Comprehensive Literature Review: Automobile Engineering Fundamentals

This report presents a comprehensive literature review of automobile engineering. It begins with an introduction to the field, defining automobile engineering and its scope, including the integration of various engineering disciplines. The discussion section details the major components of an automobile, such as the chassis and frame, power plant (engine), body, and accessories, and transmission. It elaborates on the function of each component, including the frame and chassis, power plant, transmission system, clutch, final drive, braking system, gear box, steering system, front axle, and suspension system. The report also explains the working cycles of internal combustion engines, including constant pressure and constant volume cycles, and provides an overview of fuel supply systems in spark ignition and diesel engines. The report covers fuel tanks, fuel lift pumps, filters, fuel injection pumps, and fuel system air venting in diesel engines. This report is a valuable resource for understanding the fundamentals of automobile engineering and its various components and systems.

Running head: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Name of student:
Name of university:
Author’s note:

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Introduction
This report aims to perform a literature review of automobile engineering. A
comprehensive discussion of the various aspects of automobile engineering is provided in this
report. Lastly, this report concludes with an appropriate conclusion for this report.
The sector of automotive engineering combined with engineering of aerospace and
the marine engineering is the branch of vehicle engineering that incorporates the elements of
electronic, mechanical, electrical, safety engineering and software as combined to the
manufacture, design and the operation of the automobiles, trucks and the motorcycles along
with the respective subsystems of engineering (Zhang, Zhang and Wang 2013.). This also
consists of the modification of the vehicles. The domain of manufacturing deals with creation
and the assembly of the complete parts of the automobiles. The field of automotive
engineering is research comprehensive and it involves the direct application of the
mathematical formulas and the models. The major study of automotive engineering is for
designing, developing, fabricating, and test the vehicles or the components of the vehicle
from the stage of concept to the stage of production (Zifeng 2013). Production, development
and the manufacturing are the most crucial functions of this field.
Discussion
The automobile engineering branch of engineering deals with the automobiles and the
practices for propelling them. An automobile is referred to the vehicles that are driven by an
engine with internal combustion and it is commonly used as a medium of transportation of
passengers and the goods on ground. The self-driving cars are also referred as automobile.
The main components of an automobile can be categorised as:

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a. Chassis and frame: this supports wheels, engine, braking system, body, and the
steering.
b. Power plant or engine: this is the main source of the power in automobile
c. Body is fitted on the chassis
d. The accessories that includes stereo, wiper, light, air conditioner
e. Transmission that transmits the power from engine to the wheels of the car
Function of the major components of automobile
Frame and chassis: The chassis is created with the frame and with the cross and side
members. It is usually created of box, channel members and the tubular, which are riveted or
welded together (Lensch-Franzen et al. 2017). Additionally, it consists of the springs
connected with the wheels and the axles, the brakes and the steering system, the exhaust
system, the fuel tank, the battery, the radiator, and many other accessories that are connected
along the frame that supports the body.
Power plant or engine: The power plant of any vehicle is the engine, commonly, the engine
with internal combustion with diesel or petrol is utilised for running a vehicle. The varieties
of engines are either two-stroke or four-stroke vehicle (Leuders et al. 2014). A typical engine
comprises of piston, cylinder, valve operating mechanism, valves, fan, carburettor, oil pump,
and feed pump. Moreover, an ignition system is required in an engine to burn fuel in engine
cylinder.
Transmission system: the power that is developed by an engine is transferred to the wheels by
the transmission system. The transmission system should complete three jobs:
a. It should offer a gear for reverse for the moving vehicles in the reverse direction.
b. It should offer a disconnecting or neutral for the engine to be uncoupled from
wheels of the vehicle. In any traditional system of transmission, a clutch, a

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propeller shaft, a differential or the final drive and a manually operated
transmission is included.
c. It should offer varying ratios of gear. The number of gear ratio has to be equal to
the number of the gears in any vehicle.
Clutch: The main purpose of clutch is allowing the drivers to decouple or couple the
transmission and the engine. When the clutch is put in an involved position, the power of the
engine flows to the transmission through the clutch. When the gears are altered while the
vehicle is moving, temporary decoupling of the wheels and the engine is permitted by the
clutch for performing the gear shifting in the vehicles (Zong et al. 2013). As an example, in
any scooter, hand is used for operating the clutch but in the situation of a car, foot is used for
operating the clutch. It is mandatory to interrupt the power flow prior changing the gears.
Without any clutch, this task cannot be performed efficiently.
Final drive: This is the last stage in the transfer of power from the engines to the wheels. The
speed of the propeller shaft is reduced compared to the wheels. The drive of the propeller
shaft is turned by 90o angle for driving the wheels. The propeller shaft consists of small bevel
pinion that meshes with the crown wheel (Daynes and Weaver 2013). The crown wheel
provides the rotary motion to the rear axles. In comparison of the bevel opinion, the crown
wheel size is much bigger and hence the speed of the rear axles is lower in comparison to the
pinion speed. The final drive is two types, which are the gear type and the chain type.
Braking system: The main application of the brakes is to stop or slow down the vehicle. The
hydraulic brakes are commonly used in the automobiles, where the brakes are commonly
applied to the pressure on any fluid (Gu et al. 2013). In some vehicles, mechanical brakes are
utilised. These brakes are commonly operated by using the pedals, cams, leavers and the

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linkages. The parking brake or the hand brake is commonly known as the mechanical brake.
These brakes are generally used to park the vehicles on the surfaces that are sloppy and the in
the situations of emergency.
Gear box: The gear box contains the arrangement of gearing for getting various speeds. The
gears are utilised for getting more than one ratio in the speed (Gore et al. 2014). When both
the gears of mating have the same number of teeth, both of them will rotate at the same
speed. In the situation when there is more teeth in one gear, the gear that consists of the less
number of teeth would rotate faster than the larger gear. Commonly, in cars, six gears are
situated along with a reverse gear. The first gear offer the lower speed but significantly higher
torque. The higher gears offers progressing increased speeds. The gears are disengaged and
then engaged by the shift lever.
Steering system: The steering system is basically used for turning the vehicles from left to
right or right to left and perform the steering of the vehicle. The place of the steering wheel is
in the front of driver. Control to the steering is provided by the steering system that is linked
mechanically. The major function of the system of steering is to deliver the angular motion to
the front wheels for negotiating the running of the vehicles. Directional stability is provided
to the vehicle during the moving of vehicles in the forward direction.
Front axle: The majority part of the vehicle weight is shifted to the wheels using the axle.
Several actions are performed by the front axle. This carries the weight of front of the vehicle
and it also takes the vertical and horizontal loads when the vehicle is moving on uneven
surfaces. When the brakes are applied on the front wheels, this endures the stress of bending
and the torsional stresses. It is commonly made from the forging of steel drop. It is strong in
construction.

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Suspension system: the axle and the wheel assembly is separated from body of the
automobile by a suspension system. The major function of the suspension system is to
separate the vehicle body from the vibrations and shocks that is produced due to the
irregularities on the road surface. The shock absorbers are offered in vehicles to fulfil thus
purpose. The form of shock absorbers is in damper and spring. Suspension system are offered
in the vehicles both on the rear end and the back end of the vehicles. The suspension system
manages the stability of vehicles in the pitching or the rolling during the motion of a vehicle.
Working cycles of I.C. engine
The I.C. engines (two and four strokes) performs on one of following cycles:
a. Constant pressure
b. Dual combustion cycle
c. Constant volume
Constant pressure (Diesel cycle): Air is absorbed during the suction stroke is compressed
when during the compression stroke and the pressure and the temperature increases by
significant amount than the measured fuel amount is ultimately sprayed in the cylinder by the
fuel injector. Because of the increased temperature and pressure, the fuel is ignited and it
generates hot gases (Wang et al. 2013). The piston is thrown downwards and the work is
generated.
Constant volume (Otto cycle): The heat is provided at the constant volume. The petrol and air
is combined in the carburettor outside the cylinder. Fuel that is required in the proportion is
drawn during the suction stroke.
Fuel supply system in the spark ignition engine
The supply system of fuel of the spark ignition engine includes:

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1. Sediment bowl
2. Fuel tank
3. Fuel pipes
4. Carburettor
5. Fuel lift pump
In some of the spark ignition engines, the tank of fuel is located above the level of
carburettor. Fuel flows from the fuel tank to the carburettor due to gravity. One or more
filters are placed among the carburettor and the fuel tank. Transparent sediment bowl is
placed for holding the dirt and dust of the fuel. If in any case, the carburettor is above the fuel
tank, a lift pump is offered in between the carburettor and the tank for allowing the fuel from
the tank to the carburettor of the engine (Moorthy, Mitiku and Sridhar 2013). The fuel flows
from the fuel tank to the sediment bowl and then it flows to the lift pump. The fuel flows
from the fuel tank to the carburettor using the specific pipes. From the carburettor the fuel
travels to the engine cylinder using the inlet manifold of the engine.
Supply system of fuel in diesel engine
Fuel is drawn from the fuel tank by the fuel feed pump and it is forced to the injection pump
using the fuel filter. The injection pump provides the high pressure fuel to the injection
nozzles using the high pressure pipes and the delivery valves. Fuel is injected in the
combustion chamber using the injector nozzles. The fuel which leaks out from the injection
nozzles passes through the leakage pipe and then it returns to fuel tank using the pipe of
overflow. The valve of overflow is installed at the top of filter prevents the feed pressure in
the particular limit. When the pressure of feed surpasses the allocated limit, the valve of
overflow is opened and it makes the extra fuel returns to the fuel tank using the pipe of
overflow.

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1. Fuel tank: This is the place where the diesel is stored. Wire gauge strainer is supplied
below the cap for preventing the foreign particles from entering the tank.
2. Fuel lift pump: This transfers the fuel from the fuel tank to the inlet gallery of the fuel
injection pump
3. Preliminary filter (Sediment bowl assembly): This filter is commonly placed on the
fuel lifts pump. This prevents the foreign material from entering the fuel line. This
includes the glass cap with gasket.
4. Fuel filter: this consists of two stage filters in the diesel engine which are the
secondary filter and the primary filter
5. Fuel injection pump: This is the high pressure pump that provides the fuel to the
injectors depending on the order of firing of the engine. It provides the needed
quantity of the fuel for each of the cylinder at the particular time.
6. Fuel system air venting: If air has gone to the lines of fuel or the chamber of suction
of the injection pump, the venting must be done accordingly. The air is removed by
priming pump using the bleeding holes of the injection pump.
Water cooling system
The engines uses water as the cooling system are referred as the water cooled engines. The
water is circulated around the cylinders for absorbing the heat from the cylinder walls. The
water that is heated is conducted using the radiator for removing the heat and then cool the
water.
Methods of cooling of water
Thermo siphon method: this consists of the radiator, fan, water jacket, hose connections and
the temperature gauge. The main principle on which the system works is that the water that is
heated that surrounds the cylinder becomes to be lighter and then it rises upwards the liquid

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column. The hot water travels to the radiator where it comes to pass using the tubes that is
surrounded by the air. The circulation of water occurs due to the reason that the water jacket
and the radiator are linked at the both sides which are the bottom and the top. Fan is driven
using a V belt for sucking the air using the tubes of the unit of radiator, and cooling the water
of radiator. The major disadvantage of this system is the situation of circulation of the water
is immensely decreased by the accumulation of the foreign or scale matter in passage and
ultimately causes in the overheating of engine.
Open jacket method: a jacket or a hopper that contains the water that is surrounded at the
cylinder of engine. As long as the hopper consists of the water, the engine continues to
operate under satisfactory conditions. When the water starts to boil, it is then replaced by the
cold water.
Forced circulation method: this method consists of a water pump that is used for forcing the
water from radiator to the jacket of water of the engine. After the circulation of the complete
run of the water jacket, the water travels the original place which is the radiator where it loses
the heat by the radiation process. For maintaining the accurate engine temperature, a valve of
thermostat is kept at the outer end of the head of cylinder.
Conclusion
Therefore it can be concluded that the automobile engineering is basically based on
the engineering of automobiles. The sector of automotive engineering combined with
engineering of aerospace and the marine engineering is the branch of vehicle engineering that
incorporates the elements of electronic, mechanical, electrical, safety engineering and
software as combined to the manufacture, design and the operation of the automobiles, trucks
and the motorcycles along with the respective subsystems of engineering. The main purpose
of clutch is allowing the drivers to decouple or couple the transmission and the engine. The

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final drive is the last stage in the transfer of power from the engines to the wheels. The speed
of the propeller shaft is reduced compared to the wheels. The main application of the brakes
is to stop or slow down the vehicle. The hydraulic brakes are commonly used in the
automobiles, where the brakes are commonly applied to the pressure on any fluid. In some
vehicles, mechanical brakes are utilised. The gear box contains the arrangement of gearing
for getting various speeds. The gears are utilised for getting more than one ratio in the speed.

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References
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concepts and outlook. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:
Journal of Automobile Engineering, 227(11), pp.1603-1622.
Gore, M., Theaker, M., Howell-Smith, S., Rahnejat, H. and King, P.D., 2014. Direct
measurement of piston friction of internal-combustion engines using the floating-liner
principle. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of
Automobile Engineering, 228(3), pp.344-354.
Gu, X., Li, G., Jiang, X., Huang, Z. and Lee, C.F., 2013. Experimental study on the
performance of and emissions from a low-speed light-duty diesel engine fueled with n-
butanol–diesel and isobutanol–diesel blends. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 227(2), pp.261-271.
Lensch-Franzen, C., Gohl, M., Kronstedt, M. and Mink, T., 2017. Model Based Approach for
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Leuders, S., Lieneke, T., Lammers, S., Tröster, T. and Niendorf, T., 2014. On the fatigue
properties of metals manufactured by selective laser melting–The role of ductility. Journal of
Materials Research, 29(17), pp.1911-1919.
Moorthy, R.S., Mitiku, Y. and Sridhar, K., 2013. Design of automobile driveshaft using
carbon/epoxy and kevlar/epoxy composites. American Journal of Engineering Research
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Wang, Z.L., Yan, J.M., Ping, Y., Wang, H.L., Zheng, W.T. and Jiang, Q., 2013. An efficient
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Zong, C.F., Li, G., Zheng, H.Y., He, L. and Zhang, Z.X., 2013. Study progress and outlook of
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