BIO 102 - Final Exam Bonus Activity: Biology Systems and Processes

This document presents a comprehensive solution to the BIO 102 final exam bonus activity, addressing key concepts in biology. It includes detailed answers to questions on the heart's conduction system, gas exchange, spleen function, antibody mechanisms, and the inflammatory response. The solution further explains the differences between antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity, the function of surfactant, and the process of reflux in the digestive system. Additionally, it covers enzymes involved in lipid, carbohydrate, and protein digestion, lacteals' function, the glomerulus, the importance of reabsorption, the role of ANH, the RAAS pathway, fluid compartments, the thirst mechanism, buffer systems, acidosis, alkalosis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, teratogens, and the free radical theory of aging. This resource provides a thorough understanding of essential biological processes and systems.

Optional Bonus Activity for Final Exam
BIO 102
25 points total. Points for all correct answers will be added to your total grade as bonus points. Include
question number, original question and your answer and save to the correct file format (same as
worksheets). Complete and submit this to the final exam bonus activity dropbox by Friday of week #8 by
11:59 pm. Late work is not accepted on this activity. NO EXCEPTIONS.
1. Identify all the structures involved in the conduction system of the heart.
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibre
Bundle branches
2. What are the two major forces that drive gas exchange at capillaries?
Diffusion
Osmosis
3. Briefly explain the function of the spleen.
It filters blood
It recycles the red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
It also participate in the immune system
4. Briefly explain how an antibody functions.
It attaches itself onto the antigen such as a pathogen and forms a complex structure
They activate the complement system
5. How does the inflammatory response work?
6. What is the difference in antibody mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity?
Antibody mediated immunity is controlled by the B cells while cell mediated immunity involves the use
of t lymphocytes
7. What is the function of surfactant?

It reduces the surface tension in the lung at the air liquid interface
8. What is reflux in the digestive system?
This is a condition where the stomach contents rise into the esophagus
9. For lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, list all the enzymes each one uses for digestion.
Lipids-lipase
Carbohydrates-pancreatic juice
Proteins- gastric juice
10. In the digestive system what is the function of lacteals?
It absorbs the dietary fats of the villi of the ileum.
11. What is a glomerulus?
It is a small tuft of blood vessels found in the Bowman’s capsule that aids in the filtering of blood.
12. Why is reabsorption by the nephron important for overall homeostasis?
It ensures that the body does not lose water
It maintains the constancy and amount of urine
13. How does the hormone ANH affect the function of the kidneys?
The release of ANH reduces the blood pressure allowing water to be lost and resulting in a higher
vasodilatation
14. Briefly describe the RAAS pathway.
This is the rennin angiogenesis system. It regulates the pressure of the blood and maintains the
electrolyte balance. When the renal flow reduces, the cells in the kidney convert prorenin to rennin and
release it into the body circulation. The blood pressure increases.
15. Identify all the different fluid compartments of the body.
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Transcellular fluid
16. Briefly explain the thirst mechanism.

It arises because of lack of enough fluids in the body or an increase in the concentration of osmolites.
The reduction of fluid signal the body for thirst
17. Briefly explain how a buffer system works.
A buffer works by replacing the stronger acid or base of the required solution with a weak one and
producing water.
18. What is the difference between acidosis and alkalosis?
Acidosis is the state of body fluid or tissues being highly acidic while alkalosis is the state of body tissues
being alkaline
19. Briefly explain the entire process of spermatogenesis (2 points)
A sperm develops from a germ cell in the testis. It begins with mitosis, then meiosis and finally
differentiation
20. Briefly explain the entire process of oogenesis (2 points)
It is the process by which an egg develops in the ovary. It begins with mitosis, then meiosis, the
maturation and differentiation.
21. Where does fertilization of the egg occur in the female reproductive tract?
The fallopian tube
22. What is a teratogen?
It is an agent or a factor that causes a malformation of an embryo
23. What is the free radical theory of aging?
It states that the organisms age because the cells accumulate free radicals.