Healthcare Analysis Essay: Depression, Policy, and Australian Women

This essay provides a comprehensive healthcare analysis of depression in Australian women, examining the prevalence, risk factors, and social determinants across different age groups. It delves into the impact of depression on younger women, including issues such as bullying, financial difficulties, and relationship problems, as well as the specific challenges faced by pregnant women, including postnatal depression. The essay further explores depression among middle-aged women, focusing on factors like menopause and prior life events, and also discusses depression in older women, considering issues like chronic illnesses and social isolation. The analysis incorporates various statistics and research findings related to the health issue. Finally, the essay highlights the need for targeted social policies to address financial instability among older women and reduce the burden of depression, advocating for further research to inform responsive policy development.

Running head: HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 1
HEALTH PROMOTION AND POLICY
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HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 2
DEPRESSION
Introduction
Depression is a therapeutic sickness that contrarily impacts the way an individual thinks,
how they feel and how they act. There are several symptoms which imply that one has
depression such as sad feeling, interest loss in activities usually enjoyed, craving change leading
to weight gain or loss irrelevant to the diet, insomnia or oversleeping, fatigue and energy loss,
useless physical movements like pacing, guilty feeling, suicidal thoughts and inability to make
decisions (Blaney, 2013). Depression is caused by a series of linked issues. Life events in
combination with personal factors contribute to the larger portion (Brown, & Harris,
2012). Depression in reference to life events arises from a series of a long-term abusive
relationship, long-term unemployment, prolonged isolation from other people and long-term
stress from work. Additionally, some other life events such as loss of employment can trigger
depression if the person had been exposed to challenging times before. Also, personal factors
such as personality, severe health issues, family history or substance abuse are likely to cause
depression.
A couple of individuals may be more in threat of depression because of their personality,
particularly in case they will in general pressure, have low certainty, fussbudgets, and fragility to
singular analysis. The weight and worry of adjusting to a serious disorder can incite
despondency, especially in the event that you're overseeing possibly interminable misery. Family
ancestry can continue running in families and a couple of individuals will be at an extended
innate threat. Life conditions and other individual components are as yet at risk to have a critical
effect. Substance abuse can prompt and result from melancholy. Various people with this issue
similarly have sedate maltreatment issues (Robbins, 2011).

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 3
It negatively impacts an estimate of 1 out of 15 grown-ups which constitutes to 6.7% in
every given year (Ayyoub, 2015). 16.6% of people that is 1 in every 6 are assumed to face
depression once in a while of their lifetime. Depression is said to strike anytime but most
common in the young people in their mid-20s. Dejection is more pervasive among ladies than in
men. A couple of examinations exhibit that 33% of women experience incredible scenes of
dejection when contrasted with men. In Australia, women are said to have more depression
issues as compared to men (Scott et al, 2010).
Depression in Australian women
Predominance rates of distress amongst ladies extend from 4.3% to 43.9% in the whole
population in Australia (Steel et al, 2014). Pervasiveness rates additionally change by age.
Women at their end of life ages are less likely to be affected by depression as compared to the
rest of the women. About 1.9% of ladies are affected by depression by the age of 60 to 64 in
comparison to the 6% of the mid-20s and 4.4% of the ladies in 40 to 44years. Various phases of
life are found to include age-explicit connects of and risk issues for the beginning of the
depression. In this case, despondency is related to skin issues and poor self-perception among
younger ladies, menopause among moderately aged ladies from surgery, and dental issues for the
aged.
The traumatic occasions in all ages and in different phases in life are reliably connected
with depressions (Brown, & Harris, 2012). Specifically, solid affiliations exist among
depression and abuse and violence, both as a grown-up and in youth. Moreover, discoveries
presume that separation is related to sole parenthood. In any case, being in a close relationship
gives assurance and protection hence making it hard for depression to manifest itself. Probably a
portion of the relationship among sole motherhood and depression is owing to money related

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 4
pressure, which alongside joblessness, has been essentially connected to distress. Statistic factors
corresponded with distress include expert capabilities, or scarcity in that department, and
birthplace. Development of depression also can be contributed by the presence of past depression
series and other emotional wellness ailments including nervousness. Ceaseless physical medical
issues, for example, joint inflammation and angina, have been found to be essentially connected
with distress.
Different women ages and the social health determinants relating to depression
Younger women up to the age of 32 in Australia
The prevalence of depression in younger ladies is higher that of the middle and older
ladies (Nolen-Hoeksema, &Aldao, 2011). Depression among ladies at 12 years of age and over,
ranges from 3.18% to 30%. In addition, as young ladies achieve the later phases of pubescence
their danger of encountering manifestations of depression increases. Ladies from 15 to 24 years
of age face depression from some issues which include; tormenting, parental issues, money
related trouble, sexual assault, heartbreaks from relationships, sexual character strife, educational
disappointment, and contemplation (Thapar, Collishaw, Pine, & Thapar, 2012). Ladies matured
22 to 27 years, more elevated levels of distress symptoms are related to life events.
Life events such as joblessness, relationship issues, division and separation, miscarriage
or abortion, and the beginning of sole parenthood, have been related to distress (Avenevoli,
Swendsen, He, Burstein, &Merikangas, 2015). 30% of pregnant youths somewhere in the range
of 13 and 20 years are in danger of melancholy amid pregnancy. Additionally, past experience of
maltreatment in their lifetime is related to depression.
Wellbeing elements and issues including weight and diet are of explicit concern. Poor
self-discernment and impression of being overweight in this age are hazard factor for

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 5
wretchedness in youthful ladies the same as being underweight. Eating less junk food, and
prohibitive dietary practices, for example, veggie lover abstains from food have likewise been
observed to be related to despondency. 21% of these ladies on veggie dieting face despondency
in comparison with 15% of ladies non-vegans (Rosenfeld, 2018).
Depression among pregnant women
Pregnancy-related despondency issue stage that impacts women close to home life, on
social and a role pursue: The mother’s capability to feel the connection between her and the child
is also lost when distress is severe. When the child is born, around 70% of ladies encounter brief
distressed moods normally known as 'postnatal depression' (Pearson et al, 2013). This can last as
long as ten days, however, isn't viewed as postnatal distress. It occurs about a month and a half
after the introduction of the infant and fuses most of the symptoms of genuine discouragement,
and potentially, absence of commitment in or unpleasantness of the newborn child. Prevalence
rates for postnatal wretchedness among Australian women are 7.5% at six to around two months
of postnatal anxiety. Rates move between states from “10.2% in Queensland and South Australia
to 5.6% in Western Australia”.
The predominance of melancholy is higher than that found for the overall public among
different groups of women. For example, women from Indigenous and socially and semantic
backgrounds, and sole mothers experience basically higher rates of postnatal discouragement
about 18%, appeared differently in relation to 8% of mothers with assistants. Additionally, lower
financial status, and for instance, getting to open medical clinic instead of private emergency
clinic administrations is related to distress (Schetter, & Tanner, 2012). Living in a princely zone
has additionally been observed to be related to the distress, thus the connection among
despondency and financial status, social class and clinic decision are great influencers.

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 6
As a baby and maternal demeanors are intuitive, it is exceptionally hard to set up causal
pathways of postnatal distress. As examined, having a newborn who is seen as poor in sleeping
can unfavorably affect the connection between baby and mother, and increment the danger of
baby blues (Nightingale, 2011). Relationship between the mother and her accomplice should
likewise be considered, as troublesome conjugal connections, accomplices who are unsupportive,
controlling or basic, and abusive behavior at home are additionally connected to postnatal gloom.
Absence of social help has likewise been observed to be related to postnatal gloom.
Middle-aged women (32-64) years with depression
The pervasiveness of despondency fluctuates from 9.2% to 24%, most likely owing to
varieties in age groupings and other contrasts. Moderately aged ladies seem less inclined to
depression than more youthful ladies, yet more inclined to distress manifestations than older
ladies. Ladies between 45 and 49 years are the most probably to be admitted to a medical clinic
for a distressing issue. Distress among the middle-aged women has comparable connections to
those happening among more youthful ladies, for instance, sole parenthood, lower financial
status, a past filled with youth misuse, or history of cozy accomplice misuse and forceful conduct
at home(Scott et al, 2010). Despite the fact that by mid-age various women may never again be
experiencing forceful conduct at home, the psychological impacts of oppressive conduct at home
or abuse can be tough.
Menopause is the critical life occasion that happens in middle-age (Llaneza, García-
Portilla, Llaneza-Suárez, Armott, & Pérez-López, 2012). Those ladies who have encountered
surgical menopause are at a higher danger of distress, contrasted with those ladies who
experience normal menopause. Furthermore, ladies who experience a more drawn out
menopause change have more distressed temperament than those ladies who are postmenopausal.

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 7
Different components and life occasions related with it in middle-age are having prior pre-month
to month cycle issues, negative attitudes toward menopause and maturing, life changes like
divorce or separation, youngsters leaving home, and the beginning of medical issues.
Depression amongst the aged women 64-93 years
Ladies at the aged period are most drastically averse to encounter distress; however,
gloom among them is affected generously because of constrained social and family connections
and less hearty ways of dealing with stress (Rich, Byrne, Curryer, Byles, & Loxton, 2013).
Additionally, these ladies with distress might be less disposed to look for assistance because of
generational apathy, absence of comprehension about melancholy, and fears about disgrace
ascribed to psychological instability. It is likewise critical to take note of that sentiment of
disgrace may block them from revealing. Prevalence rates fluctuate from as low as 1.77% to
34.7%.
Women above 64 years of age, the riskiest group is around 70-79 years who are easily
hospitalized with distress. Additionally, ladies in this age bunch are bound to be hospitalized for
melancholy than ladies matured in their mid-twenties (de Araújo et al, 2016). Those living in
Australia, however, conceived elsewhere in the world rather than their Australian-conceived
partners. Smoking and lack of physical exercise are also related to depression for this group of
women.
There are a couple of factors associated with depression among aged women. More
chronic illnesses, physical disability, and anxiety are the leading issues which cause depression
(Wolitzky‐Taylor, Castriotta, Lenze, Stanley, & Craske, 2010). There are other factors that might
be viewed as normal for this age group, to be specific, falls and wounds torment, utilitarian
decay, and loss of favored exercises, extended dependence on others, poor dental prosperity and

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 8
stresses over the vanishing of teeth, gums or mouth, and denture issues. 34.4% of these ladies
have issues with oral wellbeing or dentures feel distressed. Poor oral wellbeing or sick fitting
dentures can be aided through expanded subsidizing and access to oral wellbeing administration,
this is one region of social wellbeing strategy that could significantly affect improving personal
satisfaction and diminishing despondency among more established Australian ladies.
Receipt of an administration annuity is additionally connected with a more predominance
of melancholy among these ladies, recommending a connection between lower monetary status
and distress. Dependence on government advantages might be ascribed to widowhood, absence
of chance to accumulate superannuation or reserve funds over the existence course, disturbed
work accounts because of family, conjugal duties, and lower compensation through wages
(Munro, 2017). Directed social approaches may lighten budgetary frailty among more aged
ladies in Australia, and thusly, decrease the weight of distressing sickness in this age gathering.
Further research is justified, along these lines, to illuminate increasingly responsive approach
arrangement and advancement here.
The manifestation of depression on specific populations
Indigenous women in Australia
While the pervasiveness of melancholy among Indigenous people groups is dubious, it is
understood that Indigenous Australians have 1.9 times higher hospitalization rates for
consideration including mental and social issue than different Australians (Brown et al, 2012).
Anxiety and depression are the preeminent medical issues revealed by Australian Indigenous
ladies. Additionally, contemplates show that Indigenous ladies seem to encounter distress at
greater rates than other Australian ladies, for instance, 29% of female Indigenous detainees are
encountering despondency in contrast with 18% of non-Indigenous female detainees. Various

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 9
connects were observed to be identified with melancholy among Indigenous ladies, for example,
joblessness, having an accomplice who smokes or smoking, physical maltreatment, low adapting
abilities, uneasiness, thinking about other individuals' youngsters, and cannabis use (Tsourtos et
al, 2011).
Linguistically diverse and culturally diverse women
Different background from Australia and living in Australia is related to distress. Among
them are Turkish and Vietnamese new moms, Filipina ladies, oncology outpatients, Asian
Australian high school students, and aged individuals looking for assistance at a memory center.
Moreover, low English capability, the lack of social help, and under 25 years mothers are highly
connected to distress. There is an unmistakable need along these lines for further research here.
Additionally, in a similar manner as Indigenous populaces, accentuate that any exploration with
individuals from socially and phonetically assorted foundations must be led in a socially proper
and delicate way.
Rural women in Australia
It is usually said that town living presents a risk factor for the occurrence of distress,
while country zones are thought to give all the more socially supportive, strong, and steamy
situations. Higher predominance rates of dejection in provincial situations show that a risk factor
of sorrow, which is brought about by, disengagement and destitution. Rural and urban situations
can assume a persuasive job in the pervasiveness rates of distress for ladies (Villegas, McKay,
Dennis, & Ross, 2011). Different factors, for example, joblessness, destitution, lower financial
class, substance abuse, being female, a past filled with youth sexual maltreatment, poor
interpersonal organizations or low seen social help, an unfavorable life occasion in the previous
year, size of essential care group, and conjugal status impact the predominance of sorrow for

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 10
ladies living in both urban and rustic networks (Doornbos, Zandee, DeGroot, & Warpinski,
2013).
Depression management and policy making among Australia women
To minimize the manifestation of depression in pregnant ladies and new mothers,
newborns should be kept in a pleasant environment which allows them to sleep peacefully to
avoid poor sleeping. Men should show support to these women to prevent these case from
getting out of hand. Social support should be given to mothers or women who are pregnant
because this ensures protection from mental or psychological issues (Chiang, & Chang, 2012).
Women of 32-64 years of age: Discernibly in the present survey showed that there were a
few middle-age ladies concerned about weight as compared to youthful ones (Azar, Ball,
Salmon, & Cleland, 2010). In any case, this might be a significant road of request that could give
noteworthy bits of knowledge into lessening and forestalling melancholy in middle-age. The
absence of writing concentrating on dejection among moderately aged ladies features the
requirement for further research and examination, and the headway of responsive intercession
and treatment programs for women in the 45 and over age pack, particularly given the more
unmistakable event of hospitalizations for misery, and for the most part high threat of suicide
stood out from women of various ages.
Among the Indigenous Australian ladies: As far as future research is concerned, the ebb
and flow survey has featured the absence of learning of the predominance and relates of sorrow
in Indigenous ladies. Significantly, future researchers should address the requirement for socially
suitable methods and distinguishing proof of distress and afterbirth dejection in Indigenous
individuals, while showing a high responsibility towards social affectability and mindfulness.

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 11
Women in rural areas affected by depression; the trouble recognized in the survey
writings encompassing topography and evaluating the predominance and corresponds to sadness
among Australian women is that of estimation. The ability to measure and portray what is
natural, remote, urban or metropolitan locales is an amazing assignment that could consider
closeness to the closest metropolitan zone, access to wellbeing administrations, and populace
thickness. Also, specific consideration ought to be set on creating regular understandings and
meanings of land estimation to determine the distinctions in topographical estimation among
studies and increment in the exactness and general ability of research discoveries.
Policy implications and stakeholders
Policy and clinical implication
The policy structure was structured based on the factors affecting the whole populace of
women and the common factors involved in all the areas. All through this analysis, a few
repeating factors were recognized that seemed to moderate the effect of risk factors for distress.
Comparable factors seemed, by all accounts, to be deterrent of depression issues. Physical
exercise, social help and support, and higher financial status are related to a diminished danger of
gloom (Marmot, Allen, Bell, Bloomer, & Goldblatt, 2012).
The three variables may be helpful in both the plan of approach and clinical medications.
For instance, strategies that help those most in danger in seeking after employment and education
may result in expanded financial status and hence a decline in danger of despondency. Some of
them include the assistance of physical activities through government-supported projects and
better physical prosperity and an opportunity to improve casual networks, similarly as avoiding
melancholy or diminishing the rate of wretchedness among those in danger.

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 12
All general practitioners or experts should show mindfulness that ladies who have
encountered separation, physical assault, sole parenthood or unending physical wellbeing such as
corpulence or smoking, cardiovascular illness, poor physical exercises are most in danger of
depression is fundamentally significant. With regards to complex physical and social issues,
essential caregivers ought to be bolstered in giving psychological well-being examinations to
those most in risk. On an inexorably positive note, revelations for social assistance and physical
activities demonstrate the way where how amazing mediations might be arranged.
Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many issues which are linked to depression. Knowing how much
the women in Australia are being affected by this nightmare can bring many changes. There are
different subdivisions and groups among women who are looked down upon but the social
determinants are not discriminative. Among all the different ages affected with depression,
women in the middle twenties should be put under keen observation and more security put for
them as the next generation to prevent suicidal cases and premature deaths. Socioeconomic
classes as it has been shown play a big role in depression, ways of getting financial equity should
be brought to the table to balance the inequality seen.
In reality, ladies who have encountered or are encountering depression are in a perfect
world ready to give important bits of knowledge and information about their encounters of
distress and in this way dependably advise further research and solution making. The legitimacy
of ladies' close to home understanding, accordingly, ought not to be limited. Or maybe, an
exploratory investigation is embraced with ladies encountered or encountering distress, to
recognize and educate regions regarding better research in the practice and future and hence
ensure that future women are entirely protected to the maximum against depression.

HEALTHCARE ANALYSIS ESSAY 13
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