Biology Assignment: Unit 7 - Body Chemistry and Organisation Analysis

This assignment delves into the core principles of body chemistry and organisation. It begins by describing the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and explains how atoms become charged through the gain or loss of electrons, forming ions. The assignment identifies different types of atoms, such as isotopes and antimatter, and then explores the structure of biological molecules, including lipids (steroids, phospholipids), and proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures). It also covers the different types of proteins, like globular, fibrous, and membrane proteins. The assignment further explains how molecules join through various types of bonds, such as ionic, metallic, and covalent bonds. It discusses the role of molecular components in the sustainability of human life, highlighting the functions of dyneins, myosin, enzymes, and actin, and the importance of lipids. The assignment then describes the function of biological molecules in the human body, focusing on carbohydrates, DNA, and RNA, and their roles in energy provision, structural support, and genetic information. It also explains the role of biological molecules in homeostasis, the impact of molecule function impairment, and the structure of human cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus. Finally, the assignment discusses the transportation processes of cellular substrates and the role of cellular transportation in homeostasis.

Running head: UNIT 7 ANSWER
UNIT 7 ANSWER
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1UNIT 7 ANSWER
Describe the structure of atoms
Electrons, neutrons, and protons are the three particles of bits which are answerable for
charge and mass of atoms. The nucleus is the region of the atom, which is in the center of atom
comprising protons, which is positively charging and neutrons, which is charge free. The outside
area of a particle named electron shells which holds negatively charged electrons in the nucleus
orbit. Particles have several possessions based on the number and arrangement of their essential
bits and retain all chemical characteristics of an element.
Explain how atoms are charged
That defines a particle with a neutral charge is one where the number of the electrons is
similar to the atomic number. Ions consist of are atoms with some missing or extra electrons. In
the time positively charged particles hit atoms in the nuclear chamber, they cause some electrons
in bits to be knocking away. When more than one electrons are caught another bit, then the
particles are charging positively. It is known as a positive ion. But the negative ion is made by
the measurement of an atomic electron. Subsequently, there are more positive charges than
negative charges. The atom has a positive charge. The consequence of adding the charges of both
positive and negative particles are named as the net charge. When one electron is detaching from
neutral Na atom, there are 10 electrons and 11 protons.
Identify different types of atoms
Most frequently, these atoms are in equilibrium, and as like the bit is constant and lasts
strictly forever. Individual atoms are out of balance (Bernath 2015). These can create them
radioactive. Atoms in a chemical component that have several numbers of neutrons than

2UNIT 7 ANSWER
electrons and protons are named isotopes. The atoms in a specific element have an
undistinguishable number of protons and electrons but can have changing the neutrons number.
Radioactive:
Individual atoms have several neutrons in the nucleus, making them unbalanced.
Poisonous for providing off particles until stable.
Isotopes:
Every single atom is a chemical component like chorine, hydrogen, iron. Each element
has isotopes; they have several numbers of neutrons. Extra neutrons create isotope as a
radioactive element.
Antimatter:
Each atomic atom has a twin antiparticle with a differing electric charge. Antimatter
hydrogen atoms have designed in the lab containing anti-electron and anti-neutron. Antimatter is
the contradictory of normal matter (Bernath 2015). More exactly, the sub-atomic atoms of
antimatter have possessions opposite those of standard matter.
Ions:
Atoms with the missing or extra electron are ions. Negative or positive electric charge.
Answerable for many chemical reactions.
Describe molecular biological structures
Structure of lipids

3UNIT 7 ANSWER
All lipids comprise one hydrocarbon chain, which is a chain of hydrogen or carbon atoms
with an acidic end. Lipids have extended hydrocarbon chains which is the reason don’t dissolve
in water. Fatty acids are a describing feature of fats, they are a long hydrocarbon chain with the
acidic head with a chemical structure –COOH (Mohun et al. 2014). Lipid, any of a different
group of organic compounds counting oils, fats, hormones, and particular components of
membranes that are gathering together because they do not interrelate significantly with water.
Steroids:
Steroids are a specific type of lipid. They are categorized by having carbon atoms
prepared into four adjacent rings. The three rings made from 6 carbon atoms and the ending ring
prepared from 5 carbon atoms. A number of damaging and unhealthy effects may affects from
the use of anabolic steroids that can lead to both physical and emotional problems. Studies have
revealed that misuse of steroids can increase destructive behaviour, cause impair judgment or
mood swings.
Phospholipids:
A phosphate group has a charge negatively, and other molecules can link themselves to
the phosphate group. The fatty acids are unsolvable in water. It contains TWO type fatty acids
attached to the three glycerol molecules (Palanca et al. 2014). These are soluble in water and is
therefore involved in water (hydrophilic). The phosphate collections face towards outwards the
water-based settings of the cell. A phospholipid membrane covers two layers of phospholipids.
This phospholipid bilayer obstructs materials moving in the outer compartment.
Protein structure:-
Primary structure:

4UNIT 7 ANSWER
By settlement, the initial construction of a protein is describing starting since the amino-
terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. Ribosomes usually perform protein
biosynthesis in cells. This is an arrangement of amino acids the order they are bonded together
determined by information stored in genes (Thierry et al. 2016). Through procedures named
translation and transcription, DNA delivers all cells information.
Secondary structure:
Protein shaped by hydrogen bonds among atoms along the polypeptide chain backbone.
Hydrogen bonds root polypeptide backbone to the coil and fold into a helix and B pleated sheet
(Shao and Jiang 2014). It’s common in structural proteins like keratin. B pleated sheets are
designed when hydrogen bonds happen among two or more end-to-end polypeptide chains and
are usual in globular proteins.
Tertiary structure:
Final outline the polypeptide chain takes and is described by R groups. Repulsion
between the groups folds and bends the polypeptide to generate a 3D protein shape of the
protein.
Quaternary structure:
Only fallouts when several polypeptide chains cartel together to form an abundant
complex protein. Hemoglobin is a sample in this structure.
Types of proteins:
Globular proteins:-

5UNIT 7 ANSWER
It receipts a globular shape in its tertiary structure and contains several enzymes
antibodies and haemoglobin.
Fibrous protein:-
It remains in a linear secondary structure and includes keratin, collagen, and silk.
Membrane protein: -
These are attached to a cell skin. This cell skin is making a paired layer of phospholipids.
The exterior part of the membrane is polar, and the inner part of the membrane is non-polar.
Disordered proteins:-
Some proteins are completely structured, while others are partly structured.
Explain how molecules join
Molecules variety:
Molecules are simple or complex and are made of just one atom. Particles can cover of
two atoms of the equivalent element. The oxygen molecule is arranged for two oxygen atoms
combined. Three oxygen atoms bond together, making a molecule called ozone.
Complex molecule:
The complex molecules like plastic in snorkel hold thousands of hydrogen, carbon, and
chlorine atoms combined in long winding chains (Courses.lumenlearning.com, 2020). Complex
molecules are named polymers. Carbon atoms form very everlasting bonds with other carbon
atoms.
Simple molecule:

6UNIT 7 ANSWER
Water consists of a straightforward structure. They are ready for two hydrogen atoms
bonded to one oxygen atom. All water particles are identical, but they are several from molecules
of any other material.
Bonding:-
When atoms join composed to form molecules, they held together by organic bonds.
They form of exchange or sharing of electrons between atoms.
Ionic bonds:-
Chlorine takes the electron and becomes negatively charged. Particles are transporting
from one atom to another. Chlorine and sodium link to form sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium
loses an electron becoming charged. It (Ionic bonds) are tough to break.
Metallic bonds:-
Electrons in this pool move everywhere smoothly, which is metals can transfer heat or
electricity. It is a category of chemical bonding that increases from the electrostatic attractive
force between metal ions and electrons. It may be defined as the sharing of free electrons among
an assembly of positively charged ions.
Covalent bonds:-
Two oxygen atoms bond together to form an oxygen molecule distributing 4 electrons 2
from every oxygen atom. Electron is sharing between more than one atoms. Another example of
bonds is carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. The covalent compounds are gases, liquids, with
low melting points.
Explain the role of molecular components to the sustainability of human life

7UNIT 7 ANSWER
Dyneins and myosin are the categories of motor protein intricate in the movement.
Subsequently, they can convert chemical energy to undertake. Dyneins are involved in the
flagella movement, which is devoted to outside of particular cells like sperm (Study.com, 2020).
Myosin is found in strengths and is answerable for the reduction of muscle fibers in muscles. The
enzyme contribute to the construction of new molecules by understanding the genetic evidence
stored in DNA (Study.com, 2020). Actin is proteins that provide structural backing for cells
allowing the body to move.
Lipids in the body are vital for proper absorption and digestion of nutrients and food.
Lipids are then wanted for the transport of fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K, from
human intestines to human bloodstream. The cells use these vitamins to uphold the health of
human skin, teeth, bones, blood, and vision.
Explain the function of biological molecules in the human body
Carbohydrates can be measured as vital resources of energy. They also deliver structural
support for the cells and support with a message between cells (Frottin et al. 2019). Cells which
used in ATP to perform the metabolic reactions from various sources, including dietary
carbohydrates and fats. DNA is self-replicating and is susceptible to UV damage.
C-H bonds in DNA mark it reasonably stable, and the body destroys enzymes that would
spell DNA. Few grooves in helix serving as protection, providing minimal space for enzymes to
attach (Thierry et al. 2016). There are two nucleic acid molecules, which are DNA and RNA.
RNA is manufactured from the DNA template and is resistant to UV damage. RNA is
continuously produced, degraded, recycled, and used.

8UNIT 7 ANSWER
Describe the role of biological molecules in homeostasis
Homeostasis:-
The proteins send the signal to the brain via a feedback loop in case of a thoughtful rise
or drop in the temperature that will source a severe alteration between the external membranes
(Nguyen and Phong 2017). The proteins send the signal to the brain via a feedback loop in case
of an inexorable rise or drop in the temperature that will cause a severe difference between the
internal and external temperatures.
Impairment of molecule function
Each biological function is prompting by the actions that occur at the molecular level.
Every cell be subject to on a massive amount of proteins to do their jobs in the appropriate
positions at accurate times (Shibata and Morimoto 2014). Sometimes, gene mutations evade one
or more of these proteins from working correctly.
There are specific crucial difficulties which are linking to molecular functional damage.
If the human body is distressing to impairment of molecule function, then a person is suffering
some severe problems like Atrophy, Hypertrophy, malnutrition, etc. Some biological factors like
age and nutrition can disturb muscle hypertrophy
Atrophy and Hypertrophy:-
Hypertrophy contains an increase in the skeletal muscle size over a size growth of its
element cells. It mostly focusses more on better-quality myofibril size. Increase in size of the cell
is responsible for the size of the organ due by increased structural proteins and organelles

9UNIT 7 ANSWER
Atrophy is the sickness in human muscle strength due to a decrease in muscle mass, or
the number of muscle fibers (Xie et al. 2015). Atrophy can be fluctuating in the amount of
muscle weakness. It is also frequently an outcome of diseases like cancer, chronic disruptive
pulmonary illness, AIDS, burns, and renal miscarriage.
Malnutrition:-
It is an illness that concerns from taking food in which different nutrients are either not
necessary or are too much like that the food reasons health problems (Altaee, Zaragoza and
Tonningen 2014). It is often using to correctly mention to undernutrition where a distinction is
not getting enough calories, micronutrients, and protein.
Structure of human cellular organelles
Nucleus:-
Nucleus function is to isolate DNA from a break of a cell, RNA still relocated in and out.
Protein channels called nuclear pores form holes in the atomic envelope. Nucleus occupied with
nucleoplasm and like to structure and cytoplasm function. Nuclear envelope keeps particles
accountable for DNA transcriptions and restores close to DNA itself (Lutchmiah et al. 2014).
Whereas the transcript is completed with translation where the nucleus takes place in the
cytoplasm.
Nucleolus:-
In the nucleus, a trivial subspace named nucleolus. Forms near DNA with directions for
making ribosomes. These are in the nucleolus, leaving nucleus with the holes of nucleus.

10UNIT 7 ANSWER
Endoplasmic reticulum:-
Inside cytoplasm. The plasma membrane originates inside a cell that folds on itself to
generate internal space called lumen Lumen is unremitting with perinuclear space. Two
dissimilar endoplasmic reticula in a cell, such as horizontal endoplasmic reticulum and irregular
endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum:-
These are the series of linked compressed sacs, part of an incessant membrane organelle
inside the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Which plays a vital role in protein synthesis. It is also
called for the arrival of its outside cell.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:-
It is an endomembrane subset of the endoplasmic reticulum. The essential utilities are
the combination of steroid hormones, lipids, and the detoxification of damaging metabolic by-
products, and the stowing and absorption of cellular Ca ions.
Golgi apparatus: -
Several molecules did not have the same fats when inflowing Golgi described by the
sugar molecules (The Meaning of Life, 2020). Molecules set it on four paths like Cytosol, Cell
membrane, Secretin, and Lysosome.
Peroxisome:-
Spherical organelle was answerable for extinguishing contents. Molecules like oxygen
ions or hydrogen peroxide are formed as a by-product of standard cellular metabolism as well as
by tobacco, drugs or radiation.

11UNIT 7 ANSWER
Mitochondria:-
Through this procedure, instigates cytoplasm. Primary energy created comes from later
phases that take place in mitochondria (Study.com, 2020). The lipid bilayers isolated
mitochondrial hods from the cytoplasm, referring to outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.
Cytoskeleton:-
It is a dynamic network of interweaving protein strands existing in the cytoplasm of all
cells, archaea, and including bacteria. It spreads from the nucleus to the cell membrane and is
collecting related proteins in several organisms.
Transportation processes of cellular substrates
Passive Transport
A material always moves from a part where it is more focussed to a part where it is less
focused. It happens when elements cross the plasma membrane deprived of any energy cell
input.
Osmosis
It is the impulsive net measure of solvent particles over a selectively penetrable
membrane into a region of progressive solute concentration. In a way that have a habit of to
match the solute absorptions on the two sides Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively
permeable membrane from a concentration area to low area. Cells placed in a hypotonic solution
will take water across their membrane until both external solutions take water across the
membrane until both external solutions and cytosol are isotonic.
Diffusion

12UNIT 7 ANSWER
The material changes from the area of the membrane, where it is more determined to the
side where it is less resolute (Study.com, 2020). It is the substance movement across a cell skin,
due to a variance in concentration, without any support from other molecules.
Categories of transport proteins:
Carrier proteins drag with specific molecules or ions, and in doing so, they alter the
shape. As carrier proteins change the way, they transport the molecules or ions through the
membrane.
Active Transport
These are a slight like touching a ball difficult. It cannot be completed devoid of adding
energy. The active transport energy originates from the energy-carrying particle named ATP.
Like active transport inactive transport, it may also include transport proteins.
Sodium-Potassium Pump:
This pump changes Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. Principally, three Na ions drag
through a carrier protein in the cell skin. Then, the carrier protein accepts a phosphate group
from ATP (Oh and Park 2014). In these cases, two potassium ions drag to the carrier protein. The
procedure is overturned, and the K ions are forced into the cell.
Vesicle Transport
A vesicular transporter is a membrane protein that controls or facilitates the movement of
specific molecules through a vesicle's membrane. As an outcome, vesicular transporters direct
the absorption of particles inside a vesicle.
Two types of vesicle transport:

13UNIT 7 ANSWER
Endocytosis-
The material to be adopted is surrounded by a part of the cell membrane, which then buds
off classified the cell to form a vesicle covering the consumed content (Xie, Liu and Bian 2016).
Endocytosis contains phagocytosis and pinocytosis. The material to be adopted is bounded by a
region of cell membrane, which then buds off intimate the cell to form a vesicle comprising the
consumed material. Endocytosis contains phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
Exocytosis-
It is the sort of vesicle conveyance that transfers a material outer cell. A vesicle covering
the material changes over the cytoplasm to the membrane of the cell. Then, the vesicle skin
tempers with the cell skin, and the material is unconstrained the outer cell.
Discuss the role of cellular transportation in homeostasis
The absorption of nutrients, salts, and another materials must be saved within a limited
range by affecting elements into and out of cells. If homeostasis is disturbed, a disorder or
disease may effect and will not permit the normal working of the organism. Homeostatic
inequity may lead to toxicity and deficiency (The Meaning of Life, 2020). Deficiency happens
when ways are blocked, and cells lack satisfactory amounts of minerals or vitamins.
Toxicity occurs when cells have a spare of toxins that toxins cells. Prevalent homeostasis
inequity is diabetes; in diabetic, the endocrine system has distress maintaining precise blood
glucose levels. Indecision, they must display their day-to-day sugar consumption and regulate
their blood glucose levels with insulin vaccinations as diabetes is reliant on both genetic and
existence. Hence, cells are crucial to be preserving within standard ranges.

14UNIT 7 ANSWER
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Altaee, A., Zaragoza, G. and van Tonningen, H.R., 2014. Comparison between forward osmosis-
reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis processes for seawater desalination. Desalination, 336,
pp.50-57.
Bernath, P.F., 2015. Spectra of atoms and molecules. Oxford university press.
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Jungmann, R., Hartl, F.U. and Hipp, M.S., 2019. The nucleolus functions as a phase-separated
protein quality control compartment. Science, 365(6451), pp.342-347.

15UNIT 7 ANSWER
Lutchmiah, K., Verliefde, A.R.D., Roest, K., Rietveld, L.C. and Cornelissen, E.R., 2014.
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Biology, 24(10), pp.R463-R474.

16UNIT 7 ANSWER
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