Analysis of Healthcare Data using Big Data - Harrisburg University

This project, titled "Analysis of Healthcare Data using Big Data," explores the transformative impact of big data technologies on the healthcare sector. The study begins by establishing the significance of big data in predicting disease outcomes, improving medical treatments, and enhancing overall healthcare operations. The project examines the evolution of big data within healthcare, discussing various applications such as medical imaging and electronic health records, while also addressing crucial aspects like patient data privacy. Through a systematic review methodology, the project categorizes the use of big data in healthcare, analyzing its potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, streamline processes, and support clinical decision-making. It delves into research questions concerning the utilization of big data in telemedicine and public health, and assesses the value-added contributions of big data towards sustainable health processes, quality of treatment, and chronic disease management. The project also includes a detailed methodology, outlining research philosophy, approach, design, data collection methods, and ethical considerations, along with an anticipated timeline and expected outputs. The findings, presented in tables and figures, highlight the growing interest in big data analytics in healthcare, the driving factors for its growth, and its applications in areas like electronic health records, machine learning, and clinical decision support systems. The project concludes by summarizing key findings and implications for the future of healthcare, emphasizing the potential of big data to revolutionize the industry and improve patient outcomes.

Running head: ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Analysis of Healthcare Data using Big Data
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:

1ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Abstract
Big data in healthcare has key significant importance as it is used to predict the outcome of
diseases prevention, mortality as well as saving of medical treatments. Big data is become a
database where the information produced is used for treatment in addition to supervision of
the diseases. The healthcare industry has slow for leverage of vast data to make improvement
over the health care operations. Value based programs are incenting the health care providers
to investigate new methods to leverage health data for quality measurement as well as
efficiency of health care. Into the propose sector, privacy of patient’s data is a key focused of
the healthcare providers. Based on market adoption, big data revolution into the healthcare
domain is at early stage with potential to create value and business development. Trend into
value based health care delivery is fostering collaboration of stakeholders to make sure that it
provides value to the patient’s treatment and privacy of healthcare data and information. The
study is used of systematic review methodology for creating a categorization of the big data
use into the healthcare. This paper studies an analysis of healthcare data using big data in
healthcare sector.
Keywords: Big data, patient’s privacy, healthcare domain, healthcare data

2ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Acknowledgement
Conducting this research has been one of the most enriching experiences of my life. The
contribution of this research to enhance my knowledge base and analytical skill has been
paramount. It gave me the opportunity to face challenges in the process and overcome them.
This would not have been possible without the valuable guidance of my professors, peers and
all the people who have contributed to this enriching experience. I would like to take this
opportunity to thank my supervisor _________________________ for the constant guidance
and support provided to me during the process of this research. It would not be justified if I
did not thank my academic guides for their important and valuable assistance and
encouragement throughout the research process. I would also like to thank my friends who
had provided me with help and encouragement for collecting primary data and valuable
resources. The support of all these people has been inspiring and enlightening throughout the
process of research in the subject.
Heartfelt thanks and warmest wishes,
Yours Sincerely,

3ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................8
1.1 Epistemology...............................................................................................................9
1.2 Research questions......................................................................................................9
1.3 Impacts and significance...........................................................................................10
1.4 Personal reflexivity....................................................................................................11
1.5 Structure and overview..............................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Background............................................................................................................13
2.1 Definition of terms.........................................................................................................13
2.2 Big data evolution in healthcare.....................................................................................13
2.3 Ways to leverage of big data..........................................................................................14
2.4 Big data applications for healthcare...............................................................................15
2.5 Role of big data analytics into the healthcare industry..................................................15
Chapter 3: Literature review....................................................................................................16
Chapter 4: Theory....................................................................................................................16
4.1 Big data analytics theories in healthcare sector.............................................................16
4.2 Theoretical framework of the study...............................................................................17
4.3 Social representation theory...........................................................................................18
Chapter 5: Methodology..........................................................................................................22
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................22
5.2 Research Philosophy......................................................................................................22

4ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
5.3 Research Approach........................................................................................................24
5.4 Research Design.............................................................................................................25
5.5 Data Collection methods................................................................................................26
5.6 Data Sampling and Analysis..........................................................................................28
5.7 Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................30
5.8 Limitations.....................................................................................................................30
Chapter 6: Anticipated timeline...............................................................................................31
Chapter 7: Outputs and contributions......................................................................................33
7.1 Outputs of the study based on data collection................................................................33
7.2 Impact of contributions..................................................................................................55
7.3 Limitations of the study.................................................................................................55
References................................................................................................................................57
Appendix..................................................................................................................................63
1. Survey questionnaire........................................................................................................63

5ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Table of Figures
Figure 4.1: Theortical framework of the research study..........................................................17
Figure 7.1: Age group of the respondents................................................................................34
Figure 7.2: Gender of the respondents.....................................................................................35
Figure 7.3: Designation of the respondents..............................................................................36
Figure 7.4: Process streamlining big data in the industry........................................................37
Figure 7.5: Derivation of policy actions of big data is useful for healthcare data assessment 38
Figure 7.6: Clinic workflows assure confidentiality................................................................40
Figure 7.7: Satisfaction of patients is a cost effective way to evaluate hospital services........41
Findings:...................................................................................................................................41
Figure 7.8: Big data analytics in healthcare market is gaining interest...................................43
Figure 7.9: Driving growth of big data analytics.....................................................................44
Figure 7.10: Electronic health record is best application of big data in healthcare.................45
Findings:...................................................................................................................................45
Figure 7.11: Machine learning is most accurate algorithms to predict future healthcare trends
..................................................................................................................................................47
Figure 7.12: Utilization of big data in the telemedicine, healthcare and public health practices
are helpful for healthcare industry...........................................................................................49
Figure 7.13: Clinical decision support system help to analyze medical data and provide health
practitioners..............................................................................................................................51
Figure 7.14: Quality reporting tools can reduce hospital acquired conditions and patient
safety events.............................................................................................................................52

6ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Table of Tables
Table 7.1: Age group of the respondents.................................................................................32
Table 7.2: Gender of the respondents......................................................................................33
Table 7.3: Designation of the respondents...............................................................................35
Table 7.4: Process streamlining big data in the industry.........................................................36
Table 7.5: Derivation of policy actions of big data is useful for healthcare data assessment..37
Table 7.6: Clinic workflows assure confidentiality.................................................................38
Table 7.7: Satisfaction of patients is a cost effective way to evaluate hospital services.........40
Table 7.8: Big data analytics in healthcare market is gaining interest.....................................41
Table 7.9: Driving growth of big data analytics......................................................................42
Table 7.10: Electronic health record is best application of big data in healthcare...................44
Table 7.11: Machine learning is most accurate algorithms to predict future healthcare trends
..................................................................................................................................................46
Table 7.12: Utilization of big data in the telemedicine, healthcare and public health practices
are helpful for healthcare industry...........................................................................................48
Table 7.13: Clinical decision support system help to analyze medical data and provide health
practitioners..............................................................................................................................49
Table 7.14: Quality reporting tools can reduce hospital acquired conditions and patient safety
events........................................................................................................................................51
Table 7:15: Summary output of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1....................52
Table 7.16: ANOVA table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1.......................52
Table 7.17: Coefficient table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1....................53

7ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Chapter 1: Introduction
The research is based on analysing healthcare data with big data. The technologies of
big data are made impacts in the fields related to the healthcare such as medical diagnosis
from imaging of data into medicine, quantifying the lifestyle data into the healthcare industry
and others. Raghupathi and Raghupathi (2014) stated that it is evidence that in existing
mounds of the big data, there is hidden knowledge which changes life of a patient and
changes the world itself. The big data technologies have the potential to unlock the
productivity bottlenecks and also improve the quality as well as accessibility of the healthcare
system. Big data has consisted of a wide range of definitions into the healthcare research. Into
the healthcare industry, big data is encompassed of higher volume, higher diversity,
environmental as well as lifestyle information gathered from the single individuals to larger
cohorts in the relation of the health (Agarwal & Dhar, 2014). The concept of big data is not
new, but it is a way to define the changes in the healthcare. Healthcare is a prime example of
three Vs of the data such as velocity, variety as well as volume. In order to add of Vs, the
veracity of the healthcare data is critical towards the development of transactional research.
Medical imaging is provided of information on the anatomy as well as organ function to
detect diseases states (Archenaa & Anita, 2015). As the size of data is increased,
understanding of dependencies among data and designing of accurate methods demand the
new computer-aided techniques as well as platforms.
Costa (2014) argued that there is rapid growth into the healthcare organizations and
number of patient’s results in greater use of the computer-aided medical diagnostics as well
as decision support system into the clinical settings. Integration of computer analysis with
proper care has the potential to help the clinicians into the improvement of diagnostic
accuracy. Integration of medical images and electronic healthcare record improves efficiency

8ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
as well as reduction of time taken for the purpose of diagnosis (Bates et al., 2014). From the
big data point of view, medical imaging is being reviewed. Medical imaging is encompassed
by a wider spectrum of various image acquisition methodologies. The goal of this medical
imaging is to make an improvement over depicted contents (Chen, Chiang, & Storey, 2012).
The framework developed to analyse as well as a transform of larger datasets is Hadoop
which employed of MapReduce. It is such a programming paradigm which is provided of
scalability across servers into a Hadoop cluster with real-world applications. It is such a
framework which is used to increase the speed of three large-scale medical image processing.
Into area of application for instance into the public healthcare, the Big data value chain is
compromised to collect as well as gather of data, process and store at distribution as well as
an assessment of precise data (Jee & Kim, 2013). In the current research approach, there is
the utilization of data concerning the individual health to gather data throughout the time of
monitoring in addition to diagnosis.
1.1 Epistemology
The goal of this research study is to provide a list of instances of big data which are used
for prospective incorporation in different councils. The researcher is suggested of key
significant priorities associated with the big data concerning the practice of public health as
well as healthcare. Additional values are analysed with assistance to the maintenance of the
healthcare processes, enhancement of quality as well as the efficiency of treatment, fighting
with the chronic diseases and assisting with a lifestyle that acts with key factors for chronic
(Singh & Reddy, 2015). It is also provided of the list of suggestions with an objective to
provide guidelines for developing of big data value chain.
1.2 Research questions
The proposed research study is explored of complex space from the research perspectives
and generated by design as well as a culture while bridging the gaps. The study is developed

9ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
of the set of research questions which is aligned with literature as well as theoretical work.
The research questions for proposed research are as follows:
RQ1: What are the instances for the utilization of big data in the telemedicine, healthcare
and public health practices?
The proposed research question is aimed to study of big data into the public health,
telemedicine and healthcare and identified of examples to use of big data into healthcare. The
examples of big data in healthcare are identified by systematic literature review. Based on an
assessment of value-added and quality of the evidence, the big data is evaluated.
RQ2: What are the additional values concerning the sustainability of the health process,
enhancing the quality and the efficiency of the treatment, fighting the chronic disease and
assistance of a healthy lifestyle can bring in?
The proposed research question is based on the estimation of the environmental burden of
diseases; environmental health interactions can support design more effectively. The
environmental factors can help the policymakers in improving quality of life as well as efforts
into the assistance of a healthy lifestyle.
1.3 Impacts and significance
Into coming decades, the healthcare is predicted to grow at an unprecedented rate and
therefore the data is being associated. It becomes a challenge for the industry to analyse the
amount of data and turn into actionable medical sights. Introduction of big data into the
healthcare with cloud computing is provided in a new direction to the medical models. With
the involvement of the cloud, the healthcare industry is capable of uploading of more
information, while big data analytics on insights are related to the data (Roski, Bo-Linn, &
Andrews, 2014). It is provided by the progressive path towards the healthcare sector. The
data is produced on a daily basis by the hospitals and medical operations. The key

10ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
significance of big data is brought up sophisticated methods to consolidate information from
the sources. The focus of this study is to provide relevant as well as updated information to
the doctors in real time while it is consulted with the patients. The cloud based big data is
stored and analyzed of data from resources (Wang, Kung, & Byrd, 2018). The medical data
of patients are personal and required to protect as well as security against losses. With
improved computing technology, big data into the healthcare sector and its privacy are at the
highest priority.
1.4 Personal reflexivity
With reflexivity into part of the investigator is well established as a tool into the
qualitative research, it is a key significant requirement because of interdisciplinary nature of
this study. Due to convergence nature of this study, I have addressed the goals and research
questions. I have examined that there is fast expanding field into the big data analytics is
started to play a role in the evolution of the healthcare practices (Chen et al., 2017). It is also
provided of tools for managing and analysing larger volumes for unstructured data by the
healthcare system. I have applied big data analytics to aid process towards delivery
exploration. Potential areas of research in this field can provide an impact on the healthcare.
Medical imaging is encompassed by a wider spectrum of various image acquisition
methodologies used for the clinical applications (Lo’ai et al., 2017). I have estimated that
volume, as well as a variety of the medical data, is analyzing the big challenge. It is advanced
into medical imaging make individualized care practical and provided of qualitative
information in various medical applications. Huge space is required for storage of data in
addition to analysis, findings with map along with dependencies among various data.
1.5 Structure and overview
The proposed outline of this research study is based on addressing the research questions
and analysing the healthcare data with big data. There are some sections of this study such as:

11ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE DATA USING BIG DATA
Introduction: This section is introducing of phenomenon which is investigated both to
situate the qualitative research and complete understanding of the research study. This section
is provided of research context and state-of-the-art.
Background: This section is provided of impacts of big data into the healthcare sector.
As higher volume of data is increased day-by-day into the internet world, therefore big data
becomes popular in the market. In this paper, there is demonstration of big data into the
healthcare industries which step into big data pool to take benefits of advanced tools and also
technologies.
Literature review: Following the literature review, this research is introduced of
theoretical perspectives into present research. The medical framework is discussed of
theoretical constructs as well as literature to collect data and analyse into research questions.
Theory: This paper is presented of issues which are faced by the healthcare systems with
the use of big data technologies. Further, the paper is provided of theories and applications to
implement by use of big data in the healthcare.
Methodology: The paper is presented of various methods to be used for the healthcare
data analytics that help into better decision making to raise business value as well as
customer interest. Big data techniques are applied to developed systems for earlier diagnosis
of the chronic diseases and development of integrated data analytics platforms.
Anticipated timelines: The timeline is provided for the total time required to complete
the entire research study.
Outputs and contributions: This particular section is discussed of anticipated results
throughout critical analysis of the impact, limitations as well as justifications of the research
significance.