University Report: Batteries and Wireless Charging for Electric Cars

This report delves into the crucial intersection of battery technology and wireless charging systems within the electric vehicle (EV) sector. It defines the significance of EVs in the context of environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, contrasting them with traditional internal combustion engines and highlighting the flexibility challenges associated with EV charging. The report explores the benefits of wireless power transfer (WPT), including its cost-effectiveness, convenience, and potential to eliminate charging hazards. It examines key themes such as dynamic charging, contactless power transfer, and inductive power transfer, explaining the principles and applications of each. The report addresses the question of how wireless charging and batteries can be used in EVs, presenting findings on the efficiency, ease of use, and convenience of dynamic charging. It also discusses the role of WPT in the automotive industry, emphasizing its customer-centric benefits and the move away from complex wired charging systems. Furthermore, the report includes a literature review that analyzes various research papers related to wireless charging and battery technologies, offering insights into the current state of the art and identifying gaps for future research.

Running head: BATTERIES AND WIRELESS CHARGING FOR ELECTRIC CARS
Batteries and Wireless Charging For Electric Cars
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

1BATTERIES AND WIRELESS CHARGING FOR ELECTRIC CARS
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Definition.....................................................................................................................................3
Importance...................................................................................................................................3
Themes:........................................................................................................................................3
Question:......................................................................................................................................4
Findings:.......................................................................................................................................4
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................5
Reference List..................................................................................................................................7
Mind Map........................................................................................................................................9
Literature Planner..........................................................................................................................10

2BATTERIES AND WIRELESS CHARGING FOR ELECTRIC CARS
Introduction
Definition
Environment and energy have been playing important roles in the electric transportation
system. Electric vehicles have high flexibility and charging is not easy for them. EVs keep high
battery backup as storage for electricity to operate in a long distance. As stated by Vaka and
Keshri (2017), the wireless power transfer can alienate charging system and its battery capacity
is less than the storage system.
Importance
An internal combustion engine can run swiftly in case of a long way, however, EV needs
high power battery efficiency. This high power battery can be expensive for use; however
wireless charging system can be cost effective for energy use and gasoline-powered vehicles.
Battery needs a charging system and plug-in methods, wireless charging can be beneficial for
this. Charging cables can also bring hazards, however, in WPT, drivers just need to park their
cars near a charging station and dynamic WPT will charge the cars (Li and Mi 2015). This
wireless battery charging provides 20%more battery back-up than conductive charging. Of late,
the wireless charging generates high demand in the market and researchers are working out with
magnetic resonance theory. Magnetic coupler design is important in sending the wireless power
and it is of two types, primary coupler and pick up coupler.
Themes:
Dynamic charging: Dynamic charging is a way to provide charging to the EV during
driving and it can provide solutions to the range anxiety while driving. In dynamic charging,

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there are two kinds of the magnetic coupler, one is long track coupler and other is narrow-width
track coupler. With the use of narrow track design, construction cost can be decreased. In
designing the track, pickup coil can cover only a little portion (Maglaras et al. 2014).
Contactless power transfer: Contactless power transfer is a wireless process that can be
transmitted electrical energy to the electrical devices. In case of EVs, the wireless power supply
can be categorised into two, radiative and non-radiative. Moreover, in using of non-radiative
techniques, power can be transmitted through magnetic fields by inductive coupling to wires and
coils (Qui et al. 2014).
Inductive power transfer: The principle of using the inductive power transmission is
depended on the transmitting coil with another receiver coil. Two coils are coupled through
magnetic inductors which induce through voltage. According to Miller et al. (2014), the more
coupling will be efficient, the more the power transfer will be convenient. The distance between
ratio inductors may determine the coupling strength and it can be depended on the shape and size
of coils.
In-motion wireless charging: Wireless Power transfer can be described as safe and
convenient. It is an autonomous way of charging the vehicles as it does not require bulky
charging system to carry in EVs. In-motion wireless charging helps to reduce the battery shape
and increases the battery life as a whole.
Question:
What are the ways to use wireless charging and battery in Electrical vehicles?

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Findings:
Wireless charging is the future of WPT and it can be used by dynamic charging. This technique
is efficient, easy-to-use and convenient charging method for giving charge to the EV. This
technique is helpful in the automotive industry with the beneficence of resonant magnetic
induction procedure for using energy wirelessly. WPT involves disciplines of magnetic supply of
energy and power electronics with the use of mechanical engineering and communication.
However, a magnetic field is related to low density and high frequency. Circuit analysis is
important with an analytical approach to the finite element methods. Electrification is important
in transportation as it important that it cannot be avoided due to energy-related issue. Wireless
charging and battery is not only the concept of charging the vehicles but also it is a customer-
centric operation in a daily based worked. Further, wireless system provides the benefits of
recharging in the parking space. It provides the advantage in charging the battery in a consistent
way without the complex system. The users need to have the plugs, cables; adaptors and it can
multiply the charging facility with gadgets. The system of little and often charging system days
are gone and the people are using this in forefront trends. An EV can be charged at anywhere and
it cannot be possible at wired charging (Yilmiz and Krein 2013)). Vehicles to grid power transfer
are becoming popular with bi-directional converters that have inductive links. It is important to
have the converters and controllers intact with the presence of coils and wires from AC supply of
energy.
Conclusion
Different technologies can be taken to use of wireless power transfer to the EVs, however
inductive power supply with magnetic use can be helpful and it is cost effective. Coils and wires
can be used to improve the efficiency. Various types of compensation topologies can be used that

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may increase the performance indexes. Using of wireless charging is nowadays is important as it
provides relief from the burden of equipment with promoting the green energy. Moreover,
conducting charging is related to the use of cables and wire, wireless charging is the new trend in
the automotive industry.

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Reference List
Berger, A., Agostinelli, M., Vesti, S., Oliver, J.A., Cobos, J.A. and Huemer, M., 2015. A
wireless charging system applying phase-shift and amplitude control to maximize efficiency and
extractable power. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 30(11), pp.6338-6348.
Kim, B.C., Kim, K.Y., Ramachandra, S., Khandelwal, A. and Lee, B.H., 2015, September.
Wireless lithium-ion battery charging platform with adaptive multi-phase rapid-charging
strategy. In Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015 IEEE (pp. 3087-3091).
IEEE.
Li, S. and Mi, C.C., 2015. Wireless power transfer for electric vehicle applications. IEEE journal
of emerging and selected topics in power electronics, 3(1), pp.4-17.
Lukic, S. and Pantic, Z., 2013. Cutting the cord: Static and dynamic inductive wireless charging
of electric vehicles. IEEE Electrification Magazine, 1(1), pp.57-64.
Maglaras, L.A., Jiang, J., Maglaras, A., Topalis, F.V. and Moschoyiannis, S., Dynamic wireless
charging of electric vehicles on the move with Mobile Energy Disseminators.
Miller, J.M., Onar, O.C., White, C., Campbell, S., Coomer, C., Seiber, L., Sepe, R. and Steyerl,
A., 2014. Demonstrating dynamic wireless charging of an electric vehicle: The benefit of
electrochemical capacitor smoothing. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, 1(1), pp.12-24.
Miller, J.M., Onar, O.C., White, C., Campbell, S., Coomer, C., Seiber, L., Sepe, R. and Steyerl,
A., 2014. Demonstrating dynamic wireless charging of an electric vehicle: The benefit of
electrochemical capacitor smoothing. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, 1(1), pp.12-24.

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Qiu, C., KT, C., Ching, T.W. and Liu, C., 2014. Overview of wireless charging technologies for
electric vehicles. Journal of Asian Electric Vehicles, 12(1), pp.1679-1685.
Vaka, R. and Keshri, R.K., 2017. Review on Contactless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle
Charging. Energies, 10(5), p.636.
Yilmaz, M. and Krein, P.T., 2013. Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels,
and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, 28(5), pp.2151-2169.

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Mind Map
Wireless Power
Transfer
Electric Vehicles
Vehicular
communication
Efficiency
Wireless
transfer
Misaligned
toleranceSafety
guidelines
Long track
coupler Inductive
power transferCooperative
mechanism
LTE
Combustion
engine
In-motion
coupler design
Conductive
charging
Dynamic
charging
Local power
storage
Magnetic transfer
Stationary
charging
Coupled
magnetic
resonance
Integrated
power

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Literature Planner
Reference Number: 1
Title of Article: Review on Contactless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle charging
Authors: Ravikaran Vaka and Ritesh Keshri
Publication: Energies MDPI
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017 Number of citations: 124
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
What are the main obstacles in CPT in low-power efficiency, misaligned tolerance, cost and
charging time?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Contactless Power transfer, Electric vehicles, efficiency, misaligned tolerance
Design: Experimental
What was the finding?
In this article, the review has been made on contactless power transfer on EV charging. In addition,
different CPT technologies are explained with explanation with techniques of inductive power
transfer. Authors explained that compensation is necessary with equivalence reactance from
transmitting side and receiving side. Compensation topology is discussed with T type structure and
has been justified with asymmetrical coils.
What were the gaps?

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Most of the studies talk about Electrical vehicles, however, this article states about future of
transportation with contactless power transportation of hybrid EVs and pure EVs. High-energy
density creates through equivalent static resistance. This study talks about photovoltaic installation.

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Reference Number: 2
Title of Article: Wireless power transfer for Electric vehicle Application
Authors: Siqi Li
Publication: IEEE Journal of emerging and selected topic in power electronics
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2015 Number of citations: 120
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
How to apply for Wireless Power Transfer in electric vehicle application?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Some of the topics discussed in the article are dynamic charging, electric vehicle, wireless power
transfer, safety guidelines, inductive power transfer, stationary charging
Design: Experimental
What was the finding?
Many government initiatives and for common people, EV is not the better option. Electric storage
technology is a reason behind the issue in power supply to a vehicle. In this case, wireless power
supply through battery can be helpful to the cars which can make the issue without trouble.
What were the gaps?
In recent time, market demand for wireless power supply is huge and the author took it in correct
way through makes it as conductive charging. Power electronic device is used for charging the
vehicles that could make the vehicles reasonable.

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Reference Number: 3
Title of Article: Dynamic Wireless charging of electric vehicles on the move with Mobile
energy disseminators
Authors: Leandros A. Maglaras et. al.
Publication: International Journals of Advanced computer science and application
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2015 Number of citations: 321
Primary or Secondary:
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
How can mobile energy disseminators facilitate EVs charging through wireless mode?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Electric vehicles, dynamic wireless charging, IVC, Cooperative mechanisms
Design: Descriptive
What was the finding?
Internal combustion engine is the old concept now and with the time of technology, the wireless
charging system is new to EVs cars. Especially, a plug-in device is considered as zero emissions
devices that are helpful in this case. EVs have electrical grid infrastructure and it can support
additional energy.
What were the gaps?
In a case of using the MEDs, the authors used the enhanced mechanism of estimated additional
mechanism to reach its destination. Using GPS technique, the server can identify the consumption
of the energy.

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Reference Number: 4
Title of Article: Overview of the Wireless charging technologies for Electric vehicles
Authors: Chun Qin et.al.
Publication: Journal of Asian Electric Vehicles
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2014 Number of citations: 87
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
What are the uses of inductive power technologies and coupled magnetic resonance?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Electric vehicles, wireless charging, wireless power transfer, inductive power transfer, coupled
magnetic resonance
Design: Descriptive
What was the finding?
Existing technologies in conductive power charging are now old and the organisations that produce
EVs must opt to charge power. In the case of EVs, special issues related to the application of EVs
namely efficient power supply, multiple pickup controls and efficient power supply.
What were the gaps?
This study is different from others through the utilisation of WPT and it is compared to the
orthodox EV wireless charging application. This study focuses on the optimum power supply and
maximum efficiency of power generation.

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Reference Number: 5
Title of Article: Demonstrating Dynamic wireless charging of an electric vehicle
Authors: John M. Miller et. al.
Publication: IEEE Power Electronics magazine
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2014 Number of citations: 12
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
What is the most useful technology in wireless power transfer?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Wireless power technology, Electrical vehicles, Inductive power transfer, Local power storage, In-
motion wireless charging, in motion coupler-design
Design: Descriptive design
What was the finding?
In-motion wireless charging is all about the connection of primary code and that makes the
controlling sequence with radio connectivity. Factory automation has been used in making of the
alignment and communication.
What were the gaps?
Local power storage is an important aspect in making the different power capacitor in carbon
emission. Primary side power regulation has also been discussed in this article and it also discussed
charging without power smoothing.

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Reference Number: 6
Title of Article: Review of Battery Charger Topologies, charging power levels, and
Infrastructure for Plug-in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Authors: Murat Yilmaz and Philip T. Kein
Publication: IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2013 Number of citations: 356
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore:83.32 Rank: 1/116 Percentile: 73% In-Category: CiteScore
Year: 2013
What was the research question?
What are the implementation procedures of battery charging in plug-in electric, hybrids and
vehicles?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Charging infrastructure, integrated chargers, conductive and inductive charging, plug-in electric
vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, bi-directional chargers
Design: Experimental
What was the finding?
This study is all about EV battery chargers with classifying onboard and off-board unidirectional
charging facility. In addition, this study talked about battery function and its hardware of bi-
directional charging. Implementation of battery charging with power stabilisation is also discussed.
What were the gaps?
Most of the articles talked about the wireless charging in EVs, however, this study talks about the
infrastructure of the battery charging and the performance of the battery. Uni-charging may lead to

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the battery requirements and it may lead to the battery degradation in no time. The on-board
charger may lead to the restrict energy to the reducing the weight and cost.

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Reference Number: 7
Title of Article: New Business Models for Electric cars: A holistic approach
Authors: Lerch et. al.
Publication: Working paper sustainability and innovation
Type: Article
Year Published: 2010 Number of citations: 23
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
What are the recent technological improvements made in charging of the electric vehicles?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Technology, innovation, combustion engines, climate change, business models, electric vehicles,
morphographic box
Design: Descriptive
What was the finding?
The main finding was about the business development in electric vehicles with better utilisation of
capacity of the vehicles with extended utilisation concept and secondary usage of the energy. This
study deals with the vehicles with battery, infrastructure system and integrates electrical vehicles.
What were the gaps?
Most of the studies deal with the wireless techniques and battery energy systems. However, this
study has a unique concept of a business model in EVs and the issues like climate change and need
for alternative energy system. Most importantly, this study deals with the infrastructure
characteristics and connection can be made through domestic power outlets.

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Reference Number: 8
Title of Article: Cooperative Approaches for dynamic wireless charging of Electric Vehicles in a
smart city
Authors: Leandors et. al.
Publication: Communication and computer engineering
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2012 Number of citations: 09
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
What are the commonest electric vehicles charging methods?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Vehicular communication, electric vehicles, inductive power transfer, LTE
Design: Descriptive design
What was the finding?
The technique used in charging the vehicles is through loosely coupled coils. Here, in this study, a
new method has been discussed with omitting the disadvantages and proposing disadvantages. This
procedure is easy, cost effective, it has energy efficiency factor and it minimises the delay in
charging the vehicles.
What were the gaps?
Maximum studies produce the explanation of using the wireless charging, however, this study talks
about the alternative method of generating the charging that can reduce the contamination of the air.
Wired charging can be helpful, however, most of the smart city charging system deals with wireless
charging.

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Reference Number: 9
Title of Article: Investigating Wireless Charging and Mobility of Electric vehicles on Electricity
market
Authors: Chia-Ho Ou, Hao Liang and Weihua Zhuang
Publication: IEEE
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2012 Number of citations:
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N/A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
What are the methods of the wireless charging and the mobility of the electric vehicles?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Topic discussed in the paper is Electric vehicles, electricity market, mobility, quenching network,
wireless charging
Design: Descriptive design
What was the finding?
Magnetic power transfer can work at a distance of 6-5 m with wireless charging and the wholesale
electric market is available for the power supply and equipment. In plug-in charging scenario, it can
b related to the daily charging facility with depicting the intersection area.
What were the gaps?
Most of the studies talk about the wireless charging facility and the process of working. However,
this study deals with the system configuration of a working model of EV and wireless charging.
The results are also showing with BCMP network with a proper mechanism with costing price.

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Reference Number: 10
Title of Article: Integrated LCC Compensation Topology for Wireless charger in Electric and
Plug-in electric vehicles
Authors: Weihan Li, Han Zhao and Siqi Li
Publication: IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2015 Number of citations: 23
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating: N?A
CiteScore: Rank: Percentile: In-Category: CiteScore Year:
What was the research question?
What are LCC compensation topology in the wireless charger and its importance?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Current source, Electric vehicle, operation modes, Wireless power transfer, zero voltage switching
Design: Exploratory
What was the finding?
This study is all about the additional coil and the main coil on the compensation of LCC with
modifying the high efficiency. Moreover, some of the numerical methods are used in this case to
making understand WPT.
What were the gaps?
This study is based on a scientific experiment of plug-in vehicles and its LCC compensation
topology. However, this study compared various methods of the conductive power supply and
WPT. The new structure of topology has been designed with the help of managing the operation.

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