Literature Review: Biomarkers and Stages of Liver Fibrosis

This literature review examines the formation of liver fibrosis, the use of biomarkers in different stages of the disease, and diagnostic techniques, including biopsy and biomarker comparisons. It explores various types of biomarkers, their development, interpretation, and pitfalls, with specific focus on Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, non-alcoholic liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease. The review also covers sequential algorithms, proteomics, and genetic markers, concluding that viral infections can alter liver pathology, leading to fat accumulation and scarring, which can be identified using biomarkers, genetic markers, and proteomics. The study references several research papers to support its findings and provide a comprehensive overview of the topic.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

Literature review
1. Formation of liver fibrosis.
2. Use of biomarkers of fibrosis in different stages
3. Grad score of fibrosis 1.

4. Biopsy and diagnosis of liver fibrosis
5. Comparison of biopsy and biomarker
6.Pitfalls of liver biopsy

7. What are the biomarkers for
8. Types of biomarkers

9. Biomarker Development
10. Biomarker Prognosis
11. Biomarker Interpretation

12. Pitfalls in Biomarkers
13. Hepatitis C
14. Hepatitis B

15. Non-alcoholic liver disease
16. Alcoholic Liver Disease
17. Sequential Algorithm

18. Proteomics
19. Genetic Markers

Conclusion
Thus, it is concluded that liver fibrosis can occur due to the various viral
infection that can change the pathology of the organ. This change is
related to a number of other changes like accumulation of fat, scar. This
changes can be identified by the use of various techniques including
biomarkers, genetic markers and proteomics. These techniques gives a
clear image about the pathogenesis of the disease and helps in the
proper diagnosis of the disease.

Reference
• Ahmed, A., Wong, R.J. and Harrison, S.A., 2015. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease review:
diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13(12),
pp.2062-2070.
• Amato, R., Lim, P., Miotto, O., Amaratunga, C., Dek, D., Pearson, R.D., Almagro-Garcia, J., Neal,
A.T., Sreng, S., Suon, S. and Drury, E., 2017. Genetic markers associated with
dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: a
genotype–phenotype association study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(2), pp.164-173.
• Bernuth, S., Yagmur, E., Schuppan, D., Sprinzl, M. F., Zimmermann, A., Schad, A., ... & Wörns, M.
A. (2016). Early changes in dynamic biomarkers of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus-infected
patients treated with sofosbuvir. Digestive and Liver Disease, 48(3), 291-297.
• Calès, P., Sacher Huvelin, S., Valla, D., Bureau, C., Olivier, A., Oberti, F., Boursier, J., Galmiche, J.P.‐
and multicenter group VO VCO, 2018. Large oesophageal varice screening by a sequential‐
algorithm using a cirrhosis blood test and optionally capsule endoscopy. Liver
International, 38(1), pp.84-93.

• Costa-Silva, B., Aiello, N. M., Ocean, A. J., Singh, S., Zhang, H., Thakur, B. K., ... &
Xiang, J. (2015). Pancreatic cancer exosomes initiate pre-metastatic niche formation
in the liver. Nature cell biology, 17(6), 816.
• Enomoto, H., Bando, Y., Nakamura, H., Nishiguchi, S., & Koga, M. (2015). Liver
fibrosis markers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology:
WJG, 21(24), 7427.
• Gangadharan, B., Kumar, A., Barnes, E., Klenerman, P., Dwek, R. and Zitzmann, N.,
2016. The Use of Proteomics in Diagnostics: Liver Fibrosis Biomarkers. Journal of
Pathology, 240(Supplement S1).
• Hardy, T., Zeybel, M., Day, C. P., Dipper, C., Masson, S., McPherson, S., ... & Mann, D.
A. (2017). Plasma DNA methylation: a potential biomarker for stratification of liver
fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut, 66(7), 1321-1328.