Hydraulics & Hydrology Lab Report: Basic Hydrology Experiment

This laboratory report, submitted by a student in the Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Civil Engineering Technology, details a basic hydrology experiment (MKSA – 01) conducted as part of the Hydraulics & Hydrology Laboratory course (BNP 20103). The experiment aimed to identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff. The report includes sections on objectives, learning outcomes, theoretical background on the hydrological cycle, rainfall characteristics, and the surface runoff process. It outlines the equipment used, including a hydrology apparatus study system and a stopwatch, and provides a step-by-step procedure for the experiment. The procedure involved setting up a model catchment area, simulating rainfall, and observing flow rates, weir head readings, and time intervals. The report also includes the student code of ethics, assessment rubrics, and a declaration of individual effort. The data collected and the analysis of the results would likely be included in subsequent sections, though not present in the provided document.

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY
LABORATORY REPORT
COURSE CODE BNP 20103
EXPERIMENT CODE & TITLE MKSA – 01-BASIC HYDROLOGY
EXPERIMENT DATE 10 OCTOBER 2019
GROUP NO / SECTION NO. GROUP 3 / SECTION 3
GROUP MEMBERS
1. MUHAMMAD AMIRUL RASYID BIN MOHD
SAIP (CN180153)
2. MUHAMMAD NOR AZRIE BIN AMRAN
(AN180131)
3. AZWAN SALIM BIN AGUS SALIM (AN170108)
4. LAU LIN TAN (AN180255)
5. IRMA ERRISSA NADIA BINTI OTHMAN
(AN180230)
6. SITI IZZATUL AISYAH BINTI MOHD SORANI
(CN180042)
LECTURE 1. DR. HASNIDA BINTI HARUN.
SUBMISSION DATE 23 OCTOBER 2019
RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP
EXAMINER’S COMMENTS

Faculty:
Programme:
Course/Code:
Experiment Title:
Lab Report Assessment Rubrics
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY WITH HONOURS
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY LABORATORY/ BNP20103
BASIC HYDROLOGY
CLO3: Display technically the given hydraulics and hydrology problems through laboratory tasks/project effectively
Assessme
nt
Sub Criteria Level 1 (Weak) 2 (Modest) 3 (Good)
Report
Descriptions of the lab work
needs. Correct use of
measurement technique and
equipment
P1
Lab work needs are not
described at all. Incorrect use
of measurement
technique and equipment
Some lab work needs are not
accurately described. Major incorrect
use of measurement technique and
equipment
Most lab work needs are accurately
described. Mostly correct use o
measurement technique and
equipment
Describe correct and precise
data collection. Analyse and
discuss the data trends and
patterns using correct graphs
P2
Data collections are not
complete. Wrongly analyse
and discuss of data trends
and patterns.
Most data collections are not
accurately and precisely described.
Major wrong in analyse and discuss
the data trends and patterns.
Most data collections are accura
and precisely described.
Minor wrong in analyse and discuss
the data trends and patterns.
Practical
Ability to organise, performs
experiments safely and aware
of priorities in the laboratory. P3
Fails to notice important
information and safety
factors in the workplace.
Minor flaws in safety. Requires
constant supervision.
Practices most procedures safely
conforms to the lab regulations with
minimal supervision.
Ability to show engagement in
conducting experiment. P4
Performs with little energy,
focus and no commitment-
needs support.
Performs with some energy, focus and
commitment
Shows good performance with
confident, energy and commitment.
CLO4: Comply the ability to work in group ethically and effectively in order to solve problems related to hydraulics and hydrology
Assessment Sub-criteria Level 1 (Weak) 2 (Modest) 3 (Good)
Report
Format of report follows
given format, shows team
work, contribution from all
members. Completes group
lab report on time
A1
Do not follow the report
format. Poor team work,
contribution from all
members, Very late
submission of lab report
Follow the report format very little
Average team work, contribution
from all members. On time
submission of lab report
Mostly follow all the report format
Good team work, contribution from
all members. On time
submission of lab report
Practical
Participates in group
discussion, shows interest in
lab works, enjoys helping
others
A2
Less participates in group
discussion, shows less
interest in lab works, not
enjoys helping others
Participates in group discussion,
shows some interest in lab works,
not really enjoy helping others
Mostly participates in group
discussion, shows some interest
lab works, enjoys helping others

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY
LABORATORY REPORT
Subject Code BNP20103
Experiment
Code
MKSA – 01
Experiment Title BASIC HYDROLOGY
Section 3

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not
accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.
1) Group Leader (Signature)
Name : Muhammad Amirul Rasyid bin Mohd Saip
Matrix No. : CN180153
2) Group Member 1 (Signature)
Name : Muhammad Nur Azrie Bin Amran
Matrix No. : AN180131
3) Group Member 2 (Signature)
Name : Lau Lin Tat
Matrix No. : An180255
4) Group Member 3 (Signature)
Name : Azwan Salim Bin Agus Salim
Matrix No. : AN170108
5) Group Member 4 (Signature)
Name : Irma Errissa Nadia Binti Othman
Matrix No. : AN180230
6) Group Member 5 (Signature)
Name : Siti Izzatul Aisyah Binti Mohd Sorani
Matrix No. : CN180042

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
PAGE NO
:
1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
EDITION
:
2
REVIEW NO
:
2
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY
LABORATORY
EFFECTIVE
DATE :
26/01/2016
TITLE : BASIC HYDROLOGY AMENDMENT
DATE :
26/01/2016
BASIC HYDROLOGY
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they
have learned to:
● Understand the basic terms in hydrology.
● Understand the concept of watershed area
● Understand the factors which influence the runoff.
3.0 THEORY
Figure 3.1: Hydrological Cycle
The hydrological cycle describes the constant movement of water above, on, and below the
Earth's surface. The cycle operates across all scales, from the global to the smallest stream
catchment and involves the movement of water along evapotranspiration, precipitation, surface
runoff, subsurface flow and groundwater pathways. In essence, water is evaporated from the
land, oceans and vegetation to the atmosphere, using the radiant energy from the Sun, and is
recycled back in the form of rain or snow. When moisture from the atmosphere falls to the
Earth's surface it becomes subdivided into different interconnected pathways.
Precipitation (excluding snow and hail) wets vegetation, directly enters surface water bodies or
begins to infiltrate into the ground to replenish soil moisture. Excess water percolates to the
zone of saturation, or groundwater, from where it moves downward and laterally to sites of
groundwater discharge. The rate of infiltration varies with land use, soil characteristics and the
duration and intensity of the rainfall event. If the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate of

infiltration this leads to overland flow. Water reaching streams, both by surface runoff and
groundwater discharge eventually moves to the sea where it is again evaporated to perpetuate
the hydrological cycle.
Rainfall characteristics
Precipitation in arid and semi-arid zones results largely from convective cloud mechanisms
producing storms typically of short duration, relatively high intensity and limited areal extent.
However, low intensity frontal-type rains are also experienced, usually in the winter season.
When most precipitation occurs during winter, as in Jordan and in the Negev, relatively low-
intensity rainfall may represent the greater part of annual rainfall. Rainfall intensity is defined
as the ratio of the total amount of rain (rainfall depth) falling during a given period to the
duration of the period It is expressed in depth units per unit time, usually as mm per hour
(mm/h).
The statistical characteristics of high-intensity, short-duration, convective rainfall are essentially
independent of locations within a region and are similar in many parts of the world. Analysis of
short-term rainfall data suggests that there is a reasonably stable relationship governing the
intensity characteristics of this type of rainfall. Studies carried out in Saudi Arabia (Raikes and
Partners 1971) suggest that, on average, around 50 percent of all rain occurs at intensities in
excess of 20 mm/hour and 20-30 percent occurs at intensities in excess of 40 mm/hour. This
relationship appears to be independent of the long-term average rainfall at a particular location.
The surface runoff process
When rain falls, the first drops of water are intercepted by the leaves and stems of the
vegetation. This is usually referred to as interception storage. As the rain continues, water
reaching the ground surface infiltrates into the soil until it reaches a stage where the rate of
rainfall (intensity) exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. Thereafter, surface puddles,
ditches, and other depressions are filled (depression storage), after which runoff is generated.
The infiltration capacity of the soil depends on its texture and structure, as well as on the
antecedent soil moisture content (previous rainfall or dry season). The initial capacity (of a dry
soil) is high but, as the storm continues, it decreases until it reaches a steady value termed as
final infiltration rate.
The process of runoff generation continues as long as the rainfall intensity exceeds the actual
infiltration capacity of the soil but it stops as soon as the rate of rainfall drops below the actual
rate of infiltration. The rainfall runoff process is well described in the literature. Numerous
papers on the subject have been published and many computer simulation models have been
developed. All these models, however, require detailed knowledge of a number of factors and
initial boundary conditions in a catchment area which in most cases are not readily available.
For a better understanding of the difficulties of accurately predicting the amount of runoff
resulting from a rainfall event, the major factors which influence the rainfall-runoff process are
described below.
Runoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the
characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. The rainfall-runoff
process is extremely complex, making it difficult to model accurately. There are, in addition,
other important factors which influence the runoff generating process like natural surface

detention, soil infiltration characteristics and the drainage pattern formed by natural flow paths.
The soil type, vegetative cover and topography play as important roles. Rainfall and runoff are
very important hydrologic components because of their direct relations with water resources
quantity, flood, stream flow and design of dam and hydraulic structure.
4.0 EQUIPMENT
i) Hydrology Study System
Apparatus
ii) Stop watch
5.0 PROCEDURE
1. The apparatus was set up with sand that
form model catchment
Figure 4.1: Hydrology and Rainfall Apparatus.
Figure 4.2: Stop Watch

2. The sand tank filled with sand by open the Perspex screen at front and back.
The rod has placed to support the Perspex screen. The sand tank is filled up
to a level just below water crest at each end.
3. The tilt mechanism was rotated so it formed a slope in the catchment area.
4. One of restrainer A in the downstream weir is removed to permit interflow.
5. Value V4, V5, V7 and V8 was closed.
.
6. To simulate rainfall Valves V6 and respective valves on each water nozzles are
Figure 5.2: Setting the form model
catchment.
Figure 5.1: Setup the graduated cylinder and
beaker.
Figure 5.3: The sand tank is filled up to a level just below water crest at each end
Figure 5.4: Value of V4, V5, V7 and V8 was closed.

opened. To allow water to reached weir V11 was opened
7. Pump and stopwatch were started simultaneously, the valves V2 and V1, (if
necessary) was adjust so it gets an even spray from sprinklers to 3LPM.
8. Observations were done and readings from flowrate, weir head readings and
times are taken at regular intervals.
Figure 5.5: Open valve V6 to allow water to reached weir and V11 was opened.
Figure5.6: Taking time when water flowing to in
graduated cylinder one minutes
Figure 5.7: Read the reading on the
hydrology study system machine.
Figure 5.8: Record the reading.

9. After the weir reading indicated stable flow the rain spray is stop by shutting
off the pump
10. Readings of weir head are continued to be taken after rain spray simulation is
stop until the flow over the sharp edge weir approach zero or constant value.
6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS
Initial Head Above
Weir: 0
Flow rate: 0.05 L/s.
Step of Calculation flow rate:
Flow rate (L/s) = Flow (LPM) × 1/60 s
= 3.0 × 1/60
= 0.05 L/s
Time (min) Head above weir
(cm)
Volume (mL) Flow (LPM) Water
Run-off
(Liter)
Discharge
(m3/s)
1 0 0 3.0 0 0
1 18.8 260 3.0 0.26 4.3 x 10-6
1 19.2 370 3.0 0.37 6.16 x 10-6
1 19.7 410 3.0 0.41 6.83 x 10-6
1 19.8 410 3.0 0.41 6.83 x 10-6
1 19.7 410 3.0 0.41 6.83 x 10-6
1 19.7 410 3.0 0.41 6.83 x 10-6
1 19.7 410 3.0 0.41 6.83 x 10-6
Table 6.1: Basic Hydrological Experiment Result.
Step of Calculation Basic Hydrological Data:
Water Run-Off =
= ( Volume) x (1 L)
(1000 mL)
Figure 5.9: Repeat the step after rain spray simulation stop until
the flow over the sharp edge weir approach zero or constant value.

= ( 260 mL) x (1 L)
(1000 mL)
= 0.26 L
Discharge (m3/s) =
= ( Water Run−off ) x ( 1 m3 )
( 1000 L ) x (1)
(60 s)
= ( 0.26 ) x ( 1 m3 )
( 1000 L ) x (1)
(60)
= 0.43 x 10-5 m3/s
7.0 QUESTIONS
1. Plot the discharge (unit m3/s) versus time (second) graph separately from the above
values for each angles.
Table 7.1: The values of discharge (unit m3/s) versus time (second)
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
The Graph of Discharge (m3/s) versus Time (s)
Time (s)
Discharge (m3/s)
Graph 7.1: Discharge (m3/s) versus time (s)
2. From the graph plotted, determine: (a) Time concentration (b) Rainfall duration, (c)
Peak discharge, (d) Runoff volume and (e) Storage volume.
Time (s) Discharge (m3/s)
0 0
60 0.43 x 10-5
120 0.616 x 10-5
180 0.683 x 10-5
240 0.683 x 10-5
300 0.683 x 10-5
360 0.683 x 10-5
420 0.683 x 10-5

(a) Rainfall duration = 300 seconds
(b) Rainfall Intensity:
● Rain gauge maximum = Rainfall x 0.2
= 443.00 mm x 0.2
= 88.6 mm
● Rainfall Intensity = Rain gauge maximum ÷ Rain duration
= 88.6 mm ÷ 300 s
= 0.295 mm/s
(c) Peak discharge = When 300 seconds, discharge will be 0.683 x 10-5 m3/s.
(d) Runoff volume = Total direct flow
= (2.68L) x (3600 s)
= 9.648L/s.
3. Provide a table for all the comparisons with different angles of catchment.
Table 7.2: All the comparisons with different angles of catchment.
4. Discuss the results.
Based on the graph discharge versus time, we get the parabola shape graph. The
graph 7.0 show as that the discharge is directly proportional to time. Based on
the graph, its shown that discharge water increasing from 0 second to 180
second, meanwhile from 180 second to 420 second the discharge remain
constant. This is because of the soil infiltration characteristic where it reach the
maximum water that can pass through it. From 300 second to 420 second we
turn off the water sprinklers which imitates the rain and we find out the
discharge is still constant. From 0 to 60 second, the discharge water increases
rapidly and started to slow down at 60 to 180 second and remain constant
afterwards. The rainfall falls for 300 second which produce 443 millimeters and
drop 0.295 millimeters per second. We find the maximum rain gauge which is
88.6 millimeters using the formula rainfall times with 0.2.
5. Give a conclusion for this test
From the experiment, we have been through some issued regarding the data
collection. For the rainfall gauge, the result did not show a perfect reading since
Rainfall Duration 300 seconds
Rainfall Intensity 0.295 mm/s
Peak Discharge 0.683 x 10-5 m3/s
Runoff Volume 9.648 L/s