Automated Facial Recognition Authentication (AFRA) System Report

This report provides an in-depth analysis of an Automated Facial Recognition Authentication (AFRA) system proposed for state-level services, focusing on its impact on user authentication and identification for services like vehicle, boat, and firearms licenses. The report explores the benefits of AFRA, including enhanced security, cost-efficiency, and convenience, while also acknowledging potential drawbacks such as privacy concerns, system failures, and potential for misuse. It examines the implications of facial recognition technology on individual privacy, the potential for discrimination, and the balance of democratic freedoms. The report proposes principles for responsible implementation, including fairness, accountability, transparency, and non-discrimination, and emphasizes the importance of informed consent and lawful surveillance. The report also includes references to relevant research and legal considerations, highlighting the need for careful consideration of the ethical and societal implications of AFRA implementation.

Running head: AUTOMATED FACIAL RECOGNITION AUTHENTICATION
AUTOMATED FACIAL RECOGNITION AUTHENTICATION
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Response to question number 1
The Automation Face Recognition Authentication (AFRA) system is an advance
technology which aims to identify people in images and videos using the pattern recognition
techniques (Al-Assam, Hassan & Zeadally, 2019). Governments and the technology industry
must operate together to ensure that technology for facial recognition is used to help
community and its people while tracking the potential danger of violence
The face recognition system has a number benefits for over other recognition systems.
The several benefits of renewing the face recognition system are discussed below:
i) Security: The security system in the business can be improved with the
implementation of the face recognition system. This would help to increase the
safety and security measures in business deals which has sensitive and
confidential information (Alsaadi, 2015). The individual renewal of the license
with the AFRA helps the police and the Government in different aspects. For an
example, it would able to recognize individual who is entering an area as a
trespassers, will help to tract down the details of the criminal activities.
ii) Safety: The Automated Facial Recognition Authentication (AFRA) provides the
security agency an extra advantage of providing less security personnel which
would be put in potentially dangerous situations.
iii) Cost-efficiency: It is potentially cost efficient as because the facial recognition
system are fully automated which consequently reduces the effective cost on the
physical security surveillance to verify a match. This technology can save the cost
over other security measures as well as save the cost of hiring specialized security
staff.

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iv) Connection: There are various exciting social activities which can possibly
recognize people at social level. For an example, a meeting is organized in a room
with full of strangers, the face recognition system can fetch details about each
individuals and figure out similarities among them.
v) Convenience: The face recognition system can also facilitates users at an
digitalized platform too because it use the biometric system for recognition, the
biometric data is unique for each individual and avoid data cross over with other
individuals.
However, the face recognition system implies several demerits which could make a
severe impact on the personal life of a user by effecting on the privacy concerns.
i) Exposure: In certain potential situation like using the facial recognition in order
to determine who around the society belongs to a specific culture or religious or
who has a past criminal record (Devue, Wride & Grimshaw, 2018). The
application might make the individual user to feel better and safer but it may be
aggressive for the people at the receiving end.
ii) System failure: It is not very unusual that an innocent may be caught as an
criminal because of false recognition (Buciu & Gacsadi, 2016). Due to technical
issues if the system fails to detect the criminal accurately; rather if an innocent is
caught as a criminal by the police, it could make a severe impact on the social and
psychological feelings of an individual.
iii) Safety: There arises a question of individual safety where the online bullying has
become a major issues in this generation (Mann & Smith, 2017). These type
technology can be misused by the government staffs to stalk and harass people in
real world.

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iv) Legislation: Certain concerns raised regarding the biometrics which are
progressing rapidly for the legislators, regulators and the legal system which is
pointing out a standardized policies and precedents regarding their use.
Response to question number 2
The facial recognition is jumping into the state of surveillance and a natural tool for
safer street. However, the implications for an individual's privacy from their use of AFRA to
apply for a new one or renew an existing licence can be threat for an individual which may
encounter the privacy of an individual (Al-Kawaz, Clarke, Furnell & Li, 2018). It is a matter
of concern that a part of the automated facial recognition system is under threat depending
upon the advancement of technology. The user needs much more awareness regarding the
renewal or applying of a new license because of the followings:
i) The advancement in the facial recognition is developing rapidly.
ii) The users must be aware of the flaws while making the decision to applying or
renew the license for the automated facial recognition because this technology is
imperfect to some extent.
iii) The technology is neither too good nor bad as it is mainly used by the law
enforcement, it depends upon the usability of the government officials on the basis
of balancing the significant benefits while safeguarding the essential freedoms of
the citizens.
It is found that the facial recognition often found to be inaccurate and certain
legal challenges faced by the police (Al-Maadeed, Bourif, Bouridane & Jiang,
2016). It has very little contribution in the arrest rate to prevent the criminal
activities. There is always a risk of incorrect surveillance operations in the live
public places which may create a daunting experience by stopping and searching

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the innocent people as simple case of misunderstanding (Carlo, Krueckeberg &
Ferris, 2018).
However, from the aspects of personal safety it plays a major role. From the
point of critical thinking a person should apply for a new license or renew the
existing one, because this technology can be used effectively to find the missing
peoples. In various cases it has been found beneficial while tracing the details of
missing children and elders (Li, Gong, Li & Tao, 2016). The technology uses the
algorithms which allows the cameras to track down the pedestrians among the
video footage with the help of the advance Artificial Intelligence system used in
AFRA.
Response to question number 3
The proposal of state police regarding the privacy implication and ethics of AFRA
can likely raise three distinct view which provoke criticism like hampering the privacy of the
citizens, creating discrimination among the citizens and disturbs the balance of democratic
freedom.
i) Hampering the privacy of the citizens: The state organization need to more aware of the
laws regarding the personal privacy in their jurisdiction and the measures must be instigate
internally and externally (Lippert & Newell, 2016). The collection of the biometric details
must be informed, written, and specific consent from an individual before enrolling their
biometric in. As because various government database systems are designed by the private IT
firms, which raise the issues of confidential personal data beach or leak (Bustard, 2015).
According to the Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), the organization must obtain the
consent, in order to acquire biometric information and that consent has to be given as a result
of affirmative action, not by default.

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ii) Discrimination among the citizens: As it has been observed in various cases that it has
been observed most of the time the facial recognition technology is not working accurately. It
has a very poor result of 65% accuracy in case of recognising the children, women and the
ethnic minorities (Gainotti, 2018). This signifies that this technology by nature raise the issue
of discrimination among the citizens due to its less than ideal result (Chen, Huang & Lv,
2017). This application of technology in the law enforcement space cause harmful
consequences for the racial discrimination.
iii) Disturbs the balance of democratic freedom: The role of facial recognition technology
raise legal issues over the democratic freedoms of the citizen. It hampers the basic rights like
right to choose, right to gather and share individual views (Mallan, 2015). The issues raise on
the information security because the government actively spying on their citizens by
acquiring information stored by the citizen over the cloud (Yeung, 2018). This is a serious
concern which requires specific legislation outside current democratic freedom and laws
(Bustard, 2015). Hence, the government should safeguard the citizen's democratic freedoms
in law enforcement surveillance.
Response to question number 4
The use of AFRA may improve the privacy and security of someone's digital identity
if used solely for license application renewal. However, it concern authorities must obeys
some rules and regulatory norms regarding the safety issues of the citizens (Teoh, Cho &
Kim, 2018). If these principles are addressed by the government and the police then it can
enhance the deployment of the proposed technology:
i) Fairness: The automation recognition system should be developed in such a way so that it
can deploy the facial recognition system that a great effort putted in order to treat all the
citizens fairly.

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ii) Accountability: The government and the police should encourage people and help the
citizens to deploy the recognition technology in such a way that it ensures an authenticated
level of human control for the uses which may affect the citizen in a consequence way.
iii) Transparency: The government should clearly mention about the documents and clearly
communicate about the limitations and capabilities of AFRA.
iv) Non-discrimination: The technology should be developed in such a manner that it must
have the capability to detect accurately and prohibits its user policy regarding the engagement
of AFRA regarding the unlawful discrimination.
v) Lawful surveillance: The police and the government should advocate for the safety of the
democratic freedom of the citizens over the surveillance scenarios in law enforcement, and
consequently it should not deploy AFRA in such a manner that it would put the privacy
policies and the democratic freedom of the citizens at risk.
vi) Notice and Consent: The citizens should be encouraged to provide notice and secure
consent over the technological deployment of the facial recognition.
The proposal which is provided by the police, if accepted then the security and the
privacy can be maintained at the same level if these principle entities were governed
accordingly:
i) Collection: The enrolling an individual in a face recognition database the entities must be
received informed, written and specific consent from the individual.
ii) Usability: Before using a face recognition scheme which is not protected by current
permission, the government and police must obtain timely, verbal permission from a person.
When an person agrees to use a facial recognition system for one reason, the governing body
must request that individual's approval to use it for a secondary intent (Bhagavatula, Ur,

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Iacovino, Kywe, Cranor, & Savvides, 2015). The agency should never force the person to
offer that permission. The person may withdraw consent at any moment. The police or the
government should never use a scheme of face recognition to determine the ethnicity, colour,
faith, sex, domestic background, handicap or maturity of an individual.
iii) Access: An individual must have the right to access their face print information anytime
and have the legal right to edit it. A person may also enter and demand adjustment of data
about the individual resulting from the procedure of a face recognition scheme including data
kept in the audit trail.
iv) Government access: An entity must treat as the content of communications over the
information associated with the face print biometrics regarding the collection of the data,
usage and sharing. The access of face recognition data by the government scheme is not
protected by the 1974 Privacy Act and only be permitted in accordance with a warrant given
with a probable cause

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Cloud Computing. In Biometric-Based Physical and Cybersecurity Systems (pp. 455-
475). Springer, Cham.
Al-Kawaz, H., Clarke, N., Furnell, S., & Li, F. (2018). Facial-Forensic Analysis Tool. Digital
Investigation, 26, S136.
Al-Maadeed, S., Bourif, M., Bouridane, A., & Jiang, R. (2016). Low-quality facial biometric
verification via dictionary-based random pooling. Pattern Recognition, 52, 238-248.
Alsaadi, I. M. (2015). Physiological biometric authentication systems, advantages,
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Technology Research, 4(12), 285-289.
Bhagavatula, R., Ur, B., Iacovino, K., Kywe, S. M., Cranor, L. F., & Savvides, M. (2015).
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Carlo, S., Krueckeberg, J., & Ferris, G. (2018). About Big Brother Watch.

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Devue, C., Wride, A., & Grimshaw, G. M. (2018). New insights on real-world human face
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