Biodiesel Plant and Diesel Fuel in Marine and Mechanical Systems
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This report examines the use of diesel fuel in marine and mechanical systems, highlighting its environmental and sustainability issues, including greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels. It explores the potential of biodiesel as an alternative, discussing its production through transesterification, its benefits like reduced emissions, and its challenges, such as higher viscosity and lower heating value. The report also compares the properties of diesel and biodiesel, assesses engine performance parameters, and considers the environmental impact of oil spills in marine environments. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for replacing conventional diesel fuels with sustainable alternatives like biodiesel to mitigate environmental damage and promote long-term energy solutions, while also acknowledging the economic and technical hurdles associated with widespread biodiesel adoption. The report also provides details on the process of biofuel production and the different types of biofuels and their properties.
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Biodiesel Plant 1
DIESEL FUEL IN MARINE AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date
DIESEL FUEL IN MARINE AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date
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Biodiesel Plant 2
INTRODUCTION
This case study seeks to identify an engineering process and materials available for the
manufacture of structures or components and then determining the environmental and
sustainability issues and problems associated with the process. The selected engineering material
that is commonly used in areas such as industrial application during manufacturing, power
generators locomotives and construction equipment is the diesel fuel. Diesel oil or diesel fuel is a
combustible liquid used as fuel diesel engines and is generally acquired from the fractions of
crude oil. Despite the various environmental and sustainability issues and problems associated
with the use of diesel fuel to operate diesel engines, this source of fuel is still one of the most
used fuels globally due to its availability (Yilmaz & Atmanli, 2017). The most common types of
diesel fuels include coal liquefaction, natural gas, biogas, animal fat, and biomass.
Problems Associated with Diesel Fuel
Oil is formed from the remains of the marine micro-organisms which are deposited on the
seafloor. As these organisms accumulate over numerous decades, they infiltrate gradually into
the cavities of seafloor rocks and sediments. The oil resulting is trapped in the spaces and can be
extracted through drilling. The use of oil has significantly increased after the 2nd World War
resulting in the question of sustainability of diesel fuels (Feng, 2017). The continued extraction
and use of diesel fuels have resulted in depletion of their sources of energy and also the
transportation and extraction complexities which have been major issues of global scale.
INTRODUCTION
This case study seeks to identify an engineering process and materials available for the
manufacture of structures or components and then determining the environmental and
sustainability issues and problems associated with the process. The selected engineering material
that is commonly used in areas such as industrial application during manufacturing, power
generators locomotives and construction equipment is the diesel fuel. Diesel oil or diesel fuel is a
combustible liquid used as fuel diesel engines and is generally acquired from the fractions of
crude oil. Despite the various environmental and sustainability issues and problems associated
with the use of diesel fuel to operate diesel engines, this source of fuel is still one of the most
used fuels globally due to its availability (Yilmaz & Atmanli, 2017). The most common types of
diesel fuels include coal liquefaction, natural gas, biogas, animal fat, and biomass.
Problems Associated with Diesel Fuel
Oil is formed from the remains of the marine micro-organisms which are deposited on the
seafloor. As these organisms accumulate over numerous decades, they infiltrate gradually into
the cavities of seafloor rocks and sediments. The oil resulting is trapped in the spaces and can be
extracted through drilling. The use of oil has significantly increased after the 2nd World War
resulting in the question of sustainability of diesel fuels (Feng, 2017). The continued extraction
and use of diesel fuels have resulted in depletion of their sources of energy and also the
transportation and extraction complexities which have been major issues of global scale.
Biodiesel Plant 3
Figure 1: Emission of Greenhouse Gases in the Transportation sector (Feng, 2017)
The long-term concerns with the use of fossil fuels energy sources are their sustainability.
Ultimately, these resources will either become too difficult to extract or get depleted and the
energy requirements will surpass the supply. This calls for the introduction of other alternative
sources of fuels that are as convenient as diesel fuels (Ballesteros, et al., 2015). The depletion of
fossil fuels has also resulted in the rising cost of diesel fuel because of the reduction in the
supply.
One of the biggest environmental issues related to the use of diesel fuel is global warming, which
is the rise in the average temperature of the oceans and the atmosphere. The temperature of the
surface of the earth has increased by approximately 0.8oC with 2/3 of the increase taking place
since 1980 (Feng, 2017). The warming of the atmosphere is explicit and researchers have
indicated that is the major cause of the increase in greenhouse gas concentration is as a result of
burning of diesel fuels. The combustion of diesel fuels results in increased emissions of carbon
dioxide as well as other greenhouse gases resulting in an increase in surface temperature by
acting as a blanket to increase heat.
Carbon dioxide emissions are normally caused by the combustion of diesel fuel for domestic,
industrial, and transport purposes and these emission results in global warming. Some of the
Figure 1: Emission of Greenhouse Gases in the Transportation sector (Feng, 2017)
The long-term concerns with the use of fossil fuels energy sources are their sustainability.
Ultimately, these resources will either become too difficult to extract or get depleted and the
energy requirements will surpass the supply. This calls for the introduction of other alternative
sources of fuels that are as convenient as diesel fuels (Ballesteros, et al., 2015). The depletion of
fossil fuels has also resulted in the rising cost of diesel fuel because of the reduction in the
supply.
One of the biggest environmental issues related to the use of diesel fuel is global warming, which
is the rise in the average temperature of the oceans and the atmosphere. The temperature of the
surface of the earth has increased by approximately 0.8oC with 2/3 of the increase taking place
since 1980 (Feng, 2017). The warming of the atmosphere is explicit and researchers have
indicated that is the major cause of the increase in greenhouse gas concentration is as a result of
burning of diesel fuels. The combustion of diesel fuels results in increased emissions of carbon
dioxide as well as other greenhouse gases resulting in an increase in surface temperature by
acting as a blanket to increase heat.
Carbon dioxide emissions are normally caused by the combustion of diesel fuel for domestic,
industrial, and transport purposes and these emission results in global warming. Some of the
Biodiesel Plant 4
effects of global warming include impacts on average sea levels, the retreat of glaciers, and
unpredictable rainfall patterns (Mahapatra & Nanda, 2011). The emissions of greenhouse gases
such as nitrous oxide are also responsible for the increased occurrence of acid rains. When the
greenhouse gases combine with rainwater in the atmosphere, the resultant solution is an increase
in pH levels of rainfall. The acid rain has negative effects on the ecosystem such as the extinction
of some plant and also corrosion of structures and machinery.
Figure 2: World energy sources (Anon., 2019)
In marine sectors, when oil spills into the environment such as water bodies, the waters become
polluted. Oil spills are majorly caused by releases of diesel fuels from wells, drilling rigs,
offshore platforms, railcars, pipelines, and tankers. The spilling of oil results into the penetration
into the fur of mammals and plumage structure of birds hence minimizing into the animals
becoming less buoyant in the water and inability of insulating itself (Greg, 2016). The recovery
and cleanup of the oil spill are normally not easy because of numerous factors like types of
beaches and shorelines, the temperature of the water body, and the type of oil spilt.
Because of the gradual depletion of fossil fuels and the numerous environmental issues discussed
above, there is a need for replacing diesel fuels with other alternative sources of energy which
effects of global warming include impacts on average sea levels, the retreat of glaciers, and
unpredictable rainfall patterns (Mahapatra & Nanda, 2011). The emissions of greenhouse gases
such as nitrous oxide are also responsible for the increased occurrence of acid rains. When the
greenhouse gases combine with rainwater in the atmosphere, the resultant solution is an increase
in pH levels of rainfall. The acid rain has negative effects on the ecosystem such as the extinction
of some plant and also corrosion of structures and machinery.
Figure 2: World energy sources (Anon., 2019)
In marine sectors, when oil spills into the environment such as water bodies, the waters become
polluted. Oil spills are majorly caused by releases of diesel fuels from wells, drilling rigs,
offshore platforms, railcars, pipelines, and tankers. The spilling of oil results into the penetration
into the fur of mammals and plumage structure of birds hence minimizing into the animals
becoming less buoyant in the water and inability of insulating itself (Greg, 2016). The recovery
and cleanup of the oil spill are normally not easy because of numerous factors like types of
beaches and shorelines, the temperature of the water body, and the type of oil spilt.
Because of the gradual depletion of fossil fuels and the numerous environmental issues discussed
above, there is a need for replacing diesel fuels with other alternative sources of energy which
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Biodiesel Plant 5
can still be applied in diesel engine. There have been numerous suggestions on the renewable
sources of fuel to be used as an alternative to the diesel fuels such as solar energy, geothermal
energy, and hydropower plants (Mahapatra & Nanda, 2011). However, these renewable sources
of energy have not yet fully developed to effectively replace fossil fuels. Further delays result in
environmental issues such as global warming. A large number of diesel engines also pose a
serious problem since all these engines will have to be replaced in all sectors resulting in major
financial requirements for all the industrial, transport, and agricultural sectors.
BIODIESEL
Biodiesel has recently gained much attention because of its lower carbon cycle, biodegradability,
eco-friendly nature, and non-toxic characteristics compared to the traditional diesel fuel. The
fuels derived from either vegetable or plant oils are presenting an encouraging alternative to the
traditional diesel fuel out of the other options available such as renewable sources like solar
energy, geothermal energy, and hydropower sources (Dixit, et al., 2012). The sources of
biodiesel include jatropha, canola, animal fat, palm, corn, and oil from waste cooking. The
benefits of biofuels over the traditional diesel includes low hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide
emission low particles and smoke, and high cetane numbers. Blended or direct non-edible or
edible oil can be used as fuel in diesel engine but may result in challenges in the engine because
of its high viscosity (Greg, 2016).
The active compounds in the proposed biodiesel are referred to as fatty acid methyl esters which
undergo the process of conversion through a process of transesterification from triglycerides.
The process of transesterification uses a potassium hydroxide catalyst and methanol to convert
methanol and triglycerides into methyl esters and glycerol (Nainwal, et al., 2015).
can still be applied in diesel engine. There have been numerous suggestions on the renewable
sources of fuel to be used as an alternative to the diesel fuels such as solar energy, geothermal
energy, and hydropower plants (Mahapatra & Nanda, 2011). However, these renewable sources
of energy have not yet fully developed to effectively replace fossil fuels. Further delays result in
environmental issues such as global warming. A large number of diesel engines also pose a
serious problem since all these engines will have to be replaced in all sectors resulting in major
financial requirements for all the industrial, transport, and agricultural sectors.
BIODIESEL
Biodiesel has recently gained much attention because of its lower carbon cycle, biodegradability,
eco-friendly nature, and non-toxic characteristics compared to the traditional diesel fuel. The
fuels derived from either vegetable or plant oils are presenting an encouraging alternative to the
traditional diesel fuel out of the other options available such as renewable sources like solar
energy, geothermal energy, and hydropower sources (Dixit, et al., 2012). The sources of
biodiesel include jatropha, canola, animal fat, palm, corn, and oil from waste cooking. The
benefits of biofuels over the traditional diesel includes low hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide
emission low particles and smoke, and high cetane numbers. Blended or direct non-edible or
edible oil can be used as fuel in diesel engine but may result in challenges in the engine because
of its high viscosity (Greg, 2016).
The active compounds in the proposed biodiesel are referred to as fatty acid methyl esters which
undergo the process of conversion through a process of transesterification from triglycerides.
The process of transesterification uses a potassium hydroxide catalyst and methanol to convert
methanol and triglycerides into methyl esters and glycerol (Nainwal, et al., 2015).
Biodiesel Plant 6
Figure 3: Transesterification Process (Gudeta, 2016)
The process of conversion of different vegetable or animal oils into biodiesel fuel is normally
performed in two stages. The first step involves the reduction of the free fatty acids content of
the vegetable or animal oil through the esterification process with an acid catalyst and methanol.
This reaction process takes place for an hour at a temperature of 60oC (Kadry, 2015). The 2nd
stage is referred to as transesterification process which entails the reaction of the glycerol part of
the vegetable or animal oil with methanol with potassium hydroxide presence which the base
catalyst at a temperature of 65oC for an hour. The glycerol and ester undergo separation after
cooling into two different layers. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) which is the top layer of
the separated solution is raw biodiesel and may be washed with water to eliminate ant methoxide
that has not reacted and then heated to eliminate the traces of water to attain pure biodiesel
(Kumar, 2017).
The ultimate product of the process is pure biodiesel fuels which may be directly used in diesel
engine. This combustion of this fuel is up to 75% cleaner compared to the conventional diesel
fuels.
Figure 3: Transesterification Process (Gudeta, 2016)
The process of conversion of different vegetable or animal oils into biodiesel fuel is normally
performed in two stages. The first step involves the reduction of the free fatty acids content of
the vegetable or animal oil through the esterification process with an acid catalyst and methanol.
This reaction process takes place for an hour at a temperature of 60oC (Kadry, 2015). The 2nd
stage is referred to as transesterification process which entails the reaction of the glycerol part of
the vegetable or animal oil with methanol with potassium hydroxide presence which the base
catalyst at a temperature of 65oC for an hour. The glycerol and ester undergo separation after
cooling into two different layers. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) which is the top layer of
the separated solution is raw biodiesel and may be washed with water to eliminate ant methoxide
that has not reacted and then heated to eliminate the traces of water to attain pure biodiesel
(Kumar, 2017).
The ultimate product of the process is pure biodiesel fuels which may be directly used in diesel
engine. This combustion of this fuel is up to 75% cleaner compared to the conventional diesel
fuels.
Biodiesel Plant 7
Figure 4: Production process of Biofuel (Endalew, et al., 2011)
The feedstock for the process of biodiesel production can be categorized into three major
classifications, namely used or waste cooking oil, animal fat, and vegetable oil. Currently, there
is a shortage in the supply of vegetable oil due to its application in the generation of biodiesel.
The application of non-edible oil like soapnut, jatropha, and neen, for the generation of biodiesel
is continuously gaining many considerations since they will not result in economic strain or
scarcity (Nandi, et al., 2016). For any type or source of oil to be applied in the production of
biodiesel, it must attain some specific features and also meet the required standards. These
standards or characteristics include heat, calorific, density, cloud point, flash pint, pour point,
viscosity, and specific ranges or values of Cetane number.
Through these standards, the biodiesel properties are compared with those of the diesel fuel to
evaluate the possibility of replacing and blending in the diesel engines. The diesel engines may
need to be modified before they could be used as fuel. Due to this reason, different countries
have implemented standards such as India, USA, France, Italy, and Germany (Srinivasnaik &
Figure 4: Production process of Biofuel (Endalew, et al., 2011)
The feedstock for the process of biodiesel production can be categorized into three major
classifications, namely used or waste cooking oil, animal fat, and vegetable oil. Currently, there
is a shortage in the supply of vegetable oil due to its application in the generation of biodiesel.
The application of non-edible oil like soapnut, jatropha, and neen, for the generation of biodiesel
is continuously gaining many considerations since they will not result in economic strain or
scarcity (Nandi, et al., 2016). For any type or source of oil to be applied in the production of
biodiesel, it must attain some specific features and also meet the required standards. These
standards or characteristics include heat, calorific, density, cloud point, flash pint, pour point,
viscosity, and specific ranges or values of Cetane number.
Through these standards, the biodiesel properties are compared with those of the diesel fuel to
evaluate the possibility of replacing and blending in the diesel engines. The diesel engines may
need to be modified before they could be used as fuel. Due to this reason, different countries
have implemented standards such as India, USA, France, Italy, and Germany (Srinivasnaik &
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Biodiesel Plant 8
Sudhakar, 2015). The fuel combustion in diesel engines is normally fast but the duration needed
to attain a suitable mixture of fuel and air depends majorly on the introduction method into the
combustion chamber and nature of the fuel. Hence some of the features of a perfect biofuel
include easy transferability, less pollution, low toxicity, compatibility with engine hardware,
proper fire safety, low deposit forming tendencies, high thermal stability, good combustion
characteristics, and high energy density.
Figure 5: Types and Properties of Biofuels (Chen & Tsung-Han, 2012)
There are three parameters of engine performance that are normally considered when assessing
the application of biodiesel fuel in diesel engine, namely Brake Thermal Efficiency, Exhaust Gas
Temperature, and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. Research shows that the application of
Jatropha curcas as a biodiesel fuel has benefits like decreased particulate matter, hydrocarbon,
carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide emissions (Tiwari, et al., n.d.). The long-term advantages
of this biofuel to the ecosystem and humanity are immeasurable but can compensate for the
finance used on the biodiesel plant development. The application of biodiesel fuel could increase
the use of fuels that are environmentally friendly and minimize global change in climatic
Sudhakar, 2015). The fuel combustion in diesel engines is normally fast but the duration needed
to attain a suitable mixture of fuel and air depends majorly on the introduction method into the
combustion chamber and nature of the fuel. Hence some of the features of a perfect biofuel
include easy transferability, less pollution, low toxicity, compatibility with engine hardware,
proper fire safety, low deposit forming tendencies, high thermal stability, good combustion
characteristics, and high energy density.
Figure 5: Types and Properties of Biofuels (Chen & Tsung-Han, 2012)
There are three parameters of engine performance that are normally considered when assessing
the application of biodiesel fuel in diesel engine, namely Brake Thermal Efficiency, Exhaust Gas
Temperature, and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. Research shows that the application of
Jatropha curcas as a biodiesel fuel has benefits like decreased particulate matter, hydrocarbon,
carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide emissions (Tiwari, et al., n.d.). The long-term advantages
of this biofuel to the ecosystem and humanity are immeasurable but can compensate for the
finance used on the biodiesel plant development. The application of biodiesel fuel could increase
the use of fuels that are environmentally friendly and minimize global change in climatic
Biodiesel Plant 9
conditions caused by the use of conventional diesel fuel. The combustion of biofuel is 75%
cleaner compared to the traditional diesel fuel derived from fossil fuels (Uthman & Saka, 2013).
There are some challenges that have been noted in the application of biodiesel fuel to replace the
conventional diesel fuel in engines. Research shows that an engine operating under biofuels
experience chocking of the oil filters frequently. The high viscosities of the animal and vegetable
oils have restricted the use of biofuels since it increases fuel spray penetration and reduces fuel
atomization (Yusuf, et al., 2012).
Table 1: Properties of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels (Chen & Tsung-Han, 2012)
The application of biofuel also have lower volatility, lower heating value, and higher pour point
than the traditional diesel fuel. The poor flow characteristic of biofuel results into problems in
operation of the engine during cold weather (Nasir & Elhameed, 2014). The present problem
facing the global application of biodiesel fuel is the cost of production since the first stage of
implementation involves the planting of the biodiesel plants which takes some seasons to
produce seeds which are then crushed to produce oil for processing.
The brake specific fuel consumption of engines filled with biodiesel fuel is found to be higher
than that of conventional diesel fuel. This is because of the greater mass flow of fuel because of
conditions caused by the use of conventional diesel fuel. The combustion of biofuel is 75%
cleaner compared to the traditional diesel fuel derived from fossil fuels (Uthman & Saka, 2013).
There are some challenges that have been noted in the application of biodiesel fuel to replace the
conventional diesel fuel in engines. Research shows that an engine operating under biofuels
experience chocking of the oil filters frequently. The high viscosities of the animal and vegetable
oils have restricted the use of biofuels since it increases fuel spray penetration and reduces fuel
atomization (Yusuf, et al., 2012).
Table 1: Properties of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels (Chen & Tsung-Han, 2012)
The application of biofuel also have lower volatility, lower heating value, and higher pour point
than the traditional diesel fuel. The poor flow characteristic of biofuel results into problems in
operation of the engine during cold weather (Nasir & Elhameed, 2014). The present problem
facing the global application of biodiesel fuel is the cost of production since the first stage of
implementation involves the planting of the biodiesel plants which takes some seasons to
produce seeds which are then crushed to produce oil for processing.
The brake specific fuel consumption of engines filled with biodiesel fuel is found to be higher
than that of conventional diesel fuel. This is because of the greater mass flow of fuel because of
Biodiesel Plant 10
poor atomization and higher density of biodiesel leads to higher fuel consumption. The brake
thermal efficiency of the biodiesel is normally lower compared to the conventional diesel since it
has lower calorific value compared to the conventional fuel (Worapun, et al., 2012). Research on
the impacts of biodiesel on the performance, reliability, and emission of engine hardware. The
findings show that biodiesel thickens the oil and also affected the oil pump rotors, injectors,
crankshaft bearing connecting rods, intake valves, pistons, EGR ejectors, and throttle body. More
biodiesel will be used during the operation of the engine and also the lower heat energy of the
biodiesel fuel despite smooth combustion.
CONCLUSION
Because of the gradual depletion of fossil fuels and the numerous environmental issues such as
global warming, acid rains climatic change, and death of species, there is need of replacing the
conventional diesel fuels with another alternative source of energy which can still be used in
diesel engines. The suggested replacement is biodiesel fuel which is derived from the extraction
and processing of waste cooking oil, animal fat, or vegetable oil, has of recently gained much
attention because of its lower carbon cycle, biodegradability, non-toxic characteristics, and eco-
friendly nature compared to the traditional diesel fuels. Therefore, for sustainability and
environmental protection in industrial, transport, and domestic sectors that use diesel fuel, the
most sustainable and eco-friendly alternative is the application of biodiesel fuels in diesel engine
to replace the conventional diesel fuel.
poor atomization and higher density of biodiesel leads to higher fuel consumption. The brake
thermal efficiency of the biodiesel is normally lower compared to the conventional diesel since it
has lower calorific value compared to the conventional fuel (Worapun, et al., 2012). Research on
the impacts of biodiesel on the performance, reliability, and emission of engine hardware. The
findings show that biodiesel thickens the oil and also affected the oil pump rotors, injectors,
crankshaft bearing connecting rods, intake valves, pistons, EGR ejectors, and throttle body. More
biodiesel will be used during the operation of the engine and also the lower heat energy of the
biodiesel fuel despite smooth combustion.
CONCLUSION
Because of the gradual depletion of fossil fuels and the numerous environmental issues such as
global warming, acid rains climatic change, and death of species, there is need of replacing the
conventional diesel fuels with another alternative source of energy which can still be used in
diesel engines. The suggested replacement is biodiesel fuel which is derived from the extraction
and processing of waste cooking oil, animal fat, or vegetable oil, has of recently gained much
attention because of its lower carbon cycle, biodegradability, non-toxic characteristics, and eco-
friendly nature compared to the traditional diesel fuels. Therefore, for sustainability and
environmental protection in industrial, transport, and domestic sectors that use diesel fuel, the
most sustainable and eco-friendly alternative is the application of biodiesel fuels in diesel engine
to replace the conventional diesel fuel.
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Biodiesel Plant 11
REFERENCES
Abdulla, R. & Ravindra, P., 2013. Immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase for biodiesel production from
crude Jatropha curcas L. oil. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 56, pp. 8-13.
Ballesteros, R., Flores, G. & Barba, J., 2015. Environmental and health impact assessment from a heavy-
duty diesel engine under different injection strategies fueled with a bioethanol–diesel blend. Fuel,
Volume 157, pp. 191-201.
Cambuy, V., Resende, O. & Honório, T., 2013. Shape and size of jatropha beans (Jatropha curcas L.)
during drying at different temperatures. Revista Ceres, Volume 60, pp. 820-825.
Chen, Y.-H. & Tsung-Han, C., 2012. An optimum biodiesel combination: Jatropha and soapnut oil
biodiesel blends. Fuel, Volume 92, pp. 377-380.
Dixit, S., kanakraj, S. & Rehman, A., 2012. Linseed oil as a potential resource for bio-diesel: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 16, pp. 4415-4421.
Endalew, A., Kiros, Y. & Zanzi, R., 2011. Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production from Jatropha
curcas oil (JCO). Energy, Volume 36, pp. 2693-2700.
Feng, S., 2017. Numerical Study of the Performance and Emission of a Diesel-Syngas Dual Fuel Engine.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume 2017, pp. 1-12.
Gonzáles, C., 2016. International experiences with the cultivation of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel
production. Energy, Volume 112, pp. 1245-1258.
Greg, Y.-P., 2016. Emissions Study and Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Production from Jatropha Curcas Oil
Biodiesel. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Volume 16, pp. 1222-1233.
Gudeta, B., 2016. Chemical Composition, Bio-Diesel Potential and Uses of <i>Jatropha
curcas</i> L. (Euphorbiaceae). American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, Volume 4, p. 35.
Kadry, A., 2015. Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Seeds. American Journal of Chemical Engineering,
Volume 3, p. 89.
Kartika, A., Yuliani, S., Kailaku, S. & Rigal, L., 2012. Moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed
(Jatropha curcas) as a source of vegetable oil for biodiesel production. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume
36, pp. 226-233.
Kumar, G., 2017. Ultrasonic-assisted reactive-extraction is a fast and easy method for biodiesel
production from Jatropha curcas oilseeds. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Volume 37, pp. 634-639.
Kumar, S., Wonsub, L. & Sharma, K., 2013. Synthesis of Jatropha Curcas biodiesel and physicochemical
investigation of molecular interactions in Jatropha Curcas biodiesel+C2-C3-alkanol blends. Journal of
Molecular Liquids, Volume 181, pp. 55-61.
Mahapatra, A. & Nanda, R., 2011. Bio-diesel and Bio-gas: Alternatives of the present. Young Scientists
Journal, Volume 4, p. 9.
REFERENCES
Abdulla, R. & Ravindra, P., 2013. Immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase for biodiesel production from
crude Jatropha curcas L. oil. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 56, pp. 8-13.
Ballesteros, R., Flores, G. & Barba, J., 2015. Environmental and health impact assessment from a heavy-
duty diesel engine under different injection strategies fueled with a bioethanol–diesel blend. Fuel,
Volume 157, pp. 191-201.
Cambuy, V., Resende, O. & Honório, T., 2013. Shape and size of jatropha beans (Jatropha curcas L.)
during drying at different temperatures. Revista Ceres, Volume 60, pp. 820-825.
Chen, Y.-H. & Tsung-Han, C., 2012. An optimum biodiesel combination: Jatropha and soapnut oil
biodiesel blends. Fuel, Volume 92, pp. 377-380.
Dixit, S., kanakraj, S. & Rehman, A., 2012. Linseed oil as a potential resource for bio-diesel: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 16, pp. 4415-4421.
Endalew, A., Kiros, Y. & Zanzi, R., 2011. Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production from Jatropha
curcas oil (JCO). Energy, Volume 36, pp. 2693-2700.
Feng, S., 2017. Numerical Study of the Performance and Emission of a Diesel-Syngas Dual Fuel Engine.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume 2017, pp. 1-12.
Gonzáles, C., 2016. International experiences with the cultivation of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel
production. Energy, Volume 112, pp. 1245-1258.
Greg, Y.-P., 2016. Emissions Study and Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Production from Jatropha Curcas Oil
Biodiesel. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Volume 16, pp. 1222-1233.
Gudeta, B., 2016. Chemical Composition, Bio-Diesel Potential and Uses of <i>Jatropha
curcas</i> L. (Euphorbiaceae). American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, Volume 4, p. 35.
Kadry, A., 2015. Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Seeds. American Journal of Chemical Engineering,
Volume 3, p. 89.
Kartika, A., Yuliani, S., Kailaku, S. & Rigal, L., 2012. Moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed
(Jatropha curcas) as a source of vegetable oil for biodiesel production. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume
36, pp. 226-233.
Kumar, G., 2017. Ultrasonic-assisted reactive-extraction is a fast and easy method for biodiesel
production from Jatropha curcas oilseeds. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Volume 37, pp. 634-639.
Kumar, S., Wonsub, L. & Sharma, K., 2013. Synthesis of Jatropha Curcas biodiesel and physicochemical
investigation of molecular interactions in Jatropha Curcas biodiesel+C2-C3-alkanol blends. Journal of
Molecular Liquids, Volume 181, pp. 55-61.
Mahapatra, A. & Nanda, R., 2011. Bio-diesel and Bio-gas: Alternatives of the present. Young Scientists
Journal, Volume 4, p. 9.
Biodiesel Plant 12
Nahar, K. & Sunny, S., 2016. Biodiesel, Glycerin and Seed-cake Production from Roof-top Gardening of
Jatropha curcas L.. Current Environmental Engineering, Volume 3, pp. 18-31.
Nainwal, S., Sharma, N. & Sharma, A., 2015. Cold flow properties improvement of Jatropha curcas
biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel using winterization and blending. Energy, Volume 89, pp. 702-
707.
Nandi, S., Bhattacharyyar, R. & Chowdhury, A., 2016. A Comparative Study of Enzyme Efficacy for
Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas Oil. International Journal of Applied Chemistry, Volume 3, pp.
1-5.
Nasir, F. & Elhameed, B., 2014. Heterogeneous Microwave Irradiation Biodiesel Processing of Jatropha
Oil. Applied Mechanics and Materials, Volume 554, pp. 500-504.
Soumanou, M., Djenontin, S. & Sohounhloue, D., 2012. Lipase-catalysed biodiesel production from
Jatropha curcas oil. Lipid Technology, Volume 24, pp. 158-160.
Srinivasnaik, M. & Sudhakar, V., 2015. Bio Diesel as an Alternative Green Fuel to Internal Combustion
Diesel Engine. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Volume
5, pp. 63-66.
Tiwari, K., Akhilesh, K. & Raheman, H., n.d. Biodiesel production from jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with
high free fatty acids: An optimized process. Biomass and Bioenergy, pp. 569-575.
Uthman, H. & Saka, A., 2013. Comparatives Study of Production Biodiesel from Soybean oil and Jatropha
Curcas Seeds Oil. Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, Volume 28, pp. 31-42.
Worapun, I., Pianthong, K. & Thaiyasuit, P., 2012. Two-step Biodiesel Production from Crude Jatropha
curcas L. Oil Using Ultrasonic Irradiation Assisted. Journal of Oleo Science, Volume 61, pp. 165-172.
World Energy Resources, 2019. Worldenergy.org.
https://www.worldenergy.org/work-programme/strategic-insight/survey-of-energy-resources-and-
technologies/
Yilmaz, N. & Atmanli, A., 2017. Experimental assessment of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-
1-pentanol blends. Fuel, Volume 191, pp. 190-197.
Yusuf, N., Kamarudin, K. & Yaakob, Z., 2012. Overview on the production of biodiesel from Jatropha
curcas L. by using heterogenous catalysts. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, Volume 6, pp. 319-334.
Nahar, K. & Sunny, S., 2016. Biodiesel, Glycerin and Seed-cake Production from Roof-top Gardening of
Jatropha curcas L.. Current Environmental Engineering, Volume 3, pp. 18-31.
Nainwal, S., Sharma, N. & Sharma, A., 2015. Cold flow properties improvement of Jatropha curcas
biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel using winterization and blending. Energy, Volume 89, pp. 702-
707.
Nandi, S., Bhattacharyyar, R. & Chowdhury, A., 2016. A Comparative Study of Enzyme Efficacy for
Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas Oil. International Journal of Applied Chemistry, Volume 3, pp.
1-5.
Nasir, F. & Elhameed, B., 2014. Heterogeneous Microwave Irradiation Biodiesel Processing of Jatropha
Oil. Applied Mechanics and Materials, Volume 554, pp. 500-504.
Soumanou, M., Djenontin, S. & Sohounhloue, D., 2012. Lipase-catalysed biodiesel production from
Jatropha curcas oil. Lipid Technology, Volume 24, pp. 158-160.
Srinivasnaik, M. & Sudhakar, V., 2015. Bio Diesel as an Alternative Green Fuel to Internal Combustion
Diesel Engine. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Volume
5, pp. 63-66.
Tiwari, K., Akhilesh, K. & Raheman, H., n.d. Biodiesel production from jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with
high free fatty acids: An optimized process. Biomass and Bioenergy, pp. 569-575.
Uthman, H. & Saka, A., 2013. Comparatives Study of Production Biodiesel from Soybean oil and Jatropha
Curcas Seeds Oil. Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, Volume 28, pp. 31-42.
Worapun, I., Pianthong, K. & Thaiyasuit, P., 2012. Two-step Biodiesel Production from Crude Jatropha
curcas L. Oil Using Ultrasonic Irradiation Assisted. Journal of Oleo Science, Volume 61, pp. 165-172.
World Energy Resources, 2019. Worldenergy.org.
https://www.worldenergy.org/work-programme/strategic-insight/survey-of-energy-resources-and-
technologies/
Yilmaz, N. & Atmanli, A., 2017. Experimental assessment of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-
1-pentanol blends. Fuel, Volume 191, pp. 190-197.
Yusuf, N., Kamarudin, K. & Yaakob, Z., 2012. Overview on the production of biodiesel from Jatropha
curcas L. by using heterogenous catalysts. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, Volume 6, pp. 319-334.
Biodiesel Plant 13
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Comparison of different fuel properties
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Comparison of different fuel properties
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Biodiesel Plant 14
Appendix 2: Separation process of Methanol (Abdulla & Ravindra, 2013)
Appendix 2: Separation process of Methanol (Abdulla & Ravindra, 2013)
Biodiesel Plant 15
Appendix 3: World Biodiesel Production (Gonzáles, 2016)
Appendix 3: World Biodiesel Production (Gonzáles, 2016)
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