Financial Analysis: Automotive Sector Risk and Capital Structure

This report provides a comprehensive financial analysis of four automotive companies: Genuine Parts Company, Daimler, Brembo, and Continental. It begins with an assessment of each company's risk profile using beta analysis, examining factors influencing stock price fluctuations and the impact of market index returns. The report then delves into the capital structure of each company, evaluating debt-to-equity ratios, weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and whether each firm is under- or over-leveraged. Furthermore, the analysis includes an examination of dividend policies and an assessment of each firm's value using free cash flow techniques. The report aims to determine which automotive company demonstrates superior financial performance across these key metrics.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
A) Risk profile of the firm and sources of risk.......................................................................1
B) Analysis of Capital structure.............................................................................................3
C Examining dividend policy.................................................................................................6
D) Analysing value of the firm...............................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
In the present times, investors lay high level of emphasis on doing risk and return
evaluation with the motive to generate high return from funds invested. Dividend is recognized
as income which investors earn by investing money in the shares of different firms. Capital
structure of the company is highly significant which in turn renders information about the extent
to which solvency position of the company is good. In accordance with the theoretical
framework pertaining to capital structure firms need to issue 2 equities in against to 1 debt. This
in turn helps in reducing the level of fixed obligation and enables to get tax benefits. In this, four
companies have been selected from automotive sector namely Genuine Parts company, Daimler,
Brembo and Continental. Hence, this report will shed light on the capital structure of selected
business units and helps in determining whether they are under over leveraged. It also highlights
risk profile of the business unit through regression analysis. Report will also provide deeper
insight about the dividend policies of all four business units undertaken for investigation
purpose. Besides this, report also entails the value of firm by taking into account the technique of
free cash flows. Hence, it helps in assessing automotive company which is performing better
over others.
A) Risk profile of the firm and sources of risk
Beta is the most effectual measure which assists in measuring changes takes place in
stock in relation to the overall market. This value provides help in determining and evaluating
expected rate of return pertaining to stock (Damodaran, 2016). In this, for assessing and getting
information about volatility or risk level beta value is calculated. Positive beta value presents
that, stock will move in the similar direction as per stock market.
Risk profile of the selected companies belongs from automotive sector is as follows:
Name of the companies Beta
Daimlar 1.67
Continental 1.63
Brembo 0.90
Genuine Parts company 1.00
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The above depicted table shows that beta value of Brembo is lower in comparison to the
other firms. This shows that stock of Brembo will not fluctuate to a great extent in line with the
changes take place in stock market. Further, beta value of GPS is equal to one which in turn
shows high level of volatility. In addition to this, beta value of continental and Daimlar implies
for 1.63 & 1.67 respectively. Hence, by taking into beta, derived through regression analysis it
can be depicted that stocks of Daimlar and Continental is highly volatile approximately more
than 60%. Referring such outcome, it can be mentioned that stock of the company’s such as
Daimlar and Continental carries high level of risk (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2016).
By doing regression analysis it has found that r square is highly lower in the case of
Brembo such as .13 significantly. By taking into account such aspects it can be presented that
return of Brembo’s share will not be affected to a great extent. Outcome of ANOVA table clearly
presents that significance value is 0.00. Hence, referring outcome such as p<0.05 it can be
presented that alternative hypothesis is true. On the basis of this, stock market index return has
an impact on the share return of Brembo but to the lower level. However, in the case of Genuine
Parts Company, r square accounts for .99 significantly. In accordance with this, stock market
fluctuations have major impact on the returns associated with the shares of GPC.
By doing assessment, it has found that there are several factors which in turn impose risk
pertaining to stock price fluctuation. Hence, demand, changes in bank’s interest rate, buying
behaviour of institutional investors, financial position, speculation etc are the main factors which
in turn have high influence on share price. In addition to this, listing of companies on more than
one stock exchange may be served as a major cause which in turn influences share price of the
securities (Fracassi, 2016). Further, political changes and miscellaneous problems pertaining to
strike, amalgamation etc also creates risk for the company’s stock. Along with this, current
financial position and performance of company also creates risk. In the accounting year 2016,
ROA of GPC, Continental, Daimler and Brembo accounts for 16.97%, 20%, 15% & 27.50%
significantly. Such results show that Brembo has made effectual use of shareholder’s equity
while performing business activities and functions. Hence, financial results have greater impact
on stock market and decision making of investors.
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B) Analysis of Capital structure
Capital structure plays important role in financing activities of the business in effective
way. It means that organisation should have adequate mix of debt and equity so that it may be
able to finance tasks quite easily. This is important as if more of equity is used by the company
in the capital structure, shareholders will seek for higher returns and as such, more dividends will
have to paid by the company. On the other hand, if more of debt is used then, repayment
liabilities increases which is not good for the firm (Lerner and Seru, 2017). The main reason
behind is that business becomes obliged to repay the debt amount along with the interest accrued
on it. Thus, by analysing this, it is required that optimal capital structure should be implemented
to carry out activities and as such, having balanced structure of debt and equity is essentially
required for easily finance operational tasks and achieve higher value in the market.
Optimal capital structure is the one which in turn includes suitable mix of debt and
equity. Moreover, in the case of shares business unit offers dividend when it generates enough
returns. On the other side, under debt sources, company has to pay interest when it becomes due
irrespective of the aspect that profit is generated during the accounting year or not. Along with
this, high interest payment also increases the level of expenses and thereby affects profitability
aspect (Dang, Li and Yang, 2018). Hence, at the time of raising funds firm should focus on
maintaining ideal ratio such as .5:1. Trade off theory pertaining to capital structure presents that
firm should ensure proper integration between debt and equity while taking decision in relation
to raising funds. On the basis of this, optimal structure includes trade off between interest tax
shield and cost of financial distress.
Value of firm = Value if all-equity financed + PV (tax shield) – PV (cost of financial distress)
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(Source: The Trade-off theory of capital structure, 2018)
Companies are required to have adequate mix of debt and equity. This means that if more
debt is used in the business as compared to debt, then it is called over leverage firm. On the other
hand, if debt is less than equity, firm's capital structure is known as under leverage. Starting from
Brembo Company which is engaged in automotive sector (Faccio, Marchica and Mura, 2016).
The current market price of shares is 12.67 and total shares are 65,037,450. The amount of book
value of debt is 224,557,000 and value of equity is 824,024,491.50. These are weights assigned
to debt and equity and as such, total value of Brembo Company comes out to be
1,048,581,491.50 which consists of debt and equity. From the total value arrived amount of debt
is 21 % and of equity is 79 %. These are used by taking formula of Debt / Total value and Equity
/ Total value.
Furthermore, cost of equity is arrived by using various elements such as risk free rate,
beta and implied risk premium. The risk free rate is 2 %, beta is 0.90 % UK's risk premium is 3
% and implied is 8.50 % which amounts to 12.65 % cost of equity. On the other hand, cost of
debt is calculated as taking income tax rate at 24 %, Country risk premium of 3 % and default
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spread 1.25 %. Thus, after tax cost of debt comes to 4.75 %. Thus, by using formula of WACC
(Weighted Average Cost of Capital), the value comes to 10.96 % by adding weights and cost of
debt and equity. D/ (D+E) ratio is 40.63 % which should be 30 %. It can be identified that there
is more equity than debt in the firm's capital structure, thus, Brembo Company is under leveraged
as debt is less in comparison to equity (Jacob, Johan, Schweizer and Zhan, 2016).
Another company is Continental Organisation engaged in automotive sector. The market
price of shares is 51.54 and outstanding shares are 200, 005,983. While book value of debt is
2,917,900,000 and current market value of equity is 10,308.31. This implies that total capital
structure consist of debt and equity comes out to be 2,917,910,308.31. Total value of equity by
multiplying outstanding shares and market price amounts to 10,308,308,563.83. On the other
hand, Continental Organisation total value by adding debt and equity is 13,226,208,563. Thus,
after arriving total firm's value, amount of debt is 22 % and of equity comes to 78 %.
On the other hand, cost of equity is arrived at taking risk free premium rate of 2.89 %,
beta is 1.63 and implied risk premium is 5.50 %. By applying the formula of Cost of equity
which implies Risk free rate + Beta * Implied risk, value arrived is 11.86 %. While, for
calculating cost of debt, there are various elements taken in this aspect. Such as income tax rate
is 35 % USA risk premium is 0, default spread is 3 %. Thus, by adding all these elements and
applicable formula, cost of debt is 3.83 %. With regards to this, adding debt and equity, WACC
comes out to be 10.09 %. D/ (D+E) ratio is 59.27 % which should be 80 %. It can be analysed
that firm is under leverage as optimum balance in capital structure is not present (Karolyi, 2016).
Daimler Group has outstanding shares of 1,069,800,000 and price of shares is 66.47.
Current market value of equity is 71,109.61 and book value of debt is 73,725. Total capital
structure turns out to be 144,834.61. It can be analysed that weight of Equity is 49 % and on the
other hand, weight of debt is 51 %. This clearly shows that firm has more debt than equity. On
the other hand, cost of equity is arrived as 12.08 % and cost of debt is 4.12 %. By summing up,
debt and equity, WACC comes out to be 8.03 % which is low as compared to other two firms
discussed in preceding paragraphs. D/ (D+E) ratio is 34.76 % which is low debt means company
is not utilising debt to finance activities. The debt is more than equity and as such, Daimler
Group has less equity. Thus, it is the over leveraged firm.
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Another firm is GPC (Genuine Parts Company) which has market price of shares is
149,804,000 and share price is 95.54. The current value of equity is 14,312,274,160 and on the
other hand, book value of debt is 1,018,058,000. Thus, total capital comes to 15,330,332,160.
Thus, weight of equity is 93 % and of debt is 7 %. This clearly shows that there is little part of
debt in the capital structure of GPC Company as compared to equity. Cost of equity is 8.95 %
and after tax cost of debt is 3.83 %. Thus, adding up these rates of debt and equity, WACC is
8.61 %. Furthermore, D/ (D+E) ratio is 63.80 % while it should be 50 % which means that the
ratio is high and it shows that firm may not be able to produce cash to satisfy its debt obligations.
Moreover, it can be interpreted that Daimler Group has more debt and as such, it is over leverage
firm (Frésard and Valta, 2016). While, Continental Company is under leverage firm and Brembo
Organisation is also under leveraged. On the other hand, GPC Company has very little amount of
debt and is highly under leveraged organisation.
Optimal capital structure
Companies WACC
Brembo Company 10.96%
Continental Company 10.09%
Daimler Group 8.03%
GPC Company 8.61%
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It can be interpreted that optimal capital structure means organisation should have proper
and adequate mix of debt and equity. In relation to this, above graph shows that Brembo
Company has higher WACC and Daimler Group has the lowest. While, Continental Organisation
has 10.09 % and GPC Company has 8.61 %. Higher WACC is not preferable as it indicates risk
associated with operations of the firm. It can be analysed that Brembo Company has 10.96 %
which is high and organisation is associated with high risk. Daimler Group is effective in capital
structure as WACC is low in comparison to other firms.
C Examining dividend policy
Dividends is required to be paid in adequate quantum so that firm may be able to get
enough investment from the shareholders in the best possible manner. It is also required that
organisation should generate earnings in effective way so that it may be able to provide good
return to shareholders on the amount of shares subscribed by them. If adequate dividends are not
provided then, investors would not be attracted to the business which will have serious impact on
it as operational activities may not be accomplished in desired way and organisation would have
to rely on the outside money. Source of debt will evolve liability of organisation to repay
principal amount along with interest accrued on the same. This will not be good for the company
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Brembo Company
Continental Company
Daimler Group
GPC Company
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12 10.96%
10.09%
8.03% 8.61%
WACC
Illustration 1: Capital structure of automotive companies

to rely more on debt as it increases risk to repay debt and lowers down solvency position of the
organisation.
In relation to this, Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) and Free Cash Flow to Creditors
(FCFE). The company after considering FCFF and FCFE provides dividends to equity
shareholders (Ibrahim, Arif and Paino, 2017). FCFF means that total amount generated in cash
after paying out expenses, investments, taxes and as such, it measures organisation ability to
produce cash after making all such deductions in the best possible manner. Positive FCFF is
always preferable as it shows company has enough of cash for providing dividends to
shareholders. On the other hand, FCFE is the measure of financial performance of company
which shows amount left after paying expenses to creditors. From the left out amount, creditors
are paid.
FCFE (Free Cash Flow to Equity) is the difference between FCFF and FCFE. This is the
amount which is available to be paid to equity shareholders after paying money to creditors,
investments, taxes and expenditures. This is required cash flow which is to be paid to
shareholders on the shares subscribed by them (McCahery, Sautner and Starks, 2016). Starting
from Brembo Company which has good operating income in all the years and as such, FCFF is
quite effective in the years and are in positive. However, in 2011, FCFF is negative. The figures
are 0, -11818.40, 77826.16, 87043.52, 22316, 114564.44, 129969.64 from the years 2010 to
2016. It can be noted that FCFC is also arrived in the following years. After that, FCFE is
calculated by deducting the amount of expenses and as such, positive FCFE is generated in 2016
year amounts to 170354.12 in Euros.
It can be interpreted that from the total amount of 170354.12 of FCFE, dividends are paid
to shareholders of 52,030 and as such, cash surplus made is 118324.12. The dividend payout
ratio is 16 %. The company should pay more dividends by reducing the surplus amount so that
more stockholders may be attracted to the firm. Furthermore, it should initiate control on its
expenses so that enough of cash flows are generated to pay-off liabilities and as such, more
dividends may be paid.
Continental Company has generated operating income which are bit fluctuating in the
past. This means that organisation is unable to produce more profits and as a result, expenditures
needs to be controlled in a better way (Almamy, Aston and Ngwa, 2016). Furthermore, it is
required that firm should effectively utilise investments received from shareholders so that
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adequate income may be generated and company may earn desired profits with much ease.
Moreover, operating income is less and as such, FCFF is affected but the cash flows are positive
in the year 2016 and past years as well.
Moreover, FCFC is also calculated and after that FCFE is computed and value in 2016 is
3875.12. Thus, in relation to this, dividends paid are 755.6 in the financial year 2016. The cash
surplus comes out to be 3119.52 and common stock on per dividend paid is 4.25. Thus, dividend
paid out ratio is 26 %. Continental Company should pay fewer dividends to shareholders as there
is less operating income earned and as such, more cash can be utilised in the future course of
action. Thus, it should pay amount to creditors which are the main priorities to company.
Another company is GPC has operating income good operating income and as such,
FCFF is quite of the organisation. In this relation, FCFF in 2011 to 2016 are good of the firm.
Moreover, it can be said that firm is able to generate positive cash after paying out expenditures
with much ease. Furthermore, it implies that GPC Organisation has initiated overall control over
its expenses which has benefited firm in the best possible manner. After calculating FCFF and
FCFC, cash flows available to equity shareholders are computed. Furthermore, it can be analysed
that firm has good FCFE which are made available to equity shareholders of the company
(Dhaene, Hulle, Wuyts, Schoubben and Schoutens, 2017).
In relation to this, dividends are paid to stockholders which amounts to 386,863.
Moreover, dividend paid rate per common stock is 2.63. Thus, dividend paid out in the financial
year is 56 % which is more in comparison to other firms in the automotive sector. Furthermore, it
can be analysed that organisation has paid more dividends and as such, shareholders are
benefited as they have provided with more returns. However, GPC Company should pay fewer
dividends and use the remaining amount for financing future activities.
Next organisation is Daimler Group which has less operating income in the past years.
This is the main reason by which cash flows available to firm are low but they are positive. It is
required that company should control its expenditures and as such, income may be enhanced and
FCFF can be improved up to higher extent. It can be interpreted that organisation is able to have
positive cash flows but the position can be improved in the near future.
Furthermore, after calculating FCFF and FCFC, remaining is provided to equity
shareholders (Adhikari and Agrawal, 2016). FCFE taken out to be 2992.60 in the financial year
2016. This shows that company has less cash generated in 2016. Furthermore, there are no
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dividends paid in the year which is because of less amount available in FCFE. Thus, there no
dividends available to be paid to shareholders. Moreover, it can be said that firm is required to
control upon its expenses by which organisation can earn revenue in the best possible manner.
D) Analysing value of the firm
Automotive Companies Total Value (Debt + Equity)
Brembo Company 1048581491.5
Continental Company 13226208563.83
Daimler Group 144834.61
GPC Organisation 15330332160
The above table shows value of all firms consisting of mix of debt and equity. It means
that value of firms are required to be ascertain so that investors may be able to take enhanced
decision whether to provide funds to the company or should invest in the same. Furthermore,
valuation help organisation to ascertain whether present value is good in the market or certain
improvements are required to be made. This will help organisation to evaluate and assess
valuation in the best possible manner. Furthermore, it is essential to value company as
stakeholders requires making effective and enhanced decisions with much ease (Huang, Tan and
Faff, 2016).
The valuation is important from the point of creditors as they assess whether funds should
be provided to the company or not. By having increased value of the firm, market value of shares
are injected and as a result, it is a good sign for the organisation as enhancement in market share
is maximised. Moreover, if organisation has more valuation, it indicates that company has
enough funds to finance activities in the best possible manner. This shows about good financial
performance of the company and as such, growth is achieved in effective way.
Furthermore, valuation of firm is needed for many other purposes such as investment
analysis, capital budgeting and financial reporting as well. Tax authorities also require valuation
of the firm so that proper tax filing can be made and organisation pay-off its tax liability with
much ease. Furthermore, valuing of firm is essentially required in order to ascertain that
company may analyse whether it should rely more on debt or equity. Moreover, proper mix of
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both the finance can be made in balanced way. It is also crucial for the business in order to
maintain optimal mix of debt and equity for meeting operational requirements in the best
possible way. Thus, valuing enterprise has immense impact on stockholders and various other
users of financial information of the business (Harford, Kecskes and Mansi, 2017).
Moreover, planning can be done by the company regarding the future market value of the
firm in effective way. Understanding current value of the business help management to take
future course of actions so that it may assess which approach has to be followed in order to
maximise value and as such, objective of wealth maximisation of shareholders can be
comfortably achieve by the business in the best possible manner. Thus, it can be said that valuing
a firm has several benefits to stakeholders quite effectually.
Name of Companies Enterprise Value (EV)
Brembo Company 4263063751
Continental Company 14192.4
Daimler Group 51616.99
GPC Organisation 6303310.08
The value of Brembo is good as it is enough mix of debt and equity in the capital
structure. Furthermore, it is also listed in the capital structure that it has more of equity as
compared to debt. It can be seen from the table that Enterprise Value of Brembo Company is
quite good as compared to other organisation and as such, it shows that organisation has good
market value and has adequate mix of debt and equity to finance activities in the best possible
manner. Furthermore, it is also seen that company has more equity in the capital structure in
comparison to debt. Moreover, having increased quantum of equity means that firm is under
leveraged as less amount of debt is used to finance operational tasks (KARMANOVA and et.al,
2016).
However, there should be adequate mix of debt and equity so that advantage of both can
be extracted by the company. Moreover, it can be said that company has maximum EV in
comparison to other automotive companies. Thus, Brembo Company is increasing its valuation
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and as such, it can be interpreted that organisation will further maximise value and will provide
higher returns to shareholders in effective way.
On the other hand, Continental Company has the lowest EV value in the market and as
such, it is required that company should pay attention to control its expenditures and earn good
amount of profits in order to have increased value in the market in the best possible manner.
Furthermore, it is also required that firm should lower the amount of equity so that advantage can
be utilised in a better way. Moreover, organisation is under leverage as more equity is used to
finance activities as compared to debt. On the contrary, total firm value with regards to debt and
equity is good and is more than other firms. This means that organisation has enough funds for
meeting requirements in the best possible manner (Linnenluecke and et.al, 2016).
On the other hand, it is required that firm should also enhance its EV so that it may earn
profits by satisfying customers in effective way. Moreover, it is required that organisation should
enhance its value in order to maximise market value of shares and as such, organisation would be
able to attain efficiency in the best possible way. It is also essentially required that company
should reduce its WACC which will eventually enhance its market value quite effectually.
Daimler Group has EV value of 51616.99 which is more in comparison to Continental
Organisation. However, it is required that improve upon its performance in the market which will
enhance firm's value quite effectively. It can be analysed that total value of firm consisting of
debt and equity is 144,834.61 which has 51 % of debt and 49 % of equity (Cheung, 2016). This
clearly shows that firm has more quantum of outsiders' money and less amount of shareholders'
investment. It clarifies that firm has high level of debt and this shows that firm is over leveraged.
It is required that company should have optimum mix of debt and equity so that advantage may
be extracted by the organisation. Moreover, less amount of borrowings should be taken because
increasing amount of debt is not good as it is riskier for the business. It is risky as debt has to be
repaid with principal amount along with interest on the same. Thus, Daimler Group should have
optimum mix of debt and equity which will maximise firm's value quite effectually.
On the other hand, GPC Company has good quantum of EV Value and is more than
Daimler Group and Continental Organisation. It can be analysed that GPC Organisation has
effective earnings which has increased its value. This shows that it is able to control upon its
expenses and as such, funds are effectively utilised by the business in the best possible manner.
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In relation to this, firm has high amount of value consisting of debt and equity (An, Chen, Luo
and Zhang, 2016). Total debt percentage is 7 % and equity is 93 %. This shows that company is
under leverage as organisation has greater amount of equity and as such, it clarifies that firm
should use more of debt so that proper mix of debt should be used in order to have advantage of
both forms of funds to finance business activities in the best possible manner. This will further
maximise value and as such, market value of shares will also improve.
CONCLUSION
By summing up this report, it has been concluded that lower level of risk is associated
with the securities of Brembo over other automotive units. Moreover, beta value of other or
remaining three companies is greater than 1 which in turn exhibits high level of volatility.
Besides this, it can be inferred that except Daimlar all other firms come under the category of
under leverage. In accordance with this, Daimlar had maintained high level of debt which in turn
not recognized as good. The reason behind this, high debt imposes fixed periodical burden in
terms of interest payment. Furthermore, capital structure should be enhanced in a better way so
that advantage of debt and equity can be attained by the organisation to effectively finance
business activities in the best possible manner. Moreover, it is required that debt should be used
in less quantum as it increases liability of the company to repay the debt along with interest on it.
Apart from this, dividend policy also plays crucial role in the company so that firm may be able
to attract more investment from the shareholders in effective way. Dividends should be paid only
when business has enough of cash and as such, free cash flows available to firm is important
ratio in this regard. Furthermore, value of the firm should be maximised so that stakeholders may
be able to inject revenue in the best possible manner. Thus, valuation of firm provides several
benefits to the stakeholders and company's management in effective manner.
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