CAM205A Report: Overnutrition, Obesity, and Health Implications

This report delves into the multifaceted impact of overnutrition and obesity on the human body, focusing on biochemical pathways and associated health consequences. It defines overnutrition, highlighting its link to the accumulation of glycogen and the resulting weight gain. The report analyzes the prevalence of obesity and its correlation with chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and various cancers. It explores the metabolic pathways involved in energy processing, emphasizing the role of glucose and the storage of excess energy in adipose tissues. Additionally, the report discusses the impact of overnutrition on metabolic pathways, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and mTOR/S6K1 signaling, and their implications for insulin metabolism and disease development. Furthermore, it examines the epigenetic impacts of overnutrition, including how parental obesity can increase the risk for children. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and emphasizing the importance of healthy dietary habits to mitigate the adverse effects of overnutrition.

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Over nutrition
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Introduction
Overnutrition is defined as the consumption of vitamins and meals in the quantity that is
more than the sufficient amount required for the proper functioning of the body. Such as the
accumulation of glycogen in the adipose tissues, those are formed due to excessive intake of
carbohydrates primarily glucose in the diet. The impact of obesity on the health of world
population was provided in the study conducted by (Gomez-Hernandez, Beneit, Diaz-
Castroverde, & Escribano, 2016), indicated that a total 39 % peoples aged over 18 years were
overweight in 2014 and out of that 13 % were suffering from obesity. Obesity has been
associated with a 44 % incidence of diabetes, 23 % of heart diseases and approximately 7-41 %
cancer-related disorders. The present report will provide a brief overview in the context of the
impact of obesity on brain activity, the role of over nutation in the proliferation of obesity,
chronic diseases associated with obesity and the impact of maternal obesity on the son in the
context of the growing environment.
Overnutrition the cause of overweight and obesity
The food consumed in the form solid food or liquid diet is processed by the different
metabolic pathways in the body and results in simpler molecular form, in comparison to the
complex nature of food which was its earlier form. The macromolecules and micro molecules are
transported with the help of the circulatory system from one part of the body to another part of
the body (Baintner, 2019). The different part of the body/tissue uses these molecules as per their
energy requirement. One of the prevalent molecules which are the source for energy in the body
is glucose, which is primarily used by the body cells for energy production by different
metabolic pathways such as glycolysis (Lunt & Vander Heiden, 2011). At the point when the

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measure of energy which likewise implies calories expended in nourishment and beverages
surpass the energy utilized for practice and metabolic procedures in the body, weight increase
will happen. The extra molecule which has not been used for the energy requirement of the body
is stored in the adipose tissues. The lack of physical activity is one of the primary sources in the
imbalance between the amount of energy intake and the amount of energy utilized by the body.
The unhealthy dietary habit which includes high sugary drinks in the diet regularly results in the
excess of glucose in the body, which ultimately remains unused and hence stored in the adipose
cells of the adipose tissue (Robroek, Reeuwijk, Hillier, Bambra, van Rijn, & Burdorf, 2013). The
occurrence of obesity occurs at the adipose cell which works as the energy storage unit in the
body, due to the extra nutrients in the body the adipose cells reach a state of hyperplasia in which
the size and number of adipose cells increase rapidly.
Obesity and chronic diseases
Obesity has critical impacts on wellbeing and it is connected to a wide scope of illnesses
(Agborsangaya, Ngwakongnwi, Lahtinen, Cooke, & Johnson, 2013). One of the illnesses that are
regularly brought about by weight is a coronary illness. Coronary illness is normally brought
about by the development of fatty deposition on the walls of the blood supply routes around the
heart. The fatty acid layer on the walls is generally associated with the food items that are
consumed daily, such as bad cholesterol and triglycerides. The food products containing a large
volume of fat particles will result in the deposition of fat molecules on the blood vessels related
to the heart. As the deposition of cholesterol in the inner wall of blood vessels increases the inner
diameter of blood vessels decreases which results in the hindrance of blood supply to the
muscles of the heart. The lack of blood supply results in the lack of nutrients and oxygen to the
muscles of the heart, which ultimately results in the death of heart muscles also known as a heart

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attack. Obesity has also resulted in the proliferation of type 2 diabetes a severe medical issue
associated with overweight. The individuals who are heavy in their weight are highly susceptible
to type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body produces insulin however the insulin produced by
the body is not utilized in the normal pathway designated for the insulin glucose metabolism.
Hence, to manage glucose levels in the body the body produces more insulin. The progression of
time results in the loss of capacity by the body to manage glucose level due to the lack of insulin
production in the body which ultimately results in kidney disorder or extreme case kidney
failure. Moreover, overweight and obesity have also been associated with the increase in blood
pressure and in some cases depression, which are considered major obstacles for a healthy and
fruitful life. In addition to the disease, the blood supply and oxygen requirement of the body is
also increased due to the extra deposition of adipose tissue in the body to endure and survive. As
a result in the increase in demand for blood and nutrient supply at the site of adipose tissues
which result in extra strain on the blood vessels.
Overweight and metabolic pathway
There are the different factors that are attributed to the reason for the occurrence of
obesity such as genetic, drugs and medical condition of the individuals. The other primary factor
associated with the occurrence of obesity is over nutrition. The report published by (Huse,
Hettiarachchi, Gearon, Nichols, Allender, & Peeters, 2018), indicated that approximately 63.4 %
of adults in Australia and 27.6 % children were in the category of overweight or obese, the
results were based on the survey conducted from 2015 to 2015. The study conducted by (Pulakat,
DeMarco, Whaley-Connell, & Sowers, 2011), suggested that overnutrition results in the
activation of “renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)” which further disturbs the
metabolic pathway of insulin and results in the chronic condition such as obesity, diabetes, and

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heart-related disorders. In the study conducted by (Mandavia, Pulakat, DeMarco, & Sowers,
2012), indicated that the primary reason for the development of metabolic and diabetic
cardiomyopathy is the surplus weight of the person that is generally triggered by the over
nutrition. The study also indicated that overnutrition also resulted in the hindrance of
mTOR/S6K1 signaling which further reduces the signal responsible for the insulin metabolism in
tissues resulted in the accumulation of glucose and fat which, is associated with the condition of
obesity. The study published by (Xue & Ideraabdullah, 2016), suggested that there are multiple
pathways involved for the development of obesity in a person such as the eating habits of a
person which is controlled by the brain of the individual, the amount of energy consumed or
released by the tissues of the liver, adipose, and muscle, the characteristic of adipose tissue in
terms of lipid acclimation in adipose tissue. In the context of the brain, it has been reported that
the increase in the concentration of adipose tissue in an obese person has resulted in the
reduction of gray matter (Stillman, Weinstein, Marsland, Gianaros, & Erickson., 2017). The
disturbance in the cognitive function of the brain has been associated with obesity along with the
decline in the cognitive ability of the person, obesity is also has been associated with disorders
such as dementia, nervousness, and hopelessness (Sanderlin, Todem, & Bozoki, 2017).
Epigenetic impact
Ecological impacts, for example, an individual's eating routine and the degree of
pollutants present in the proximity of the person can likewise affect the epigenome. Epigenetic
changes can help decide if certain gene qualities are turned on or off and can impact the creation
of proteins in specific cells, guaranteeing that a particular essential protein is delivered. In a
study published by (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 2016), indicated that the risk of obesity is higher
among the children having an obese or overweight parent. The study also indicated that the level

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of gene expression is one of the primary reasons for the predisposition in obesity. In the case
study, the mother is at a higher risk of becoming obese and the progression of any chronic
diseases associated with the over-weight issue. The eating habit is one of the primary reason for
the development and control of the obese condition. The six-year-old son generally will learn
from the environment regarding eating habits. Also, the continuous increased BMI of the other
over the last eight years will impact the biological framework of the boy, therefore, it is very
important to control the diet and the mother should present a good example in front of the child.
Conclusion
The impact of obesity on the health of world population indicated that total 39 % peoples
aged over 18 years were overweight in 2014 and out of that 13 % were suffering from obesity.
Obesity has been associated with a 44 % incidence of diabetes, 23 % of heart diseases and
approximately 7-41 % cancer-related disorders. In the context of Australia approximately 63.4 %
of adults in Australia and 27.6 % children were in the category of overweight or obese, the
results were based on the survey conducted from 2015 to 2015. The unhealthy dietary habit
which includes high sugary drinks in the diet regularly results in the excess of glucose in the
body, which ultimately remains unused and hence stored in the adipose cells of the adipose
tissue. The various chronic diseases related to obesity are heart related, type 2 diabetes and
obesity has also been associated with chronic heart diseases.

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