University Report: Biophysical Procedures in Medical Studies

This report provides an overview of various biophysical procedures utilized in medical studies for diagnostic purposes. It begins by discussing ultrasound imaging, detailing its application in visualizing internal organs like the liver and its use in detecting liver cirrhosis and kidney stones. The report then explores infrared thermography, highlighting its ability to detect temperature changes and generate thermal images, particularly in diagnosing cancer and imaging affected cells. Finally, it examines X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scanning, emphasizing their role in producing images of internal organs, especially the brain, for diagnosing conditions like brain cancer and preventing brain hemorrhages. The report references several research papers to support the discussed procedures and their applications in medical studies.

Running Head: BIOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES USED IN MEDICAL STUDIES
BIOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES USED IN MEDICAL STUDIES
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1Running head: BIOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES USED IN MEDICAL STUDIES
Table of Contents
Ultrasound Imaging:...................................................................................................................2
Infrared Thermography:.............................................................................................................2
X-Ray and computed tomography:............................................................................................3
References:.................................................................................................................................4

2Running head: BIOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES USED IN MEDICAL STUDIES
Ultrasound Imaging:
Ultrasound waves are sound waves of very high frequency that are inaudible to the
human ear. The rate of these waves is stated to be higher than twenty kilohertz. These waves
are used in medical studies for diagnostic purposes. Ultrasonography is used in liver
diagnosing liver cirrhosis. The liver is an internal organ of the human body. Due to the
higher frequency and wavelength of ultrasound waves, it travels through the internal tissue
barriers and produces images of the organ on the screen (Liu et al. 2017). Detailed movement
of internal organs of the human body can be visualized with the help of ultrasound waves.
These waves strike the internal organs and provide the image of the organs by reflecting on
the screen. According to Kromrey et al. (2015), liver fat can be visualized with the help of
ultrasonography. A combination of ultrasonography and infrared thermography is used in
thermal imaging of the thyroid nodules (Cetinkaya et al. 2018). Combination both the
processes is used in diagnosing kidney blockages (kidney stones) (Brisbane, Bailey and
Sorensen 2016). This is because a combination of both methods provides higher frequency
and wavelength ratios. This combination makes the process much more accurate than
singular approaches. Infrared thermography will be discussed in the e following paragraph.
Infrared Thermography:
This procedure uses temperature changes and heat generation for internal imaging
organs of the human body. The picture generated by this procedure is termed as a thermal
image. Infrared rays have a higher frequency than ultrasounds. This high value is estimated to
be 300 GHz (gigahertz), and thus, they can penetrate deep into tissues and find localized
infections. The result generated is termed as a thermogram, and this procedure can visualize
cancerous tumours. Infrared thermography is used in diagnosing several medical scenarios.

3Running head: BIOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES USED IN MEDICAL STUDIES
These scenarios involve the diagnosis of different cancer states. Cancer cells are difficult to
be penetrated. Therefore, due to the high frequency, these rays can travel deep into the tissues
and produce thermograms. According to Dekel et al. (2016), infrared thermography is used in
imaging the affected cells of colorectal cancer and cervical cancer. A combination of
computed tomographic (CT) scanning procedure with infrared thermography produces
accurate images of collapsed and dried tissues (Fournier et al. 2018). CT scan and X-ray
scanning procedure will be discussed next.
X-Ray and computed tomography:
Computed tomographic scanning involves the use of sharp beams of X rays to
produce images of the internal organs of the human body. The frequency of X rays are the
highest and ranges from 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz. Therefore they can travel deep into the
internal organs which are highly complicated in their structure. One of these organs is the
human brain. Brain cancers are diagnosed easily by using CT scanning procedure (Gonzalez
et al. 2016). The ray rotates around the body and provides a brief description of the condition
of the internal body structures. Brain haemorrhages can be prevented by an early diagnosis
of the organ with this procedure (Dubosh et al. 2016). As a result, it can be stated that this
method is beneficial in imaging the internal organs of the human body.

4Running head: BIOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES USED IN MEDICAL STUDIES
References:
Cetinkaya, E.A., Koc, K., Atilgan, S., Muluk, N.B. and Cingi, C., 2018. Digital Infrared
Thermal Imaging Analysis of Thyroid Nodules. Current Medical Imaging Reviews, 14(5),
pp.807-811.
Dekel, B., Zilberman, A., Blaunstein, N., Cohen, Y., Sergeev, M.B., Varlamova, L.L. and
Polishchuk, G.S., 2016, June. Method of Infrared Thermography for Earlier Diagnostics of
Gastric Colorectal and Cervical Cancer. In International Conference on Innovation in
Medicine and Healthcare (pp. 83-92). Springer, Cham.
Dubosh, N.M., Bellolio, M.F., Rabinstein, A.A. and Edlow, JA, 2016. Sensitivity of early
brain computed tomography to exclude aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Stroke, 47(3), pp.750-755.
Fournier, R., Shum, A.D., Liu, J., Sabarirajan, D.C., Xiao, X. and Zenyuk, I.V., 2018.
Combined Infrared Thermography, X-ray Radiography, and Computed Tomography for Ink
Drying Studies. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 1(11), pp.6101-6114.
Kromrey, M.L., Ittermann, T., Berning, M., Kolb, C., Hoffmann, R.T., Lerch, M.M., Völzke,
H. and Kühn, JP, 2019. Accuracy of ultrasonography in the assessment of liver fat compared
with MRI. Clinical radiology, 74(7), pp.539-546.
Liu, X., Song, J., Wang, S., Zhao, J. and Chen, Y., 2017. Learning to diagnose cirrhosis with
liver capsule guided ultrasound image classification. Sensors, 17(1), p.149.
Brisbane, W., Bailey, M.R. and Sorensen, M.D., 2016. An overview of kidney stone imaging
techniques. Nature Reviews Urology, 13(11), p.654.
De Gonzalez, AB, Salotti, J.A., McHugh, K., Little, M.P., Harbron, R.W., Lee, C., Ntowe, E.,
Braganza, M.Z., Parker, L., Rajaraman, P. and Stiller, C., 2016. Relationship between

5Running head: BIOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES USED IN MEDICAL STUDIES
paediatric CT scans and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: assessment of the
impact of underlying conditions. British journal of cancer, 114(4), p.388.