Biomedical Science: Novel Approaches to Antibiotics for Infections

This essay explores the critical role of novel antibiotics in addressing the growing challenge of bacterial resistance. It highlights how traditional antibiotics are becoming less effective due to the development of resistant genes in bacteria. The essay introduces novel antibiotics that target and destroy these resistant genes without harming beneficial bacteria. It discusses the innovative use of RNA-guided nucleases to target specific genes within bacterial cells, reducing their harmful effects. The text also touches upon the development and application of these novel antibiotics, including the use of vectors and recombinant DNA technology to produce vaccines and antigens. It emphasizes the importance of continued research and development in this field to combat antimicrobial resistance and prevent life-threatening bacterial infections. Desklib offers a wealth of resources for students seeking to further explore this and related topics.

Biomedical Science

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Main context...............................................................................................................................2
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................3
References..................................................................................................................................4
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Introduction
The article ‘Novel approaches to developing new antibiotics for bacterial infections’ depicts
how antibiotics are an essential part of medicine. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics was one
of the most difficult challenges. Scientists have developed a new generation
of antibiotic compound known as novel antibiotic that do not rouse bacterial resistance. By
this unique approach bacteria in our body can be rendered less harmful. This new technology
can develop a new treatment for curing metabolic disease like obesity (Bonilla & Muniz,
2009). Human body harbors both good and bad bacteria. The antibiotics destroy both the
bacteria. The novel antibiotic uses RNA guided nuclease which targets and hunts down the
targeted genes inside the bacterial cell. This technology could be administered in the body of
the healthy people to prevent the developing of the antibiotic resistance.
Main context
Novel antibiotics are urgently needed in the future to tackle the increase in resistance in
bacterial pathogens. To develop new antibiotic it is necessary to identify and exploit the
molecular target. New technologies have been developed to recognize new antibacterial
targets and to determine whether a gene is essential or not. New technology can be used to
access the transcription status of a target at the time of infection (Chen & Lu, 2009). Novel
antibiotics are evolving from these genomics-derived targeted screens. The new challenge is
to develop the leads to become part of the next generation of antibiotics. There are two
classes of novel antibiotic available in the market, oxazolidinone and cyclic lipopeptide.
oxazolidinone and cyclic lipopeptide are active against the gram-positive bacteria MRSA.
There are no new classes of phase II and phase III clinical trials and pre-registration stage. As
the risk and the cost is more for developing a new class of antibiotic so, there is a shortage of
development in the new class of antibiotic (Dougherty & Pucci, 2012). The regulatory agency
has recommended the elimination of antibiotic resistance from plasmid DNA vectors to
ensure safety. The development and application of the novel antibiotics have been discussed
below. Vectors incorporate a 150 bp RNA-OUT antisense RNA. RNA-OUT suppresses a
chromosomally integrated counter-selectable marker to allow plasmid selection of sucrose.
The DNA vaccine vectors which are sucrose selectable combine antibiotic-free selection with
highly productive fermentation manufacturing, thereby improving the protein and immune
response to target antigens.
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These vectors are the safe and potent alternative of DNA vaccination. One of the major
drawbacks of modern gene therapy and DNA vaccination is the presence of antibiotic
resistance genes. A strategy has been discussed below that describes the plasmid selection in
bacterial hosts in the absence of a selection marker. To suppress the growth essential gene by
RNA, several bacterial strains have to be modified (Coates & Hu, 2007). To hamper the
expression of repressor protein an essential gene has to be modified. Modified Escherichia
coli strains are selected by various commercially available plasmids. Designed bacterial
strains select and maintain plasmids without the help of selection marker or another
additional plasmid sequence. Due to the smaller size of the plasmids, they are safe and prove
advantageous for the manufacturer and higher transfection efficiencies. The discovery of
prokaryotic drug has proved to be a model success. To understand the potential of drug
intervention multiple paradigms have been established in the pharmaceutical industry. No
company has taken a ‘genomics approach’ to launch a genomics-based drug on the market.
Drug discovery on microbial extracts is based on isolation of unexploited groups of
microorganisms that are good producers of secondary metabolites (Mack, Choffnes &
Relman, 2010). The effort may be assisted by molecular genetics. Uncommon actinomycete
strains may provide an increased chance of yielding novel structures as their genetics and
physiology are poorly understood. Manipulation can be increased by developing vectors that
are capable of maintaining large segments of actinomycete DNA. Vectors reconstruct gene
cluster from a smaller segment of gene DNA.
Bacterial infection was controlled by antibiotics and vaccinations. This approach in
controlling bacterial infection has greatly improved health. Innovative vaccine technology
like reverse vaccinology, novel adjuvants and rationally designed bacterial outer membrane
vesicles have the potential to target multi-drug resistant bacteria. New approaches have been
developed to deliver small-molecule antibacterial into bacteria (Rajagopal, 2012). Vaccines
and antibacterial approaches are needed to deal with the global challenge of antimicrobial
resistance. A concerted research agenda can save a life by preventing life-threatening
bacterial infections. Antibiotics are capable of reducing the global burden of bacterial
infection. Using antibiotics has created an environment, where it is impossible for the
bacteria to survive without overcoming the molecular weapon. The spread of MRSA was a
significant threat, which was tackled with the help of continuous efforts of the drug
developers. The increased AMR has posed a challenge to discover new antibiotics that will
be capable to deal with a bacterial infection. Recombinant DNA has allowed the production
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of hepatitis B vaccine in yeast. The large production of the vaccination can prevent the
infection and consequent liver cancer worldwide (Silverstein, Silverstein & Nunn, 2009).
Recombinant DNA allows the manipulation of bacteria and viruses along with the easy
production of recombinant antigens. This raises the possibility of the gram-negative bacteria
to develop engineered outer membrane, recombinant viruses, and viral vectors.
Before the introduction of antibiotics, acute bacterial infection had high mortality rate. After
the introduction of antibiotics the harmful effect of bacterial infection was inhibited. The
bacterial resistance had made the standard treatment ineffective and had increased the risk of
infection. The novel antibiotics have strengthened the efforts of genome sequencing to
control bacterial resistance. The future will include approaches based on re-conceptualization
of resistance, disease and prevention.
Overusing of antibiotics can prove fatal. In hypersensitive patients the use of antibiotics
should be avoided. Some drugs lose their effectiveness when taken along with antibiotics.
The low oestrogen pill may lose its contraceptive effect if taken along with antibiotic. Whole-
genome sequencing can influence the choice of antibiotics, with the shortage of novel
antibiotics more resistant pathogen mechanism has to be developed.
Conclusion
The antibiotics were incapable of destroying the resistant gene in the bacteria so the novel
antibiotics have been developed to destroy the resistant gene in the bacteria. It only target the
bad bacteria present in the body while causing no harm to the good bacteria in the body. The
discovery of novel antibiotic has met many scientific challenges that were in favour of
developing new treatment technology. It do not trigger the developed antibiotic resistant.
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References
Bonilla, A., & Muniz, K. (2009). Antibiotic resistance (5th ed.). New York: Nova Science
Publishers.
Chen, J., & Lu, X. (2009). Novel prediction of interactive mode between antibiotics and their
DNA/protein targets based on the antibiotic structure parameters. Talanta, 79(2), 129-
133. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.02.022
Coates, A., & Hu, Y. (2007). Novel approaches to developing new antibiotics for bacterial
infections. British Journal Of Pharmacology, 152(8), 1147-1154. doi:
10.1038/sj.bjp.0707432
Dougherty, T., & Pucci, M. (2012). Antibiotic Discovery and Development (4th ed.). Boston,
MA: Springer US.
Mack, A., Choffnes, E., & Relman, D. (2010). Antibiotic resistance (3rd ed.). Washington,
D.C.: National Academies Press.
Rajagopal, K. (2012). DNA Technology (6th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Silverstein, A., Silverstein, V., & Nunn, L. (2009). DNA (4th ed.). Minneapolis: Twenty-First
Century Books.
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