Homeostasis and Controlling Factors: Biology Assignment Details

This biology assignment delves into the concepts of homeostasis and controlling factors within the human body. The solution examines the impact of exercise and carbohydrate loading strategies, specifically for marathon preparation, including dietary recommendations for before and during the race. It further explores the role of the luteinizing hormone (LH) in puberty and reproductive processes using positive feedback mechanisms. The assignment then investigates homeostatic mechanisms, including the function of receptors and the nervous system's organization, and how disruptions, such as tuberculosis affecting the brain stem, impact these processes. Furthermore, it analyzes the generation of nerve impulses, the effects of multiple sclerosis on neural transmission, and the role of neurotransmitters like serotonin in regulating various bodily functions. Finally, the assignment touches upon the impact of tubocurarine, a drug that affects nerve signal transmission, and the consequences of these disruptions. The assignment uses multiple figures to illustrate the concepts discussed, and provides references to support its claims.

Running head: HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
Task 2
1. Exercise can be narrowed 3 to 4 days before marathon and intake of carbohydrate can be
increased by 9-10g. Carb intake must around 3.6 to 5.5 gm per pound of the total weight of the
body is considered normal before the marathon.
2. Carb loading is necessary before the marathon because in loads, the muscle with
glycogen is hence delaying the exhaustion and thus helping in the retention of heavy exercise for
a longer period (Kıcıman 2015). The loading increases the storage of glycogen by 200 to 300
percent so that the runner remains energised although the marathon game. Figure 2 explains
loading more carbs acts as a fuel source thus helping in getting more energy during marathon.
Breakfast: two whole grain bread boast with fruits, peanut butter, and
scrambled egg.
Lunch: Soup, sandwiches, or some hamburger. A diabetic patient requires
greater dose of insulin if more fried foods are taken during lunch.
Snacks: Cracker and cheese with granola bar are recommended
Dinner: Rice/ potato, broccoli and roasted chicken.

2HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
Fig 2: showing carb load and marathon relation (Han et al. 2015)
3. It is positive feedback because LH (luteinising hormone) determines puberty. It plays an
important role in menstruation, ovulation and releases testosterone and progesterone (Han et al.
2015). LH plays a key role in the female and male reproductive organ.
The organs to which LH are involved to are reproductive organ for both male and female
and central nervous systems such as pituitary and hypothalamus. In the fig 3, a stepwise analysis
is shown the way LH determines puberty.

3HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
Fig 3: role of LH in release of oestrogen (Socratic.org. 2020)
Task 3
Fig 4: Homeostasis

4HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
1 a) Receptor can detect the change easily. It monitors the environmental change and can
respond to the change accordingly.
The receptor is found in homo thermostat, which is a heating system. The thermostat
comprises the receptor as well as the control system. When the heating system is set at 70F,
when the temperature falls below 70F, it is turned inevitably (Fadell et al. 2019). Similarly, with
the rise in the blood sugar level the receptor identifies the change thus making the pancreas to
secrete insulin effectively for reducing the blood sugar level. Fig 5 shows the way temperature is
balanced in the body through receptor.
Fig 5: Homeostasis and body organisation (Han et al. 2015)

5HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
b)
Fig 6: showing different nervous system organisation (Socratic.org. 2020)
2a) The brain stem gets affected with tuberculosis. Mycobacterium causes Tuberculosis. The
bacteria spread to the brain and spine from different other organs. It initially affects lungs and
then spreads to other parts of the body. This infection mainly affects brain stem. This region of
brain control thirst and hunger and thus regulates body temperature. The infection then starts to
spread from brain to spinal cord (Kremer et al. 2015). Fig 7 shows CT-scan image of the brain
when it gets infected with tuberculosis.

6HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
Fig 7: Tuberculosis infection in brain stem (Kıcıman, 2015)
2b) The medulla of the brain controls regulatory mechanism for sustaining life such ad
swallowing, breathing and maintaining proper heart rate. If during exercise, the heart rate
increases and does not get back to normal then assumed that medulla of the brain is not
functioning properly. This part of the brain transfers messages through brain stem located below
the limbic system. The main role is to maintain the circulatory and respiratory system.
Therefore, damage in medulla cannot control the heart rate; hence; the change of heart rate
depending on exercise
gets affected.
3)

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Figure 8: generation of impulse for multiple sclerosis patients (Socratic.org. 2020)
The stimulus generates chemical and electrical changes in the neuron. Sodium-ion is
present in the outer part and potassium ion is present in the inside. Inside of cell is negatively
charged; therefore, there is the rise in electrochemical difference as the nerve impulse generated
the cell permeability changes (Sawcer, Franklin and Ban 2014). Sodium-ion flows inside and
potassium outside, therefore causing depolarisation of the cell. Depolarisation causes action
potential causing the nerve impulse to move through the axon. Negative potassium ion flows into
the cell and sodium out, thus polarising the cell and leading to the restoration of the charges. At the
end of the axon, the chemical released through neurotransmitter being diffused across the synaptic
gap.
Whereas in-person with multiple sclerosis does not allow the flow of signals or charges
through the neurons. The nerve signals get blocked at the end and the cell polarisation does not take
place. Here, the neurotransmitter is not transferred to the next neuron for the multiple sclerosis
patients.
4a) Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that transmits nerve impulse. Serotonin is released from
presynaptic cells to the synaptic cleft (Fig:9).

8HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
Low serotonin level has an impact over depression. The low serotonin reduces the level of
signalling through the central nervous system. Thus the person faces difficulty in regulating social
behaviour, sleep, memory and appetite (Buckley, Dawson and Isbister 2014).
Fig 9: Serotonin affecting depression (Kıcıman 2015)
4b) Tubocurarine constrains the action of acetylcholine and therefore stops the transmission of
the nerve signals by impeding the blocking the neural transmission and action of acetylcholine
without depolarising the postsynaptic membrane. Hence, it leads to paralysis.

9HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS
References
Buckley, N.A., Dawson, A.H. and Isbister, G.K., 2014. Serotonin syndrome. Bmj, 348.
Fadell, A.M., Rogers, M.L., Sloo, D., Matas, M.J. and Plitkins, M., Google LLC,
2019. Thermostat graphical user interface. U.S. Patent 10,241,527.
Han, S.Y., McLennan, T., Czieselsky, K. and Herbison, A.E., 2015. Selective optogenetic
activation of arcuate kisspeptin neurons generates pulsatile luteinizing hormone
secretion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(42), pp.13109-13114.
Kıcıman, E., 2015. Towards learning a knowledge base of actions from experiential microblogs.
In AAAI Spring Symposium on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. AAAI-Association for
the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence.
Kremer, L., Mealy, M., Jacob, A., Nakashima, I., Cabre, P., Bigi, S., Paul, F., Jarius, S., Aktas,
O., Elsone, L. and Mutch, K., 2014. Brainstem manifestations in neuromyelitis optica: a
multicenter study of 258 patients. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 20(7), pp.843-847.
Sawcer, S., Franklin, R.J. and Ban, M., 2014. Multiple sclerosis genetics. The Lancet
Neurology, 13(7), pp.700-709.
Socratic.org. (2020). What is the function of the sensory division of the peripheral nervous
system? | Socratic. [online] Available at: https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-function-of-
the-sensory-division-of-the-peripheral-nervous-system [Accessed 8 Feb. 2020].