Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Comprehensive Report

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Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Autonomous Vehicle.......................................................................................................................3
Merits...........................................................................................................................................5
Demerits.......................................................................................................................................6
Requirements of security.................................................................................................................6
Data requirement.............................................................................................................................9
System-related to the management of traffic...................................................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................12
References......................................................................................................................................13
Figure 1: Sensors on AV..................................................................................................................3
Figure 2: Sensor help in identifying obstacles.................................................................................4
Figure 3: Autonomous Cars.............................................................................................................6
Figure 4: Entity relationship diagram............................................................................................11

Introduction
The given report consists of the detailed information regarding the autonomous vehicles and
their description including the traffic management system regarding it. The task needs to
emphasize the data requirement of the system that is related to the traffic management control
and routing system. The report also contains an entity-relationship diagram that includes the
system of traffic management that consists of various entities and attributes.

Autonomous Vehicle
An autonomous vehicle is also known as robotic vehicles or self-driving vehicles that have the
capability to sense the surroundings and provide appropriate responses to these surroundings
without any input of the humans (Lavieri et al., 2017). They are able to sense the surroundings
by the help of sensors that are present in these vehicles. There is a number of sensors that allow
the vehicle to interact with the surrounding and these sensors are Radar, Lidar, GPS and other
related sensors.
Figure 1: Sensors on AV
(Source: Image.slidesharecdn.com, 2019)
These sensors can identify the obstacles present on the road like pedestrians, trees, animals, etc.
The given picture can provide the idea of the sensors that help the car to identify the obstacles.

Figure 2: Sensor help in identifying obstacles
(Sources: Anon, 2019)
The technology in the field of transportation is developed and the results can be seen in the form
of autonomous vehicles. By this type of technology, the impact on transportation is considered as
positive and more convenient. The enhancement and adoption of the technology resulted in the
Autonomous vehicles that supported the transport. These vehicles support the drivers by taking
their place in various circumstances and can access the vehicles on their own. This helps in
minimization of road accidents and crashes; moreover, it helps in reducing the pollution as well
as congestion (Fagnant and Kockelman, 2015). This concept was founded very long time ago but
due to the high cost of production this technology was not much supported. But many
researchers found the way to accelerate its production on high scale so that the technology can be
used by the world for mundane tasks and for daily purposes in an economical price. Industries of
the automobile spent approximately seventy-seven billion Euros for nurturing this technology
and to enhance the competition in the market related to the autonomous vehicle.
As the technology is developed and adopted in many parts of the world, it is proving as
convenient and comfortable but also has some demerits as well (Talebpour and Mahmassani,
2016). So here there are some merits and demerits that are discussed related to the adoption of
autonomous vehicles:

Merits
The merits that autonomous vehicles provide are related to enhanced productivity and efficiency.
The merits are given here:
 Provide Independence
 Improved safety on the roads
 Minimization of Congestion
 Healthy environment
 Economic and helps in saving money
 Provide enhanced productivity
These are discussed here in detail for better understanding:
Provide Independence:
This technology helps the handicapped and blind people independence as they need not rely on
other person so this technology provided great help for them (Abraham et al., 2016). Moreover,
senior and old age people are also dependent on others so these vehicles allow them to travel on
their own. So this is how the autonomous vehicle provides great independence to the world
(Sawabe et al., 2018).
Improved safety on the roads:
According to the data and researchers it has been founded that the maximum number of car and
road accidents takes place because of the faults of the drivers like some drivers are drugged and
some have a vision problem or many other similar problems are responsible for the accidents and
many deaths. So by adopting AV these case and accidents can be eliminated.
Minimization of Congestion:
As these AV are automatic and well-designed so they maintain a proper distance among two
vehicles that minimize the chances of crashing and hitting from other vehicles, this helps in
minimizing the congestion and maintain the traffic resolved that can save the time of people as
due to traffic problems people get stuck and take many hours for reaching from one destination
to another (Janai et al., 2017).

Healthy environment:
As discussed above, these vehicles avoid traffic jamming and proper management of the traffic
that saves the fuel and pollution caused by traffic jamming and these also cause pollution and
greenhouse gases emissions. So they are beneficial for the environment as well.
Economic and helps in saving money:
This also can save money by providing public transport people can share the rides that can get
economic and ensure the safety of the occupants as well.
Provide enhanced productivity:
Passengers in the vehicles can able to multitask as well. They need not to concern about the way
and driving so they can perform their other tasks like reading, playing games, movies and other
such tasks (Floreano and Wood, 2015).
Figure 3: Autonomous Cars
(Source: Ucsusa.org, 2019)
Demerits
As there are merits, so are some demerits as well that are discussed here:
 Not affordable for average people as it is costly and needs proper maintenance as well
that can be costly too.
 It can get hacked as it is computerized.

 Can lead to increase the unemployment in the country as all the taxi and drivers task will
then be performed by these vehicles.
 Any technical issue may cause severe problems.
 In case of sudden lack of fuel can put the person or occupant in trouble.
 In the case of rainfall, these machines can show various technical problems.
 Need a professional software engineer to maintain the vehicle.
Requirements of security
The refueling problem of the cars can be limit by the methods which are mentioned below and
can be appropriately resolved. The proper understandable planning of the entire area should be
done and the roads are examined before the installation of the autonomous cars on the roads. The
various factors are needed to be understood and considered so that they can be helpful for the
installation of cars. The sensors present in the car are helpful in detecting the obstacle that may
come in between the path so that they can be avoided on time. This will help in the security
enhancement and will safe the pedestrians, human-driven cars, and the other cars that are
autonomous. This will result in accident avoidance. In the case of emergency, the fuel stations
can be detected which are available on the place that is near to the current location. This will
help to get the cars on the track and will continue the driving. The proposed system will be
capable of detecting the obstacles attached to the car using the sensors available. For the smooth
drive of the car, the track can be detected in advance. The traffic lights, footpaths, flyovers,
highways, and many more such relatable things can be detected in advance with the use of
sensors. Since the system is based on the concepts of the computer, the security requirements are
essential and necessary. This ensures the proper and clear working of the system. The safety that
gives the full guarantee of the safety in the autonomous cars are required and needed very much.
The system should be able to automatically update the system; so that the requirements can get to
the user on time and avoid them form the accidents. The feedback from the user should be
continuously received so that the requirements of the security can be updated and hence the
system can be improved.
While doing the testing of cars, all the scenarios should be considered. The scenarios include
both best-case and worst-case scenarios. The car should be made like this that it can take up the
challenges and can face them with successful results. A car should be capable of facing the

environments that are not expected in advance as well. It should be protecting the occupants and
should be able to survive. It should also be able to provide the solutions to the technology that is
capable of minimizing the security issues in the situations that are unseen. The privacy of the
data should be able to maintain as the systems will need private information such as the location.
The information provided should not be leaked, hence leading to the security of private
information. It should be protected from getting the information leaked and hacked and the
driver should always anonymous. The reliability of the car should be ensured as well in addition
to the security. The reliability levels are multiple and each of the levels should be testing for
checking the reliability. The levels of reliability include external services, diagnostics, and
vehicle sensors that are responsible for providing the input. For checking the quality assurance,
the proper feedbacks are considered for the improvement of ethnic awareness. This improves the
decision making of the car without the monitoring and any human control. The above discussed
are some of the requirements of the security that should be considered while the installations of
autonomous cars. The system should be capable of controlling the traffic and the activities
detection that is taking place on the roads. By knowing in advance about the traffic, it can be
controlled and managed easily. This can be helpful in monitoring the car’s speed. The system
can also be able to deal with and control the traffic lights. The management of the traffic can be
handled efficiently and the cars can also deal with traffic jams.
The avoidance of rules adherence by humans
The given scenario has various consequences that are further divided into long term
consequences and short term consequences.
Short-term consequences:
 License suspension: when the rules are break sown by the drivers, they are most
concerned about this as this can lead to the snatching of the license. The getting back of
the license takes more time and till then they are not allowed to drive.
 Jail time: this is the most concerned consequence that none of the drivers want to face.
The drivers can be put inside the bars on the breaking of traffic rules. It is the most
difficult consequence.

 Points on the license of the driver: the drivers are most concerned about the rules
breaking of the traffic. The breaking of the rules is rewarded with the marked points on
the license.
 Fines: the various fines are imposed on the breaking of the traffic rules and hence this is
the most concerned consequence. There exist various fines that are related to the points or
the tickets.
Long term consequences:
 Losing job: the driver may even lose the job if they break the rules and this is the long
term consequence that has to be paid by a lot.
 Insurance premiums increase: for the insurance, the drivers have to pay their lots of parts
and if in the case the driver is caught breaking the rules then they have to pay for it.
 Criminal record: in the case, if there any accident happens, then the drivers can be put
into the jail and can be marked as the criminal. They can be marked as the permanent
criminal record for the rest of their lives.
 Accidents or deaths: the accidents may lead to the death of the person and also the driver
has to pay because they are marked as the criminals and also they can be put into jail.
They also have to pay for their families.
Data requirement
The system includes various requirements of the data so that the monitoring and management of
the traffic can be performed easily and efficiently. These are listed here:
 Data of the available AV running on the roads play an essential role in the management
of traffic so that proper calculation can be done.
 Data for the total number of autonomous cars that are purchased and sold.
 Dimensions of the road of the city provide a brief idea of traffic.
 An available number of traffic signals in the city.
 Data related to the overall city population and the ratio of the people who use AV’s on a
regular basis.

 Data related to the areas and routes on which these autonomous vehicles founded the
most.
 Available traffic cops so as to keep and note the vehicles in case of any violation of the
rules and regulations.
 Data of the experienced drivers that runs non-autonomous vehicles on the road.
 The ratio of the autonomous with the non-autonomous vehicle also plays an important
role.
System-related to the management of traffic
The solution that is proposed for the management of the traffic that includes only the
autonomous cars has the proposed entity-relationship diagram that contains many entities and
attributes along with the relationships that shows the dependencies on each other. The system is
able to manage the speed, direction, route, and other such functions in order to maintain traffic
management.

Figure 4: Entity relationship diagram
The above entity-relationship diagram helps in showing the management system of the traffic
that consists of various entities which play an important role in explaining the overall system.
The assumptions related to the diagram are listed here as:
 There are four different entities named as InformationOfTraffic, Automobiles,
NodesOfRoads, and Linking.
 These entities have different constraints that include primary keys and foreign keys.
 In the Automobiles entity, A_ID is assigned as the primary key so that every autonomous
vehicle present on the road can be identified uniquely.
 The other attributes of the automobiles that store the information of every automobile
include the speed of the automobile and direction on which it is moving are stored.
 There will be information about traffic for every automobile present on the road so it is
having a one-to-one relationship with the entity InformationOfTraffic.

 InformationOfTraffic stores the information related to traffic so it has three different
entities.
 This entity stored information regarding the traffic lights and the vehicles speed on the
roads along with the linking ID of the road.
 Here the Linking Id is the foreign key as it is taking reference from the table linking.
 For a single link, there can be much information on the traffic so the tables have a one-to-
many relationship with each other.
 The linking table has four different attributes that contain the information related to the
linking of the roads (Manawadu et al., 2015).
 The names of the attributes are LinkingID, TotalLength, Type, and Direction.
 LinkingId is assigned as the primary key as it uniquely identifies the links of the roads.
 Linking helps in constructing the nodes of the roads so they have a one-to-many
relationship with each other.
 NodeOfRoads has five different attributes that store information regarding the nodes.
 RoadName, Code, LinkingID, N_ID, and change of lanes are different attributes present
here in this entity.