Biological Communication Systems: Structure, Function, and Imbalance

This report provides a comprehensive overview of biological communication systems, focusing on the structure and function of the endocrine system. It explores the roles of insulin and glucagon in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels, highlighting their importance in maintaining health. The report also examines the effects of hormonal imbalances, such as gigantism and dwarfism, and their impact on the body. Furthermore, it offers a detailed comparison between the nervous and hormonal systems, elucidating their distinct modes of action and coordination within the body. The report concludes by emphasizing the significance of maintaining hormonal balance for overall well-being and health, drawing from various sources and research papers to support its findings.

Biological
Communication
Systems

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Biological can be considered as a vast concept and relating to biology or living organism.
Communication is process of transferring thoughts and ideas through words by one person to
another (Agrawal, 2012). Communication can be described as an umbrella which is used on
biology and more in biochemistry, biophysics and bio-semiotics in respect to evaluating various
type of communication methods among living cells. The process of communication in human
body are commonly thinking that involve electrical signalling through the central nervous
system, cytokine chemical signalling and chemical signalling by blood plasma with hormones.
This report contents the study about structure and function of endocrine system, the role of
insulin and glucagon in the homoeostatic regulation of blood levels, the effects of imbalance of
hormones in human body and comparison among different modes of action of hormones and
nerves will discussed in detailed manner.
MAIN BODY
The structure and function of the endocrine system
Endocrine system is made up with network of gland . Endocrine system regulates the
internal process of the body such as sweat and salivary gland which secretes, sweat and salivary
gland externally and internally via duct (Scott-Phillips and et. al., 2012). Endocrine system
secretes a type of chemical called hormone and this considered as the chemical signals which
coordinates the body action internally and externally. Endocrine system includes various types of
gland which are as follows:
 Adrenal gland
 hypothalamus gland
 ovaries and testis
 Pancreas
 parathyroid gland
 pineal and pituitary gland
 thymus gland thyroid gland
Function of endocrine system
The main function of the endocrine system is to release the hormones directly in the
blood stream .Endocrine system controls the growth, development sexual characteristics of
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human body (Kerkut, 2013). It also controls the level of glucose and available salt level in
human's body. Endocrine system regulate the growth of cells, controls the heartbeat, insulin
secretes from the beta cell of the pancreas which affect the metabolism of glucose , protein and
fat throughout the body. It also controls the sensory perception of the body of the body. It also
regulates the voluntary and involuntary action of the body.
The role of insulin and glucagon in the homoeostatic regulation of blood.
Insulin is a most effective biological element and it is considered as hormone which is
created through the pancreas that allows human body to use glucose from carbohydrates in the
food that are eat by humans for gaining energy or store glucose for further use. Insulin helps in
managing the sugar level in human body as the high and low level of hyperglycaemia is harmful
for humans life. Insulin and glucagon both plays a significant role in managing blood sugar
level , these are some effective hormones that are secreted through islet cells inside the pancreas.
Glucagon also plays a vast role in humans body as to maintain the low dropping level of blood
and glucose (Casanova-Nakayama and et. al., 2011). In the process of respiration glucose is
needed by cells, it is essential for human body to maintain the concentration of glucose in blood
at constant basis. Insulin used as a hormone which is produced through the pancreas that helps
in regulate the glucose level in blood and also provide support to improve people health. For
keeping blood sugar level in normal range glucagon, insulin and other hormones falls and rise at
regular basis. The level of insulin decreases at the situation when blood sugar falls too low, in
this condition other cells in the pancreas product glucagon that causes the liver to turn stored
glycogen return into glucose and release it into the blood cells.
The effects of imbalance of hormones
Hormones are the small amount of bio chemical substance which controls the body action
but the quantity of these substances increase or decrease then it causes hormonal imbalance. It
affects the metabolism of the body resulting suffering from human body from various type of
metabolic disorder in human body, also affect the stimulating power of the body stops to receive
the signal throughout the whole body. Various type of effects of hormonal imbalance are as
follows:
 Acne and oily
 Bloating
 Bone loss
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 Fibrocystic Night sweat
For example: Gigantism is a disease in which hyper secretion of hormones from
pituitary gland leads to growth of bones in human body so fast human body grows up rapidly.
Other aspect of this disease is Dwarfism, in which hypo secretion of hormones from the pituitary
gland leads to less growth of bones in the human body which affect the height and weight of
the body (Schwartz and et. al., 2013). Both male and female are affected from this disease it also
disturb the central nervous system signal disorder which stop receiving message from brain to
receptor affecting the action of the body not working properly.
Comparison among Nerves and Hormones
Humans and animals body build through the combination of various cells and organs and
in multicellular animals mostly cells are worked to perform few functions and the combination of
cells create an organ system in the animal and human body (Difference between nervous system
and endocrine system, 2016). It is required for each cell to work with more coordination and
communicate with other cells in respect to carry out different functions of human body in
effective and proper manner (Ekström and et. al., 2017). Nervous system and hormones system
helps in establishing coordination among various functions of cells.
(Source: Comparison between nervous and hormones, 2016)
Nervous System Hormonal System
Nerve system helps in coordinate different Hormones can be considered as the chemical
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Illustration 1: Comparison between nervous and hormones

body activities through means of neurons,
these cells act as essential component of
functional and structural unit of nervous
system (Muir and Montero‐Odasso, 2011).
regulators which are concealed through
ductless glands that are known as endocrine
glands and these are emit directly in blood.
This helps to responding in less time duration. This takes a long time to provide effective
response.
In this the flow of information is too fast. The flow of information is low as it gives
result at delay basis.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned report it has been concluded that insulin and glucagon plays
an effective role in developing health condition of humans and helps in maintaining the proper
balance of sugar and glucose in blood cells. Imbalance of hormones create various issues in
humans body so in order to live long people needs to maintain sugar and glucose level in body as
it provide strength and power. The major function of endocrine system is to manage the balance
of hormones secretion of glands.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Agrawal, G. P., 2012. Fiber-optic communication systems (Vol. 222). John Wiley & Sons.
Scott-Phillips, T. C., and et. al., 2012. How do communication systems emerge?. Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279(1735). pp.1943-1949.
Kerkut, G. A. ed., 2013. Biochemistry (Vol. 10). Elsevier.
Casanova-Nakayama, A., and et. al., 2011. Endocrine disrupting compounds: can they target the
immune system of fish?. Marine pollution bulletin. 63(5). pp.412-416.
Schwartz, M. W., and et. al., 2013. Cooperation between brain and islet in glucose homeostasis
and diabetes. Nature. 503(7474). pp.59-66.
Muir, S. W. and Montero‐Odasso, M., 2011. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle
strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 59(12). pp.2291-2300.
Ekström, J., and et. al., 2017. Saliva and the control of its secretion.
Online
Difference between nervous system and endocrine system. 2016. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.differencebtw.com/difference-between-nervous-system-and-endocrine-
system/>.
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