision of healthcare
services in rural areas is scarce. The people residing in the rural areas most times are cut off
from the metropolitan areas and hence tend to be less aware of the healthcare services they
might require. The issues arise from both ends, i.e. the consumers lack the understanding and
requirement of proper healthcare and the government and stakeholders are mostly incapable
of providing equal healthcare to the cut off parts and regions. Also in Australia, the majority
of the population lives in the city and metropolitan regions hence making them the major
voters in elections. Due to this, the government is more inclined towards formulating more
plans for them and their development is the primary concern (AMA, 2014).
Although Healthcare provision is a common and one of the most important aspects of
Australia, which makes it one of the developed nations, yet the provision of healthcare
services in rural areas is scarce. The people residing in the rural areas most times are cut off
from the metropolitan areas and hence tend to be less aware of the healthcare services they
might require. The issues arise from both ends, i.e. the consumers lack the understanding and
requirement of proper healthcare and the government and stakeholders are mostly incapable
of providing equal healthcare to the cut off parts and regions. Also in Australia, the majority
of the population lives in the city and metropolitan regions hence making them the major
voters in elections. Due to this, the government is more inclined towards formulating more
plans for them and their development is the primary concern (AMA, 2014).
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Reason behind selecting the subject
The main reason behind selecting this subject is to shed light on the issues faced by the rural
people of Australia in getting healthcare from the hospitals and not getting provisions for it
for either lack of knowledge on the subject or being cut off from the metropolitan cities. The
rural population that gets referred from the rural hospitals to the cities are unable to get
proper healthcare due to this lack of information and improper healthcare facilities to the
rural population. Due to all these reasons the rural public suffers medical issues that could be
easily solved with the help of government intervention. Proper plans should be made
regarding healthcare for the rural people so that they can avail those plans even when getting
referred to the city hospitals. The facilities that the rural population gets is by the Acute
Medical Units or AMUs where the patients get treated by the unit in primary care or get
referred to the city hospitals. The rural hospitals usually do not have speciality doctors but the
AMU which takes care of the serious issues that the patients come with. When the AMUs
aren’t able to sort the issue by themselves, the patients get referred which takes longer
treatment time. Hence proper healthcare in rural Australia is required.
Healthcare in Rural Region:
In order to understand healthcare in the rural region, one needs to understand the concept of
the rural region of a country. The word rural and regional basically means remote or the area
outside the capital cities and the metropolitan cities. These areas are distant from the major
center and have other special issues that need catering that include the indigenous people in
Australia. The healthcare system is under a high pressure of development in the rapidly
changing society and hence requires new means each and every day(ACN, 2015). The
people's requirements are rising and so are the technology costs. The main issues in
The main reason behind selecting this subject is to shed light on the issues faced by the rural
people of Australia in getting healthcare from the hospitals and not getting provisions for it
for either lack of knowledge on the subject or being cut off from the metropolitan cities. The
rural population that gets referred from the rural hospitals to the cities are unable to get
proper healthcare due to this lack of information and improper healthcare facilities to the
rural population. Due to all these reasons the rural public suffers medical issues that could be
easily solved with the help of government intervention. Proper plans should be made
regarding healthcare for the rural people so that they can avail those plans even when getting
referred to the city hospitals. The facilities that the rural population gets is by the Acute
Medical Units or AMUs where the patients get treated by the unit in primary care or get
referred to the city hospitals. The rural hospitals usually do not have speciality doctors but the
AMU which takes care of the serious issues that the patients come with. When the AMUs
aren’t able to sort the issue by themselves, the patients get referred which takes longer
treatment time. Hence proper healthcare in rural Australia is required.
Healthcare in Rural Region:
In order to understand healthcare in the rural region, one needs to understand the concept of
the rural region of a country. The word rural and regional basically means remote or the area
outside the capital cities and the metropolitan cities. These areas are distant from the major
center and have other special issues that need catering that include the indigenous people in
Australia. The healthcare system is under a high pressure of development in the rapidly
changing society and hence requires new means each and every day(ACN, 2015). The
people's requirements are rising and so are the technology costs. The main issues in
healthcare in rural Australian areas are linked to geography, demography, political social and
economic forces.
Issues due to Geography and Demography
Australia is a developed country with most of its population urbanized although about 37% of
the population, which is approximately 6.7 million people that live outside the capital and
major metropolitan cities i.e. in the rural areas. Of these, about 2.8 million people live in the
settlements of size less than 1000 population. Due to this, the provision of healthcare is
highly dispersed which causes a major healthcare challenge for the people residing in these
areas. The other reasons behind the lack of healthcare in these rural regions are due to the
homogeneous community of people residing in the areas and their self-reliance on medical
issues. The people residing in rural areas tend to be more self-fulfilling and self-reliant when
it comes to facing issues. In addition, as these people have a close-knit community, the
problem-solving rates among each other are higher than in metropolitan areas. This is also
one of the reasons behind the variation in economic prosperity. This causes a major
misbalance in the population of the country as the growing and populous metropolitan cities
are getting more benefitted and are moving towards prosperity and on the other hand the
major challenge is how to provide hospital-based facilities to a shrinking community with
less economic contribution and raising expectations and health needs (National Rural Health
Alliance, 2017).
Due to these challenges, the death rate among the indigenous Australians is two to three times
higher than that of the population residing in cities. The reason behind this is the poor health
status of Indigenous Australians. The hospitals providing healthcare to this part of the
community need to understand the dire need these people are facing due to incompetent
economic forces.
Issues due to Geography and Demography
Australia is a developed country with most of its population urbanized although about 37% of
the population, which is approximately 6.7 million people that live outside the capital and
major metropolitan cities i.e. in the rural areas. Of these, about 2.8 million people live in the
settlements of size less than 1000 population. Due to this, the provision of healthcare is
highly dispersed which causes a major healthcare challenge for the people residing in these
areas. The other reasons behind the lack of healthcare in these rural regions are due to the
homogeneous community of people residing in the areas and their self-reliance on medical
issues. The people residing in rural areas tend to be more self-fulfilling and self-reliant when
it comes to facing issues. In addition, as these people have a close-knit community, the
problem-solving rates among each other are higher than in metropolitan areas. This is also
one of the reasons behind the variation in economic prosperity. This causes a major
misbalance in the population of the country as the growing and populous metropolitan cities
are getting more benefitted and are moving towards prosperity and on the other hand the
major challenge is how to provide hospital-based facilities to a shrinking community with
less economic contribution and raising expectations and health needs (National Rural Health
Alliance, 2017).
Due to these challenges, the death rate among the indigenous Australians is two to three times
higher than that of the population residing in cities. The reason behind this is the poor health
status of Indigenous Australians. The hospitals providing healthcare to this part of the
community need to understand the dire need these people are facing due to incompetent
healthcare services provided to them and need to formulate a plan accordingly that can be
executed at earliest to balance out the health aspect of the nation.
Demographic and Geographic Issues
Overall, 1.2 percent of the Australian population lives more than 80km away from a hospital
also a community can be called the one having a hospital only if the hospitable has at least
one admittable bed. The maximum number of people living 80km or more away from a
hospital is located majorly in Northern Territory, Western Australia, and Queensland.
Hospitals in the largely rural areas often provide high-end healthcare services to the
consumers but that is at an infrequent rate. On the other hand, in smaller rural areas,
consumers do not require such high-end services or expensive equipment, due to which the
cost per person is lower. In addition, smaller rural areas do have remote access to a range of
medical specialists, retail, pharmacists and general practitioners. Due to this, the people of
these areas have low utilization levels of primary medical care that is remunerated through
the Medicare Benefits Schedule. It could be seen as a scenario whereas the rurality of that
region increases, the levels of use of medical care decreases. These medical care resources
include a number of part-time doctors, private hospital beds, nursing staff, and medical
equipment. In these areas, small nursing homes cater to the needs of people's healthcare and
needs (Rural Health, 2016).
Although these factors are seen throughout Australia yet the whole rural to urban data and
information is not uniform and varies from region to region, the same as the private health
coverage varies from rural to urban. The overall private health coverage participation is about
6% higher in metropolitan cities as compared to the rest of the state. As these factors reflect
the level of availability of private health coverage for consumers outside the capital cities, it
executed at earliest to balance out the health aspect of the nation.
Demographic and Geographic Issues
Overall, 1.2 percent of the Australian population lives more than 80km away from a hospital
also a community can be called the one having a hospital only if the hospitable has at least
one admittable bed. The maximum number of people living 80km or more away from a
hospital is located majorly in Northern Territory, Western Australia, and Queensland.
Hospitals in the largely rural areas often provide high-end healthcare services to the
consumers but that is at an infrequent rate. On the other hand, in smaller rural areas,
consumers do not require such high-end services or expensive equipment, due to which the
cost per person is lower. In addition, smaller rural areas do have remote access to a range of
medical specialists, retail, pharmacists and general practitioners. Due to this, the people of
these areas have low utilization levels of primary medical care that is remunerated through
the Medicare Benefits Schedule. It could be seen as a scenario whereas the rurality of that
region increases, the levels of use of medical care decreases. These medical care resources
include a number of part-time doctors, private hospital beds, nursing staff, and medical
equipment. In these areas, small nursing homes cater to the needs of people's healthcare and
needs (Rural Health, 2016).
Although these factors are seen throughout Australia yet the whole rural to urban data and
information is not uniform and varies from region to region, the same as the private health
coverage varies from rural to urban. The overall private health coverage participation is about
6% higher in metropolitan cities as compared to the rest of the state. As these factors reflect
the level of availability of private health coverage for consumers outside the capital cities, it
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also reflects the socio-economic conditions and relatively lower levels of income in small
rural areas. Due to the low level of accessibility to the hospitals, the number of admissions
over an interval of time is less in rural areas (Wright, 2018).
Political, Socio-economic and Other Issues
The political inclination towards providing proper high-quality healthcare to Australian
people belonging to the urban areas is more than it is to provide it to the rural population. The
main reason behind this inclination is the government's thirst for votes. As Australia is one of
the developed countries, more than 60% of its population lives in or near the capital or
metropolitan cities. The people residing in urban areas have better knowledge of the services
provided by the government than the rural population due to globalization. The urban
population is also aware of the type of healthcare they require, which makes them more
socially and economically viable and contributing to the growth of the country's economy.
Hence, they become better aspects of the provision of healthcare too. On the other hand, the
rural population is sparse and divided into small groups living in large areas. These people
have close-knit communities and have higher trust among each other. Although the
awareness level of healthcare services is quite low as compared to the urban population.
Indigenous people are the worst affected by this as they are a minority in Australia and their
community belongs to the smallest of communities of the rural population (Wakerman&
Humphreys, 2019). Hence, the people belonging to this group are often ignored as a
demographic while designing policies by the government. Due to this, the death rate among
the Indigenous Australians is two to three folds as compared to any other urban Australian. In
addition, their contribution to the economy is almost negligible. In the case of the rural
rural areas. Due to the low level of accessibility to the hospitals, the number of admissions
over an interval of time is less in rural areas (Wright, 2018).
Political, Socio-economic and Other Issues
The political inclination towards providing proper high-quality healthcare to Australian
people belonging to the urban areas is more than it is to provide it to the rural population. The
main reason behind this inclination is the government's thirst for votes. As Australia is one of
the developed countries, more than 60% of its population lives in or near the capital or
metropolitan cities. The people residing in urban areas have better knowledge of the services
provided by the government than the rural population due to globalization. The urban
population is also aware of the type of healthcare they require, which makes them more
socially and economically viable and contributing to the growth of the country's economy.
Hence, they become better aspects of the provision of healthcare too. On the other hand, the
rural population is sparse and divided into small groups living in large areas. These people
have close-knit communities and have higher trust among each other. Although the
awareness level of healthcare services is quite low as compared to the urban population.
Indigenous people are the worst affected by this as they are a minority in Australia and their
community belongs to the smallest of communities of the rural population (Wakerman&
Humphreys, 2019). Hence, the people belonging to this group are often ignored as a
demographic while designing policies by the government. Due to this, the death rate among
the Indigenous Australians is two to three folds as compared to any other urban Australian. In
addition, their contribution to the economy is almost negligible. In the case of the rural
population, the trust towards healthcare via hospitals is a bit less as the people trust their own
culturally derived methods of healing and medical care.
In recent years, the young generations of the rural populations have migrated to the capital
and metropolitan cities in search of jobs to study leaving their old behind. This process
forever growing process has further reduced the number of people belonging to the rural
population. Also due to the reduction in a hospital stay and the time taken in procedural work
done by general practitioners, more and more rural hospitals are closing down or turning into
aged care facilities (Australian Government, 2016).
The Experimental Solution: Multipurpose Services
Due to all the issues faced by the people of the rural population of incompetent healthcare
services, a new integrated healthcare and aged care services in receipt of Commonwealth
funding for the provision of flexible ages care places was introduced. This is a joint State
multiple Services and Commonwealth program that aims at providing healthcare to the aged
and also to the rural population that required medical healthcare. This program was passed in
accordance with the Aged Care Act of 1997 and the Aged Care Principles of 1999. This
program provided health care to the rural population at the cost efficiency of delivering
discrete services to small populations. This program was formulatedto include a more flexible
range of locally identified health needs (Francis, 2015).
On a practical note, the program's budget was kept flexible so that it could be altered
according to the needs of the rural population. This was only made possible when the services
provided were integrated including aged care, community health, and acute hospital care.
Service provision and planning was taken care of with the consent and understanding of the
culturally derived methods of healing and medical care.
In recent years, the young generations of the rural populations have migrated to the capital
and metropolitan cities in search of jobs to study leaving their old behind. This process
forever growing process has further reduced the number of people belonging to the rural
population. Also due to the reduction in a hospital stay and the time taken in procedural work
done by general practitioners, more and more rural hospitals are closing down or turning into
aged care facilities (Australian Government, 2016).
The Experimental Solution: Multipurpose Services
Due to all the issues faced by the people of the rural population of incompetent healthcare
services, a new integrated healthcare and aged care services in receipt of Commonwealth
funding for the provision of flexible ages care places was introduced. This is a joint State
multiple Services and Commonwealth program that aims at providing healthcare to the aged
and also to the rural population that required medical healthcare. This program was passed in
accordance with the Aged Care Act of 1997 and the Aged Care Principles of 1999. This
program provided health care to the rural population at the cost efficiency of delivering
discrete services to small populations. This program was formulatedto include a more flexible
range of locally identified health needs (Francis, 2015).
On a practical note, the program's budget was kept flexible so that it could be altered
according to the needs of the rural population. This was only made possible when the services
provided were integrated including aged care, community health, and acute hospital care.
Service provision and planning was taken care of with the consent and understanding of the
local community. This helped them define priorities better at which the healthcare could be
concentrated upon at that period of time.
This program was actually made to enhance service viability although it faced many
challenges. The challenges include hiring multi-skilled staff for the program, attracting staff
to work in aged care, recruitment and retention of suitable staff, population decline, aging
population, increasing demand of healthcare in a region where even the local industries are at
a decline, ensuring proper balance between local community level and concentration of
services in larger regional center (Rickards, 2011).
Healthcare Challenges and Recommendations
There are few more challenges that Australia might face into the future, some of them are as
mentioned. The dire need of the rural population has been an integrated component of rural
and regional healthcare services. Most individual hospitals have been on their own and away
from regional healthcare services. Until and unless this integration of rural and regional
component does not happen, it cannot truly benefit the rural population. In many cases,
specialty doctors do not move to rural areas due to the facilities and salary provided to them.
If the individual hospitals combine largely with the regional ones, they would be able to
provide the facilities and salary to the deserving specialist doctor (Bishop, Ransom, &
Laverty, 2017). The government could come up with a certain special quota for the rural
population so that at least that amount could be reserved for the people that actually need
those resources without interference and political wars taking place for it. A piece of proper
healthcare information should be delivered under the healthcare programs to the rural public
so that they can understand the problems they face better and also to remove their fear and
reluctance to opt for the healthcare that they require. Proper networking needs to be generated
concentrated upon at that period of time.
This program was actually made to enhance service viability although it faced many
challenges. The challenges include hiring multi-skilled staff for the program, attracting staff
to work in aged care, recruitment and retention of suitable staff, population decline, aging
population, increasing demand of healthcare in a region where even the local industries are at
a decline, ensuring proper balance between local community level and concentration of
services in larger regional center (Rickards, 2011).
Healthcare Challenges and Recommendations
There are few more challenges that Australia might face into the future, some of them are as
mentioned. The dire need of the rural population has been an integrated component of rural
and regional healthcare services. Most individual hospitals have been on their own and away
from regional healthcare services. Until and unless this integration of rural and regional
component does not happen, it cannot truly benefit the rural population. In many cases,
specialty doctors do not move to rural areas due to the facilities and salary provided to them.
If the individual hospitals combine largely with the regional ones, they would be able to
provide the facilities and salary to the deserving specialist doctor (Bishop, Ransom, &
Laverty, 2017). The government could come up with a certain special quota for the rural
population so that at least that amount could be reserved for the people that actually need
those resources without interference and political wars taking place for it. A piece of proper
healthcare information should be delivered under the healthcare programs to the rural public
so that they can understand the problems they face better and also to remove their fear and
reluctance to opt for the healthcare that they require. Proper networking needs to be generated
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in the rural hospitals to the hospitals located in the metropolitan areas so that if any special
need arises, it could be easily catered to. These are some of the issues faced by the rural
population in Australia and recommendations to resolve them.
Conclusion
Rural hospitals of Australia face additional challenges to the already existing challenges of
urban hospitals. Due to which they require specific attention in the provision of their
healthcare so that they can benefit from it. The rural health attributes are largely affected by
the health of Aboriginal people, as they are a minority in the country ad often ignored. The
variation in the needs of rural healthcare is also large as compared to urban healthcare due to
large requirement differences of different communities sparsely residing over large areas.
This makes healthcare provision to everyone a tedious task. The main challenge is to hire
hospital staff that is willing to work in such dynamic and often varying situations that are also
competent enough. A multi-skilled staff requirement also persists, as a multi-specialty
hospital is not an economically viable option in rural areas. All these are the factors that
affect rural healthcare in Australia. This also gives a sight into the healthcare facilities of a
developed country that tend to be perfect in healthcare provision but still faces many
challenges in order to provide it (National Rural Health Commissioner, 2019).
need arises, it could be easily catered to. These are some of the issues faced by the rural
population in Australia and recommendations to resolve them.
Conclusion
Rural hospitals of Australia face additional challenges to the already existing challenges of
urban hospitals. Due to which they require specific attention in the provision of their
healthcare so that they can benefit from it. The rural health attributes are largely affected by
the health of Aboriginal people, as they are a minority in the country ad often ignored. The
variation in the needs of rural healthcare is also large as compared to urban healthcare due to
large requirement differences of different communities sparsely residing over large areas.
This makes healthcare provision to everyone a tedious task. The main challenge is to hire
hospital staff that is willing to work in such dynamic and often varying situations that are also
competent enough. A multi-skilled staff requirement also persists, as a multi-specialty
hospital is not an economically viable option in rural areas. All these are the factors that
affect rural healthcare in Australia. This also gives a sight into the healthcare facilities of a
developed country that tend to be perfect in healthcare provision but still faces many
challenges in order to provide it (National Rural Health Commissioner, 2019).
References
ACN. (2015). Improving health outcomes in rural and remote Australia: Optimising the
contribution of nurses. Retrieved from
https://www.acn.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/position-statement-discussion-paper-
improving-health-outcomes-rural-remote-australia.pdf
AMA. (2014). A plan for better Health Care for Regional, Rural, and Remote Australia.
Retrieved from https://ama.com.au/system/tdf/documents/AMA%20Plan%20for
%20better%20health%20care%20for%20regional%20rural%20and%20remote
%20Australia.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=43997
Australian Government. (2016). Submission to the Productivity Commission Inquiry into
Human Services. Retrieved from
https://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/205134/sub269-human-services-
identifying-reform.pdf
Bishop, L., Ransom, A., & Laverty, M. (2017). Health care access, mental health, and
preventive health: health priority survey findings for people in the bush. Retrieved
from https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2017/08/apo-nid100501-
1214736.pdf
Francis, K. (2015). Health and health practice in rural australia: where are we, where to from
here? Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 5(1), 28-36. Retrieved from
https://rnojournal.binghamton.edu/index.php/RNO/article/download/188/163/0
National Rural Health Alliance . (2017). Mental health in rural and remote australia.
Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bba0/af2633007a22ff88c51d89127ed2de82daa8.pdf
ACN. (2015). Improving health outcomes in rural and remote Australia: Optimising the
contribution of nurses. Retrieved from
https://www.acn.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/position-statement-discussion-paper-
improving-health-outcomes-rural-remote-australia.pdf
AMA. (2014). A plan for better Health Care for Regional, Rural, and Remote Australia.
Retrieved from https://ama.com.au/system/tdf/documents/AMA%20Plan%20for
%20better%20health%20care%20for%20regional%20rural%20and%20remote
%20Australia.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=43997
Australian Government. (2016). Submission to the Productivity Commission Inquiry into
Human Services. Retrieved from
https://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/205134/sub269-human-services-
identifying-reform.pdf
Bishop, L., Ransom, A., & Laverty, M. (2017). Health care access, mental health, and
preventive health: health priority survey findings for people in the bush. Retrieved
from https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2017/08/apo-nid100501-
1214736.pdf
Francis, K. (2015). Health and health practice in rural australia: where are we, where to from
here? Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 5(1), 28-36. Retrieved from
https://rnojournal.binghamton.edu/index.php/RNO/article/download/188/163/0
National Rural Health Alliance . (2017). Mental health in rural and remote australia.
Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bba0/af2633007a22ff88c51d89127ed2de82daa8.pdf
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National Rural Health Commissioner. (2019). Discussion Paper for Consultation: Rural
Allied Health Quality, Access and Distribution. Retrieved from
https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/815AFEED0337CF
95CA2581D30076D095/$File/NRHC-Rural-Allied-Health-Options-Discussion-
Paper-2019.pdf
Rickards, L. (2011). Rural Health: Problems,Prevention and PositiveOutcomes. Retrieved
from
http://www.futureleaders.com.au/book_chapters/pdf/Health/Lauren_Rickards.pdf
Rural Health. (2016). The health of people livingin remote australia. Retrieved from
https://www.ruralhealth.org.au/sites/default/files/publications/nrha-remote-health-fs-
election2016.pdf
Wakerman, J., & Humphreys, J. (2019). “Better health in the bush”: why we urgently need a
national rural and remote health strategy. pp. 1-3. Retrieved from
https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/210_05/mja250041.pdf
Wright, P. (2018, May 27). Voices & experiences: Improving mental health services in
country Australia. Retrieved from
https://greensmps.org.au/sites/default/files/rural_mental_health_report.pdf
Allied Health Quality, Access and Distribution. Retrieved from
https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/815AFEED0337CF
95CA2581D30076D095/$File/NRHC-Rural-Allied-Health-Options-Discussion-
Paper-2019.pdf
Rickards, L. (2011). Rural Health: Problems,Prevention and PositiveOutcomes. Retrieved
from
http://www.futureleaders.com.au/book_chapters/pdf/Health/Lauren_Rickards.pdf
Rural Health. (2016). The health of people livingin remote australia. Retrieved from
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