Question 2: Government, Business, and Migrant Values in Australia

This report analyzes the Australian values debate, focusing on the perceptions of migrants and the government's role in shaping citizenship. It examines the core values of Australia, as perceived by migrants and the government's expectations for newcomers to adopt these values. The report explores the shift from assimilation to multiculturalism, highlighting the influence of globalization and immigration policies. It discusses key concepts like political theory of multiculturalism and underlying assumptions related to cultural and religious beliefs. The argument centers on the textual analysis of Australian values and the challenges of cultural integration, emphasizing the need for policies that balance national identity and migrant settlement. The report also delves into the ideologies of cultural difference and multiculturalism as a response to the mass immigration. The analysis draws upon the works of Aleinikoff, Klusmeyer, Joppke, Walsh, Elrick, Lightman, Shohat, Stam, Kubota, Leong, Ng and Metz to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Running head: QUESTION 0
GOVERNMENT BUSINESS RELATIONS
Testing citizen identities: Australian migrants and the Australian values debate

QUESTION 1
Table of Contents
Question 1:..................................................................................................................................................2
References:..................................................................................................................................................3
Question 2:..................................................................................................................................................4
References:..................................................................................................................................................5
Question 3:..................................................................................................................................................6
References:..................................................................................................................................................7
Question 4:..................................................................................................................................................8
References:..................................................................................................................................................9
Question 5:................................................................................................................................................10
References:................................................................................................................................................11

QUESTION 2
Question 1:
What is the article about? What does it tell us about the particular issue?
This is the article that deals with how the public in Australia is thinking about the values of
Australia and their impact on the migrants. The migrants in this article are those who want to be
the Australian citizen. It has been analysed that government of Australia has declared that the
migrants or the people who are migrating to Australia have to adopt the core values of the
country so that the national identify of the country can be protected. In this article, the analysis
has been done on the values that are defined about the Australians and how they are perceived by
the migrant. For this purpose, the textual analysis has been done on Becoming an Australian
Citizen booklet (Joppke, 2013). The later part of the article is about the thinking of the aspirants
and the migrants about the values of Australia and how they accept and negotiate with the
demand of accepting the Australian culture in their life. All the aspects of Australia values have
been clearly discussed in the article along with the deviation in the thinking of the migrants
because of difference in their perceptions about the Australian values. The last part of the article
also discusses about the multicultural values of Australia ns their way of living. The detailed
description about the values can helps in understanding the process and accepting the values by
the migrants.
This article tells us about the values that are followed in Australia today. It provides us with the
detailed description of all the core values of Australia that has been followed since years in the
country. It also tells us about the Australian’s life and way of living. The major issue that has
been discussed in the article is the perceptions and the myths, the migrants have about the
Australian way of living and culture (Aleinikoff and Klusmeyer, 2013). It has been analysed that
different people have different myths about the culture and the values of Australia which are not
true. There can be any reason for this perception but this may restrict the migrants to accept the
values of Australia. It has been analysed that because of the different perceptions and the myths
in the mind of the migrants, various issues can be raised in the process of accepting the core
values of the country which is demanded by the government of Australia.

QUESTION 3
References:
Aleinikoff, T.A. and Klusmeyer, D. eds., 2013. From migrants to citizens: Membership in a
changing world. Brookings Institution Press.
Joppke, C., 2013. Through the European looking glass: citizenship tests in the USA, Australia,
and Canada. Citizenship studies, 17(1), pp.1-15.

QUESTION 4
Question 2:
What concepts from this unit does the article demonstrate?
In this unit, we have learnt many concepts. Most of the concepts that are covered in the unit are
related to the role of government and the changes in social and economic aspects of the country.
Government of any of the country interferes in different matters. There are many changes that
are taking place in the economy and social life of the people in different countries. Thus,
government has the right to make standard policies related to those changes. This unit also
includes the concept of changes occurred due to globalisation and the related practices at
international level (Elrick and Lightman, 2016). As far as the article is considered, it discusses
about the government declaration of accepting the Australian values by the migrants who are
migrating to Australia. Thus, the concept that is related to this article is political, social and
economic changes as per the changes in the national and international environment. It also deals
with the cultural values of the country and the maintenance of national identity. The article
basically focuses on the changes in the migration and citizenship laws. The citizenship test has
been conducted on the people who want to settle in Australia. This is because of the neo-
liberalisation policies and more and more migration of people in Australia because of on or the
other reasons. Many migrants have protested against this policy of the Australian government to
save their local identity. The Australian government has declared this policy so as to save the
national identify of the country and because of the contrasting culture of some of the non-
western countries. The Australian citizenship is not only limited to legal and civic rights but it
needs to be extended to acceptance of the Australian values and the way of living by the
migrants. This article demonstrates that changes at the national and international level forces the
countries like Australia to make changes in their government, economic and social policies
(Walsh, 2014). This article has clearly defined the link between the government legislations and
the social life of the place. As per the discussion in the article, it has been analysed that when the
changes occurred in the policies of the government, many issues raised because of the non-
acceptance of those policies by some of the people. As in the article, migration in Australia leads
to the Australian government to make and change the migrants policy by declaring that migrants
have to accept the Australian values and way of living along with having the civic rights in order
to live and settle in Australia, this suggests that changes have to be made as per the changes in
the social environment of the place.

QUESTION 5
References:
Walsh, J.P., 2014. The marketization of multiculturalism: Neoliberal restructuring and cultural
difference in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(2), pp.280-301.
Elrick, J. and Lightman, N., 2016. Sorting or shaping? The gendered economic outcomes of
immigration policy in Canada. International Migration Review, 50(2), pp.352-384.

QUESTION 6
Question 3:
What key theories does the article draw upon?
As discussed, this article is based on the cultural issues that are being generated in Australia
because of the migration of people from different cultural background. This develops the culture
of multiculturalism in Australia. Thus, the theory on which the article draws upon is political
theory of multiculturalism. This is because government policies are also involved with the
multicultural issues in Australia. The theory of multiculturalism was introduced in order to
respond the changes and the diversity amongst the culture of the country because of the
immigration of people in the country belonging from different cultural background. The
Australia’s first department if immigration was forms in the year of 1945. The policy of
immigration has fluctuated because of the mass immigration and the ethno central diversity in
the country and leads to shift of assimilation policy to multicultural policy (Shohat and Stam,
2014). The assimilation policy of the country believes in practicing similar cultural values by all
the people irrespective of their local culture. This policy suggests that every migrant from
outside the country have to accept the Australian culture and values along with the pattern of life
and way of living of Australian people. This policy was followed at the time of1940’s. From late
1960’s, the policy has experienced shift because of the difficulties and the restrictive behaviour
of the new migrants to fully accept the Australian culture. Multiculturalism was accepted in
order to settle down the new migrants in the country and removing the cultural distinction
amongst the people. It has been realised by the government that following assimilation policy is
not possible and it is ruining the peace of the country (Kubota, 2014). It was required by the
country to accept the policy of multiculturalism because of the increase in globalisation practices
and interaction of businesses amongst different countries. This theory has been confided as the
basis of discussion of the article because all the concepts that are explained in the article are
related to the Australian cultural acceptance by the migrants and the issues that have been
generated because of the different perceptions and myths of the people. It has been analysed that
accepting the multicultural theory and framing the government policy according to the
multicultural theory was the best decision take by the government in order to save the national
identify of the country along with the peaceful settlement of the migrants in the country.

QUESTION 7
References:
Kubota, R., 2014. The multi/plural turn, postcolonial theory, and neoliberal multiculturalism:
Complicities and implications for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 37(4), pp.474-494.
Shohat, E. and Stam, R., 2014. Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the media.
Routledge.

QUESTION 8
Question 4:
What are some of the underlying assumptions, values and ideologies found in the article?
As far as the assumptions and the values are considered, it has been analysed that this article
assumes that cultural values of the country are based on the religious beliefs. Framing of the
Australia values and the basis of Judeo-Christian religion and British heritage results in
additional effect on the difference amongst the migrants and the local people of the country. The
assumptions, that religion is the basis of culture by the migrants in Australia results in different
perceptions and myths about the Australian values and culture. It has been presumed that loyalty
needs to be shown by the migrants toward the Australian culture and the people born are
Australia already has that loyalty for the culture of the country.
It has been analysed that the article is based on the cultural values of the immigrants in the
country as well as the local Australian population. It is required by the government to make the
policy that can balance the cultural situation in Australian because of the mass immigration.
Different perception and myths in the minds of the migrants results in anti-acceptance behaviour
of the migrants for accepting the Australian culture in order to settle in Australia. Various issues
have been generated in the local because of the cultural differences and thus the shit assimilation
to integration policy has been observed in the country (Ng and Metz, 2015). The government has
taken over the charge to change the immigration policy framed in 1945 because of the
multicultural pressure on the country.
Different ideologies have been found that are the basis of this article. The first ideology is that
cultural difference. It has been analysed that Australia is a country that is facing the cultural
diversity because of the immigration process. There could be many other reasons such as
globalisation, liberalisation etc. as the country has cultural diversity, and thus it is required to
implement a policy for immigration that is assimilation policy in the year 1945 (Leong, Comas-
Díaz, Nagayama Hall, McLoyd and Trimble, 2014). This policy forces the migrants to accept the
culture of Australia if they want to live in Australia. When the country faced the mass
immigration, thus policy fluctuated and the shift is being observed from assimilation to
integration. This shift has developed new ideology that is multicultural ideology. This ideology
is used to make the new governmental policy of multiculturalism in Australia so that the national
identity as well as the immigration settlement can be balanced. The basis ideology of the article

QUESTION 9
is that there should be cultural acceptance by the country and the country people should respect
each and every culture. Making the country multicultural has resolved the issue of cultural
diversity in the country.
References:
Leong, F.T., Comas-Díaz, L.E., Nagayama Hall, G.C., McLoyd, V.C. and Trimble, J.E.,
2014. APA handbook of multicultural psychology, Vol. 1: Theory and research. American
Psychological Association.
Ng, E.S. and Metz, I., 2015. Multiculturalism as a strategy for national competitiveness: The
case for Canada and Australia. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(2), pp.253-266.

QUESTION 10
Question 5:
What is the article’s argument? Is the argument effective?
The major argument of the article is based on the textual analysis of the Australian values and
the perceptions of the migrants about the Australian culture. The article explored the knowledge
about the thinking of the aspiring citizens of Australian and the way of acceptance and
negotiation regarding the Australian culture. They have observed to have different myths about
the Australian values and culture and promoted various subjectivities. The first part of the article
argues about the Australia values and culture. It has been argued that the Australian values needs
to be accepted by the migrants who were entering the country so that the national identify of the
country can be protected (Chisari, 2015). But, the variation in the culture of the country creates
confusion amongst the people. It has been analysed that the migrants have not neglected to
accept the culture of Australia and also not left their own culture and Australia has become a
multicultural land. Australia is the country that is supported by many cultures and thus the
migrants in Australia has evolved and developed the practices of multiculturalism. Many
migrants have been interviewed in this study and suggested that for taking the citizenship of the
country, it should not be mandatory for them to portray themselves as the part of the Australian
community. They asked for the freedom to participate in their own way.
The argument that has been made in the article is found to be very effective because this clarifies
the actual issues that the country is facing because of the multiculturalism theory in the country.
It has been analysed that arguments f both the parties that is from the Australian people and from
the migrants have ben discussed here. It has been analysed that Australian people have their own
culture and the government wants that it needs to be followed so that the national identity can be
protected but because of the variation in the Australian culture due to indigenous and aboriginal
distinction, it has been analysed that migrants find it difficult to accept the culture (Chisari,
2009). The respondents in the article has not rejected the proposal of accepting Australian culture
and nor they have accepted to reject their own cultire.at the end, the development of
multicultural policy took place which is being followed by the Australian. The arguments made
in the article were effective enough to discuss the subject and to identify the perception and myth
related issues amongst the migrants in Australia.

QUESTION 11
References:
Chisari, M., 2015. Testing citizen identities: Australian migrants and the Australian values
debate. Social Identities, 21(6), pp.573-589.
Chisari, M., 2009. Critical constructions of a national Australian identity. Studies in applied
linguistics and language learning.