Biomechanics Report: Analysis of Biomechanical Data in Exercise

This report presents an analysis of biomechanical data collected from participants during exercise sessions. The study investigates the application of biomechanical principles, focusing on variables such as EMG, force, and kinematics. Data was collected using various equipment, including Delsys Trigno EMG systems, Kistler force plates, and Quintic 2D video cameras. Statistical analysis was performed to compare variables between low and high box jumps, revealing significant differences in EMG amplitude, peak vertical force, and kinematic data. The findings highlight the relationship between muscle activity, force production, and movement patterns, emphasizing the role of biomechanics in optimizing exercise performance and understanding injury risk. The results indicate that the high box jump induced more muscular activity. The report concludes that the variables analyzed play a crucial role in exercise performance and can be manipulated to enhance individual performance. This report is a great resource for students on Desklib.

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Biomechanics
Introduction
The rationale behind this research is to investigate the current techniques that are used in the
collection and processing of biomechanical information in exercise. evidence based research has
provided a variety of techniques and this study aims to appraise the current techniques
According to past researchers the efficiency of the human movement can be improved in many
ways. This is because movement required anatomical factors, cognitive abilities, psychological
capacities and neuromuscular skills. By modifying these aspects, it is possible to identify the
optima techniques that can be used to enhance the sports performance of an athlete. This
information can also be used to analyze body loading to find the safest method to perform a
certain sport or exercise. Through biomechanics, it is possible to assess the muscular loading and
recruitment. Some sports and exercise equipment companies use this information to help in the
manufacture of shoes and sports equipment.
Biomechanics provide a method of ensuring efficient movement and reducing the risk of
developing an injury. When an individual is participating in a sport or is exercising, it is
important to consider faulty biomechanics as a risk factor for injury. A faulty or abnormal
biomechanics may arise form anatomical abnormalities such as shoe build up. Some anatomical
anomalies such as discrepancies in the leg length can not be alter and the individual should avoid
extreme sports to reduce the risk of injury. Faulty biomechanics can also occur form functional
abnormalities such as a muscle imbalance following a long rest period that has little mobilization
There are several biomechanical principles which can be used in the collection and analysis of
biomechanics. The principles include the principle of force, linked segments, principle of stretch

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shore cycle, the principle of summing joint forces, principle of continuity of joint forces,
principle of impulse direction, principle of rotational motion, principle of moment of inertia and
its manipulation, and finally the principle of stress causing strain
this information relates to the current study because this study collected data from participant
who were participating in an exercise. the participant was analyzed, and the biomechanics of the
participants was collected. The biomechanical principles were analyzed and using the various
laws and equations were used to explain the motion of bodies during exercises.
The aim of this study is to compare the various variables in a biomechanical data from an
exercise session. Data will be collected from the athletes during exercise and the information will
be combined. The various variable will be tallied, and the findings of the result will be collected
and analyzed.
It is hypothesized that altering the various variables will result in either improvement of the
biomechanics or will result in faulty biomechanics. The variables can also be used to make the
exercise more efficient and enhance the performance of the athlete
Methods
The participants selected for this study were individuals who were aged between 19 and 24
years. A total of 15 participants were selected. The participants were both male and female and
the selection criteria was random. There was a total of 11 males and 4 females. The mean age
was 20.7 years. The participants selected for this study had a height of above 1.5 m and below
1.9 m. The height of each participant as recorded and rounded up to the nearest centimeter. In
addition, the mass of the participants played a major role in the collection of data. The weight of
the participants was recoded ad the BMI was analyzed.

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Various equipment was used for this study. in order to analyze the various variables, each test
required the use of a specific equipment. To analyze the EMG, data was collected using a Delsys
Trigon wireless EMG system. The manufacturing company is Deslys Inc, found in Natick USA.
The devices were set to 100 Hz and they were synchronized with force data by using a Vicon
Nexus 2.7 that was manufactured by Vicon Motion systems Ltd., found in Oxford UK
Force was analyzed by collecting data using Kistler force plates, that were type Z17068aa and
were manufactured by Kistler, in Winterthur, Switzerland the force plates were set to 1000Hz.
They were laos synchronize with the EMG data through the Vicon Nexus 2.7 that as
manufactured by Vicon Motion systems Ltd., found in Oxford UK.
Kinematics data was collected using a Quintic 2D video camera by using a quantic software
version 29 manufactures by Quintic Consultancy Ltd, located at Birmingham, UK. The
equipment was set to have a frame rate of 50 Hz and a shutter speed of 1/500 seconds. The video
obtained from this variable was synchronized with the EMG and force data from the point of
contact with the force plate that was used by the participants.
The data processing techniques used was statistical software. The appropriate software and
statistical methods were used to process the data. In some cases, the data obtained from the
variables was presented in a table or a graph. This helped the analysis to be easier and allowed
the researcher to predict future trends in the biomechanics. It also made the data identification
process more smoothly.
The statistical analysis that was done involved obtaining the mean, standard deviation, maximum
value and minimum values and the sample size. The processed data was presented in tables to
highlight the changes that were seen during the process. In the analysis of the EMG, the data was

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collected from a low box jump and form a high box jump. The peak rectus femoris and the
ground contact phases was also included. The overall data calculated was presented to one
decimal place and two decimal places.
Like the EMG, force was analyzed by comparing data from allow box jump with data form a
high box jump. The peak vertical force and time taken to peach from the lowest force to the peak
was analyzed. Other variables were also included in the data analysis. The loading rate, net
vertical impacts, velocity data the time of taking off, pea horizontal force, net horizontal impact
and the velocity at uptake was analyzed. The vertical and horizontal forces was compared. The
data was also presented in one and two decimal places.
Kinematics data analysis involved analyzing the vertical hip displaces, hip angles, keen angle,
knee angular velocity, ankle angel and the velocity at take-off these variables were measured
during the contact time with the ground. Data was collected from both the low and the high box
jump. The mean standard deviation, sample size, minimum and maximum values were collected
and analyzed. The results were presented in both one and two decimal places. The vertical hip
displacement as collected in centimeters, hip angle data was collected in degrees, knee angle data
was collected in degrees, new natural velocity was collected in degrees per second, ankle angle
data was collected in degrees and the velocity at take off was collected in meters per second.
Without forgetting, temporal data was also collected for the low and high box jump. The
eccentric phase duration and the concentric phase duration was analyzed, and the raw data was
presented in a table. The mean standard deviation, maximum and minimum values for both the
low box jump and the high box jump was analyzed and presented. The results were collected in
seconds and the data was rounded of to the nearest two decimal places.

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Results
The variable that was first analyzed was the EMG. According to table 1, the data in the low box
jump was significantly lower than data collected for the thigh box jump.
Table 1 showing the results of the EMG data
Vastus laterals Low box jump High box jump
Peak Rectus Femoris EMG
Ground contact phase
Mean 158 175
SD 93 92
N 15 15
Min 75 31
Max 24 388
Force was analyzed using the set equipment and the results were presented in a table. Table 2
showed the results that were obtained from the low box jump
Table 2. result from force variable in the low box jump
Peak
Vertical
Force
(Fz)
Time to
Peak
(from
lowest
force to
peak)
Loading
Rate
Net
Vertical
Impulse
Vertical
CoM
Velocity
at
Takeoff
Peak
Horizontal
Force
Net
Horizontal
Impulse
Horizontal
CoM
Velocity
at Takeoff
Peak
Vertical
Force
(Fz)
Time to
Peak
(from
lowest
force to
peak)
Mean 2078 2.8 0.409 4479 6.8 184.2 13.21 56 0.2
SD 442 0.4 0.114 2360 3.8 76.6 42.41 68 0.4
N 15 15.0 15.000 15 15.0 15.0 15.00 15 15.0
Min 1389 2.3 0.212 1339 1.9 67.5 0.22 11 0.0
Max 2741 3.4 0.613 8632 13.5 297.0 166.47 195 1.4
Table 2. results from force variable in the high box jump
Peak
Vertic
al
Force
Time
to
Peak
(fro
Loadi
ng
Rate
Net
Vertic
al
Impul
Vertic
al
CoM
Veloci
Peak
Horizont
al Force
Net
Horizont
al
Impulse
Horizont
al CoM
Velocity
at
Peak
Vertic
al
Force
Time
to
Peak
(fro

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(Fz)
m
lowe
st
force
to
peak
) se
ty at
Takeo
ff Takeoff (Fz)
m
lowe
st
force
to
peak
)
Mean 2010 2.9 0.437 5241 7.3 223.7 11.49 76 0.2
SD 399 0.5 0.199 3489 4.6 97.5 33.49 111 0.2
N 15 15.0 15.000 15 15.0 15.0 15.00 15 15.0
Min 1380 2.3 0.163 1917 2.6 81.6 1.02 12 0.0
Max 2723 3.9 0.786 15269 19.2 389.8 132.44 341 0.4
The kinematics variable yielded a variety of results. The mean, standard deviation, sample size,
minimum vale and maximum value were obtained from the data that was collected. In addition,
other statistical tests were conducted for example t test, and the NPar tests. The tests help to
show the variation between the data that was obtained during a low box jump and a high box
jump.
Discussion
The central nervous system produces motor unit action potentials that results in electric potential
difference which can be measured using an electromyography (EMG). The data collected form
an EMG amplitude is the sum of all the electric potential differences that are found within a
muscle in relation to the active motor units. EMG reading shows the monitor unit activity in a
muscle.
Previous research has shown that there are various factors which affect the EMG readings. They
are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic factors may incur the placement of the
equipment and the functionality of the equipment. The intrinsic factors include failure in signal
communication form the CNS (which included the motor unit firing frequency), type of muscle

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fiber, blood flow within the muscle, diameter of muscle fiber, size of muscle tissue under an
electrode, crosstalk from surrounding muscle fibers and action potential between the nerves and
the muscles
Some previous studies have reported that EMG amplitudes can be used for voluntary activation.
However, new research has shown that voluntary activation requires that the involuntary force
production should be assessed. The EMG does not asses the involuntary force production. It is
also important to note that EMG data is a function of the motor unit firing frequency and
recruitment. Other factor such as intracellular action potential also plays a significant role
In the results that were obtained in this study, the data collected under a high box kick was
significantly higher as compared to the results that were obtained in a low box kick. This
indicates that during a high box kick, the muscle produces a high electric potential. In addition,
more muscles are active during a high kick as compared to during a low kick. According to the
results obtained, it is evident that a human being uses more muscles when kicking a higher box
kick. Each participant reported an increase in the EMG peaks in the high box kick.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the various variables play a significant role in the performance during exercise.
Through altering one of the variables, it is possible to make a prediction that will help to improve
the performance of the individual. The variables that were analyzed were EMG, force and
kinematics. During the data collection process, the participants were assumed to be in perfect
health condition and there were no underlying problems that could have affected the data that
was obtained. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data that was obtained. The findings

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of this study are like past research. It is evident that biomechanics plays a significant role in the
movement of bodies during a sport or an exercise.