BIO 2: Analysis of Biotechnology Drug Delivery Systems

This report provides a comprehensive overview of biotechnology drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to drug delivery, discussing its characteristics and challenges, such as poor drug solubility and bioavailability. The report then explores various technologies, including beaded, nanoparticle, and liposomal delivery systems. It delves into the mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of each system, providing detailed explanations of their applications and effectiveness. The discussion covers the overview of technologies, including the physical state of drug delivery systems, administration routes, and the distinction between immediate-release and modified-release systems. Furthermore, it highlights the advancements in drug delivery, such as the use of nanoparticles to overcome barriers like the blood-brain barrier. The report also examines the benefits of targeted drug delivery, such as reduced systemic drug exposure and enhanced drug stability, while also acknowledging the potential drawbacks of each method, offering a well-rounded perspective on the current state of drug delivery technologies.

Running Head: BIO 0
Biotechnology
Drug Delivery System

BIO 1
Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................ 2
Overview of Technologies......................................................................................................2
Beaded................................................................................................................................... 3
Nanoparticle........................................................................................................................... 3
Parenteral............................................................................................................................... 5
Colon...................................................................................................................................... 5
Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 6
References............................................................................................................................. 7

BIO 2
Introduction
The system of drug delivery in the body is referred as the measured as well as targeted
release and distribution of the drugs or the therapeutic elements in the body. There are
majorly three characteristics that are considered while delivering a drug. It includes the rate
of different entities and elements associated with the drug release such as firstly rate of
elimination of drug conjugate, secondly secretion of free drug at the targeted location, thirdly
secretion of drug at the site which is not the target, fourthly secretion of the conjugate of
drug and its carrier to the target site and lastly elimination of drug (Saraf, 2010). Major
challenges that can be faced while delivering the decided drug to the site of target in the
body involves the poor solubility and bioavailability of the drug. The drug does not soluble in
a considerate manner in the body which subsequently restricts the efficient circulation of the
drug in the body and to the targeted site. Hence, more advanced and enhance drug delivery
structure or system is required with the help of technological advancement in biotechnology
and related fields which will eventually increase the drug uptake at the targeted site and will
decrease the absorption or assimilation of the drug at the non-targeted site. It will also
provide an increase in the drug circulation at the target site and its effectiveness associated
with low dosage of the drug (Nagpal, 2010). This discussion comprehensively discusses the
drug delivery system and different aspects of their mechanism. It also takes into account the
associated drawbacks and advantages with the widely considered novel drug delivery
system.
Overview of Technologies
The maintenance of the concentration of the drug depends highly on the frequency and the
dose of the drug. However, the route of the administration and drug delivery system is also
involved. Some drugs tend to fall in the optimum range of concentration from where
maximum concentration can be derived. Drug delivery system can be characterized by their
physical state, site/course of organization, and the pace of medication discharge. The dose
structure might be vaporous (e.g., sedatives), fluid (e.g., arrangements, emulsions, and
suspensions), semisolid (e.g., creams, balms, and gels), and strong measurement (e.g.,
tablets and cases). Medications can be controlled legitimately into the body through infusion
or mixture named parenteral medication delivery (Yuan, 2017). Contingent upon the site of
the organization, one can separate among intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous,
intradermal, and intraperitoneal organization. For the most part, semisolid dose structures
including creams, lotions, and gels are applied onto the skin to go into the body. Be that as it
may, the fluid measurement structures, for example, emulsions, or strong dose structures,
transdermal patches, can likewise be utilized. Measurement structures can be grouped into
prompt discharge also termed as IR and altered discharge or MR. IR measurement
structures permit the medication to break down in the gastrointestinal substance, without
postponing or drawing out the disintegration or ingestion of the medication. In MR
measurement system, the time course, as well as the area of medication discharge, is
picked to achieve helpful or comfort destinations not offered by ordinary dose structures
(Aniruddha, 2016).
Medication and therapeutic drugs can be taken in various forms such as by swallowing,
inhaling and absorption through the skin. The drug delivery system alters the release,
absorption, distribution and the elimination of the drug in the body in an effective way, which
makes it more patient-friendly. In human disease treatment, nasal and pulmonary routes for
the delivery of drugs are gaining much attention. These include liposomes, microspheres,
gels, and nanoparticles. The conventional drug delivery system has many drawbacks and
lacks the time in providing effective results. But with advancement in the biotechnology and
the research methodology, it has been made possible by the scientist to make more effective
drug delivery at the target areas. There are two major drug delivery system that shows great
potential in treatments which includes beaded delivery system and liposomal delivery system
(Ebrahimi, 2016).

BIO 3
The awareness of centralized medications is not novel and new, yet goes back to 1960
when Paul Ehrlich initially hypothesized the idea of enchantment shot, and this keeps on
being a test to execute in the facility. The difficulties incorporate the determination of
appropriate objective for a specific sickness, medicate for compelling treatment and steady,
biodegradable medication transporters while maintaining a planned and calculated
remoteness from the immunogenic and unclear and imprecise connections that competently
clear isolated material from the body (Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi, 2016). Besides, the
arrangement of the delivery system ought to be simple or sensibly straightforward,
regenerative, and financially savvy. Furthermore, the NPS offers a few potential focal points
including expanded viability and helpful list, improved pharmacokinetic impact, reproducible
sizes with an open door for surface functionalization, capacity to entangle both hydrophilic
and lipophilic medication, expanding dependability of medication from enzymatic
debasement, in this manner conveying captured tranquilize unblemished to different tissue
and cells for site explicit and focused on delivery and hence diminishing medication
harmfulness. The size and different qualities can be controlled relying upon the medication
and planned utilization of the item. The medication focusing on techniques must meet two
fundamental prerequisites to accomplish compelling medication delivery. The medications
should arrive at the ideal locales after the organization, with insignificant loss of the portion
and movement in blood flow. The medications should act just on track cells without
destructive impacts to solid tissue (Alawdi, 2019).
Beaded
Beaded Delivery System are long-acting systems to efficiently transport the drug medication
at the target site in the body. However, it should not be used with the oxybutynin. This
system uses multiple small beads made of inert substances like polystyrene. These beads
are coated with the drug that needs to be delivered in a form of capsule. This drug delivery is
sensitive to the acid and is released when they come in contact with the gastric acid which is
found in the stomach. This system is associated with the tolterodine tartrate and is present in
the form of Detrol LA. Further after incorporating this into the patient is has been observed
that it is more effective by 18 percent when compared to the same drug administration in
simple tolterodine drugs. Moreover, both were effective in reducing the urine frequency.
However, it was being concluded that the formulation with Detrol LA stands at the upper
hand compared to the tolterodine (Miron, 2018).
Liposomal Drug Delivery System is studied to have high efficacy to drug delivery and
reduced toxicity level for the anticancer substances. Liposomal anthracycline is proved to
have provided with great encapsulation which has significantly reduced the activity of the
anticancer agents and cardiotoxicity. The delivery carriers are made slow in their degradable
time and responsive towards stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, ultrasound, and
enzymes (Beck-Broichsitter, 2012).
The liposomal delivery system is quite established nano system delivery. It causes the
spherical vesicles made up of phospholipids and cholesterol and are self- assembled in the
form of two layers. They are quite small in extent ranging from roughly between 50 and 100
nanometers. These vesicles are biocompatible and biodegradable and can confer both
hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic drugs. Moreover, the composition involves the
polyethylene glycol which protects it from interacting with the protein that is present in the
plasma. Liposomes can be conjugated efficiently with the active target ligands like
antibodies. However, this delivery system is associated with the poor control at the rate of
the drug release, it also leads to leakage of the drug into the blood, efficient of the drug
encapsulation is also quite low, industrial scale-up is poor and cannot be stored for much
time due to lack instability (Rasool, 2010).

BIO 4
Nanoparticle
With advancements, the last decade has seen the new technology improvements and the
major light has been thrown on nanotechnology which is potential enough to provide
required drug delivery with great efficacy and effectiveness. It has been recorded that this
technology has helped to overcome several hurdles such as the brain and blood barrier
which is quite a common issue but due to the small size of this effective particle, it has been
made easy to easily cross these barriers (Mohammed, 2016).
Nanoparticles are polymeric in nature and range from 10 to 1000 nm. They are
biodegradable and synthetic polymers made up of polyacrylates and polycaprolactones.
Whereas non-biodegradable synthetic polymers are made up of vinyl alcohol and ethylene
glycol. They are also available in natural polymers like gelatin, chitosan, and albumin. In the
recent years, biodegradable and natural polymeric nanoparticle is in trend and more
preferable as they do not involve the struggle to remove the used fragments back form the
body after the target action is completed, as these biodegradable particles aged degraded
automatically into the body after their action is over (Wang, 2019).
Several methods are used to prepare nanoparticle which involves evaporation,
emulsification, diffusion, and polymerization of the solvents that will be used ad raw material.
Depending on the protocol that has been adopted in making these nanoparticles, the drug is
placed in the cavity which is surrounded by the nano capsules or suspended into the matrix
in case of nanospheres. The drug-loaded through the interaction which is hydrophobic
nature that took place between drug and nanoparticle carriers (Kanamala, 2016). The
targeted drug delivery system has an important characteristic that it can carry and transport
a large amount of drug to the binding site. It can also be observed from several studies that
there is significant progress in the delivery of the gene using these polymeric nanoparticles.
The palmed DNA is introduced in the targeted cell and the genetic data and information is
translated using this gene delivery method. To carry out this process effectively, the vector of
good quality and efficiency is required parallel with biodegradability, stimuli sensitivity and
DNA protecting ability is also observed (Ulbrich, 2019).
The mechanism of the drug release at the target site involves three steps. Firstly, the
polymeric nanoparticle is welled up after its incorporation into the body due to the diffusion of
the water. Further, the enzyme act on it resulting in its rupture and degradation of the
polymer at the site itself. This results in the presence of just drugs at the target site which
has been released for the core of the degraded polymer. Lastly, it is absorbed at the
targeted site and it starts its therapeutic action. Several advantages are associated with the
polymeric drug delivery system. The product can be directly implemented at the target site
where the action of the drug is needed and hence the systemic drug exposure can be
significantly reduced and also the toxicity which is related to the systemic drug side effects.
The drug which is encapsulated in the polymer can be released at the required time and for
a longer period hence it reduces the demand for frequent injection of the drug to the patients
which also causes the loss of protein form the body. The polymers help in protecting the
drug form the environmental and physiological exposure which can deteriorate the stability of
the drug. It makes the labile drug more feasible to use. There are several disadvantages of
using nanoparticle delivery such as it can get degraded by the action of lysosomes. It can
cross the biological membrane and can cause toxicity in the body. Further, on the interaction
with the surface, the nanoparticle becomes ineffective. In the cancer treatment, it has not
been potential enough as it cannot reach to the core of the tumor and hence cannot
eliminate the root as it just works effectively at the peripheral area (Maeda, 2020).
Another potential system of drug delivery is using the transdermal mechanism which
involves the use of patches to deliver the drug across the barrier of the skin. It is a controlled
form of the system as the concentration at which the drug is released is comparatively slow.
Die to the concertation gradient that is present between the skin and blood, the drug is
diffused in the blood for a longer period and with constant concertation in the blood. It is

BIO 5
used highly when there is gastrointestinal irritation due to the drug metabolism and pH-
dependent delivery system. There are limitations as well which involves a lack of precision in
drug delivery and limitation of low dosage which sometimes cannot cross the uptake barrier.
It has been demonstrated and studied that the atmospheric pressure argon micro-plasma
irradiation is potential enough to improve the penetrability of drugs into the dermal or skin
area without significant need for injections. It also enhances the absorption of the drug in the
percutaneous part of the skin (Nguyen, 2020).
Parenteral
The benefits of the intravenous system are that the release energy of the medications from
the device may be modified by modifying the usage of the homopolymer and the
arrangement of a cross-linked framework. It has been reported that chitosan microspheres of
45-300 μ have been used for the regulated transmission of hormones named progesterone.
In addition, both in vitro and in vivo discharges have been checked, and cross-connected
circles have been found to discharge just 35 per cent of steroids over a span of 40 days,
compared with 70 per cent from delicately intertwined circles. The confirmation of in vivo
microsphere solubility of the steroid by intramuscular infusion suggested that plasma
centralization was between 1 and 2 μg / m (Tice, 2017). The information has recommended
that cross connected chitosan microspheres would work as a captivating system for the
long-haul delivery of drugs which are steroidal type. In addition, cross-linked dextran dabs
have been developed as a carrier for the development of a solitary touch immunization
program. Among the different groups of biodegradable polymers, polymer aliphatic
polyesters and lactide, polyglycolide and, in particular, lactide and glycolide copolymers,
referred to as poly, have created tremendous intrigues owing to their excellent bio
resemblance, biodegradability. These are nothing but difficult to describe in various tools for
supplying a variety of product types, such as vaccinations, peptides, hormones, and
macromolecules. In fact, they have also been verified by the U.S. Food and Drugs (Ajorlou,
2017).
Colon
The growing amount of medications made up of peptides and proteins has been studied in
order to test the enhancement of the measuring frameworks that effectively demonstrate the
site's specific discharge. Oral medications for the colon medication distribution network
provide clear points of concern to parenteral system. However, the colon-based drug
delivery device is usually of great benefit for the ongoing diagnosis of colon illnesses and
disorders, including Crohn and UC disease. In fact, the colonic delivery of drugs assisted
can be of benefit in the management of allergies and joint pain. Peptides, antibodies,
oligonucleotides, and vaccinations are possible rivals for colon-explicit drug distribution.
Peptides, inhibitors, oligos, and vaccines can be competitors in the delivery of intestinal-
explicit drugs. Sulfasalazine and olsalazine were established as colon definite distribution
systems for the management of infectious diseases abbreviated as IBD (Zhang, 2017). The
large the bacterial activity of the intestine and specific compounds found in the intestine are,
as just a rule, increasingly manipulated to discharge drugs into the colon. Although the
gastrointestinal organs are a possible location for consumption of medications, there are a
few obstacles to the effective proximity of the transmission of drugs to the bowel and
colon by moving the abdomen and small intestines. In comparison, varying pH levels and
long transport time during portion of prescription information through mouth to intestine
cause numerous specific difficulties in the enclosed distribution of drugs right in to the colon.
The application of pH variations is essentially similar to more traditional enteric cover which
requires the use of a membrane with a suitable pH dissolvability indissolubility The concept
of using pH as a mechanism for the release of medications in the intestine, relies on the pH
levels that are continuously changing down the gastro or digestive tract (Tian, 2017).
Polysaccharide film, which is intransigent in the abdomen and narrow digestive tract and
decayed by gastric microscopic species, have been used as colon focused carriers.
Throughout the long term, the usability of suitable clinical trial models or methods

BIO 6
encouraged the accelerated growth and expansion of colon explicit drug delivery
mechanisms for the clinic. In near future these tests hopefully contribute to more
improvements in the advancement of colon-explicit drug delivery and develop the
pharmacological treatments of protein and peptide drugs that are used as possible treatment
for intestines-related diseases. The optimal medication delivery method, recent successes,
challenges, and potential prospects are also explored. Delivery of drugs utilizing
nanotechnology is constantly evolving to guarantee the sedate delivery of drugs with the
best pharmacokinetic activities at the destinations of infection. Medical use of
nanotechnology is greatly inhibited by the poor efficacy of the distribution of medications to
appropriate districts and the accelerated release from the organism before the successful
implementation of the treatment. Recently, a few forms of living cells have been used to
transport medicines or nanoparticles directly to a diseased location. (Amidon, 2015).
Conclusion
Hence this can be concluded from the discussion that several systems of drug delivery that
can be used effectively in targeting the drug at the site of action. A system of drug delivery is
described as a mechanism or tool that allows the injection of a medicinal product in the
body and at the target site and enhances its effectiveness and protection by monitoring the
intensity, time and position of drug delivery in the body of the patient. These novel drug
delivery systems include the use of nanoparticle, beads, and liposomes to transport the drug
at the target action. It discusses the advantages and the disadvantages the delivery system
possesses while transporting the drug. The delivery and transport of different proteins and
peptides presents unique difficulties. Alterations and modification in anesthetics and sedate
delivery or transport of drug will encourage the advancement of customized medication,
which incorporates pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacoproteomic. Not
many medications tie specifically to the ideal remedial objective, and henceforth, some
focusing on approaches are required to predetermine the medication in wanted tissue or
organ to decrease viability and portion related harmfulness.

BIO 7
References
Ajorlou, E. and Khosroushahi, A.Y., 2017. Trends on polymer-and lipid-based
nanostructures for parenteral drug delivery to tumors. Cancer chemotherapy and
pharmacology, 251-265.
Alawdi, S.H., Eidi, H., Safar, M.M. and Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., 2019. Loading Amlodipine on
Diamond Nanoparticles: A Novel Drug Delivery System. Nanotechnology, Science and
Applications,47-53.
Amidon, S., Brown, J.E. and Dave, V.S., 2015. Colon-targeted oral drug delivery systems:
design trends and approaches. Aaps Pharmscitech,731-741.
Anirudhan, T.S., Divya, P.L. and Nima, J., 2016. Synthesis and characterization of novel
drug delivery system using modified chitosan-based hydrogel grafted with
cyclodextrin. Chemical Engineering Journal1259-1269.
Beck-Broichsitter, M., Schweiger, C. and Kissel, T., 2012. Characterization of novel spray-
dried polymeric particles for controlled pulmonary drug delivery. Journal of controlled
release,329-335.
Ebrahimi, E., Akbarzadeh, A., Abbasi, E and Davaran, S., 2016. Novel drug delivery system
based on doxorubicin-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles modified with PLGA-PEG1000
copolymer. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology,290-297.
Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi, S.A., Bigham, A. and Rafienia, M., 2016. Surfactant-assisted sol–gel
synthesis of forsterite nanoparticles as a novel drug delivery system. Materials Science and
Engineering: C, 737-741.
Kanamala, M., Wilson, W.R., Yang, M., Palmer, B.D. and Wu, Z., 2016. Mechanisms and
biomaterials in pH-responsive tumour targeted drug delivery: a review. Biomaterials, 152-
167
Maeda, H. and Islam, W., 2020. Overcoming barriers for tumor-targeted drug delivery: the
power of macromolecular anticancer drugs with the EPR effect and the modulation of
vascular physiology. In Polymer-Protein Conjugates, Elsevier.
Miron, R.J. and Zhang, Y., 2018. Autologous liquid platelet rich fibrin: A novel drug delivery
system. Acta biomaterialia, 35-51.
Mohammed, M.A., Syeda, J., Wasan, K.M. and Wasan, E.K., 2017. An overview of chitosan
nanoparticles and its application in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 53.
Nagpal, K., Singh, S.K. and Mishra, D.N., 2010. Chitosan nanoparticles: a promising system
in novel drug delivery. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1423-1430.
Nguyen, H.V. and Faivre, V., 2020. Targeted drug delivery therapies inspired by natural
taxes. Journal of Controlled Release.
Rasool, N., Yasin, T., Heng, J.Y. and Akhter, Z., 2010. Synthesis and characterization of
novel pH-, ionic strength and temperature-sensitive hydrogel for insulin
delivery. Polymer,1687-1693
Saraf, S., 2010. Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal
formulations. Fitoterapia, 680-689.
Tian, B., Liu, S., Wu, S., Lu, W., Wang, D. and Quan, Z., 2017. pH-responsive poly (acrylic
acid)-gated mesoporous silica and its application in oral colon targeted drug delivery for
doxorubicin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 287-296.

BIO 8
Tice, T.R. and Tabibi, S.E., 2017. Parenteral drug delivery: injectables. In Treatise on
controlled drug delivery, Routledge.
Ulbrich, K., Hola, K., A., Tucek, J. and Zboril, R., 2016. Targeted drug delivery with polymers
and magnetic nanoparticles: covalent and noncovalent approaches, release control, and
clinical studies. Chemical reviews, 5338-5431.
Wang, Y. and Grainger, D.W., 2019. Lyophilized liposome-based parenteral drug
development: Reviewing complex product design strategies and current regulatory
environments. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 56-71.
Yuan, Y., Guo, B., Hao and Gu, B., 2017. Doxorubicin-loaded environmentally friendly
carbon dots as a novel drug delivery system for nucleus targeted cancer therapy. Colloids
and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 349-359.
Zhang, B., Huang, L., Cai, X. and Tan, S., 2017. A colon targeted drug delivery system
based on alginate modificated graphene oxide for colorectal liver metastasis. Materials
Science and Engineering,185-190.