University Biotechnology Report: Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment

This report examines the potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) in treating neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on their antioxidant properties and therapeutic applications. The paper analyzes the findings of Naz et al. (2017), highlighting CeONPs' role in mitigating oxidative stress and addressing conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The report discusses the main findings, which include the ability of CeONPs to protect against neurodegeneration and promote neural cell regeneration. It also explores the contributions of the paper to the study of neurodegenerative diseases, potential advancements in neural and clinical settings, and ethical considerations. The report emphasizes the significance of CeONPs in disrupting neurofibrillary tangles and providing oxidative stress relief, suggesting them as a promising therapeutic target for fatal neurodegenerative diseases. The report also highlights the importance of future research focusing on enhancing the encapsulating potential of CeONPs and addressing legal and ethical aspects of the research.

Running head: ADVANCE TOPICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Advance topics in biotechnology
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Notes

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Table of Contents
Main Findings of the paper and recommendations for future experiment......................................2
Contribution of the paper in the study of neurodegenerative disease..............................................3
Potential advancement in the neural and clinical settings...............................................................4
Legal and ethical issues related to the paper...................................................................................5
Reference.........................................................................................................................................7

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Naz, S., Beach, J., Heckert, B., Tummala, T., Pashchenko, O., Banerjee, T. and Santra, S.,
2017. Cerium oxide nanoparticles: a ‘radical’approach to neurodegenerative disease
treatment. Nanomedicine, 12(5), pp.545-553.
Main Findings of the paper and recommendations for future experiment
The Chosen paper is about neurodegenerative disease, which is caused due to
Degeneration or regular date of neuron a cells. Cerium oxide nanoparticle (CeONPs) is believed
to be one of the essential element that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative
disorder. The current paper discusses about importance of Cerium oxide nanoparticle that are
used for the treatment of neurological disorder including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are few of the other
common forms of Neurological disorders that are discussed in the given paper.
This is one of the main findings of the papers is related to the therapeutic use of the
Cerium oxide nanoparticles that seems to have Antioxidant activity within the neurogenetics
cells. One of the major cause of Alzheimer's disease is degeneration of brain-derived
neurotrophic factor protein (BDNF), which is considered to be the main biomolecules for
memory formation inside brain (Castrén and Kojima 2017). The reduced amount of bdnf in brain
is directly linked with degradation of neuron cells. The experiment conducted by Cimini et al.
(2012) have discussed about the Neuroblastoma cells, which are used in the treatment of Alpha
Beta cell line. The CeONPs are used in the purpose of Signal transduction pathway in
regeneration of neural cells that are used in memory storage. Alpha beta factor of CeONPs help
to induce mitochondrial fragmentation that are used to revive the cells in memory generation.

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The use of CeONPs has been effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, which is
mainly caused due to exposure of neuron cells to manganese. The antioxidant nature of CeONPs
used in the measurement of cell metabolism, which is believed to have a significant impact on
the regeneration of neural cells. The paper has also discussed about application of CeONPs in
treatment of other neurodegenerative disorder including multiple cirrhosis. In vitro experiment
has proved that CeONPs can be stabilized with the use of citrate and polyethylene glycol.
The future relevant research work needs to accurately focus of on the usages of CeONPs with
specific focus on its ROS-scavenging property. It is also important to design drugs for better
encapsulating potential of CeONPs. This will help in the purpose of Oxidative stress reduction
and thereby help in the purpose of fibrillation and kintices of CNS protein. All the family of
protein under CNS need to be given special focus in order to improve the treatment quality of
both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Contribution of the paper in the study of neurodegenerative disease
The main focus point about the selected research paper is the discussion made related to
CeONPs and its oxidative property that are used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Previous research experiment by Dillon et al. (2011), have describe the importance of Cerium
Oxide Nanoparticles to protect against the MPTP induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration.
The mouse model has been used for the given purpose the understand the impact of the same on
Parkinson's disease. The free radicals of CeONPs that act as the free scavenger has been studied
to understand its impact in the purpose of regeneration. This previous research work has helped
the current paper to review the same in context of future potential of CeONPs as nanoparticles
that are used for the purpose of Neurodegenerative treatment.

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The research work by DeCoteau et al. (2016), have describe the function of CeONPs that
are used to neutralize reactive Oxygen and nitrogen species, which is believed to induce
oxidative stress. This is responsible for causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that is one of the
major Neurodegenerative diseases. The current paper has therefore been able to review the
antioxidant property of cerium oxide nanoparticle.
Potential advancement in the neural and clinical settings
The potential advancement that is being highlighted in the paper is the advancement in
the treatment of the neurodegerative disease. According to Naz et al. (2017), CeONP can be
effectively used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The treatment of CeONP is mainly
based on the anti-xidant activity of CeONP. This is stated as the potential advancement because,
according to Padurariu et al. (2013), one of the leading biological mechanism behind the
development of the Alzheimer’s disease is the increase in the level of the oxidative stress as
highlighted by the stress theory of agving. Thus this antoxidnat therapy mainly targets the
reactive oxygen species which is generated from the biochemical mechains of ageining and
thereby helping in the treatement of Alzheimer’s disease. Earlier the main treatment of the
Alzheimer’s diease mainly involved around the use of transcranial brain stimulation but
according to Nardone et al. (2012) transcranial brain stimulation induce short-duration
beneficial effects. Thus were not optimally capbale towards establishing significant evidence for
therapeutic efficacy. According to Douaud et al. (2013), Vitaim B is also use towards the
treatment of the alzheimer’s diease but this therapy is mostly directed towards the gray matter
atrophy and thus in majority of times is regarded to be non-specific. The results highlighted in
the study of Naz et al. (2017) showed that the CeONP is effective in the disruption of the

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neurofibrirally tangles which are deposited in the hippocampus of the brain. Thus the target of
CeONP is specific and thereby making it a potential therapy plan of in the domain of the dieases
related to neuroscience. Accoridng to Naz et al. (2017), antioxidants property of CeONP can also
be utilised for the treatment of the another neurodegerative disease, Parkinson, multiple
sclerosis, and laterial sceloris. This findings are extremely significant because, this kind of
neurdegerative disease is fatal. It mainly effect that dopaminergic cells of the brain which
increases the level of stress among the neuronal cells via creating disruption in the autophagic
catabolism, endiplasmic reticulum stress mitochondrial dysnfunction and loss of calcium
homeostatsis. All these biochemical mechanism are extremely significant of miantainng
equilibirum in the body and any disruption in this mechanism leads to fatal outcomes (Michel,
Hirsch and Hunot 2016). Thus providing a substitute treatment plan in order to treat fatal
neurodegerative disease is indeed a significant approach in neurosicnece. Moreover, CeONP
provides oxidative stress relief which helps in the possible clearance of the stress factor over the
endoplasmic reticulum and over the mitochondria and thereby helping to reduce the chrinicty of
the disease (Michel, Hirsch and Hunot 2016). Naz et al. (2017) have further recommended that
the presence of amalgamated valence states along with extraordinary antioxidant properties
conatined in the CeONPs make them one of the prospective therapeutic target for the treatment
of some of the fatal yet common neurodegerative diseases. The unique redox property possessed
by cerium oxide present them as one of the potent antioxidants in comparison to other ROS
modulators. Moreover, CeONP have long half life further making them potent for the targeted
delivery into the body without loss in the efficiay of the particile.
Legal and ethical issues related to the paper

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There are no significant legal and ethical isssues that can be highlighted in this paper.
This because. The paper is mostly based on the summary of the recent findings in the domain of
CeONP treatment in variour neurological dieases like Alzheimer’s diease, Parkinson’s diease,
multiple sclerosis and lateral scelrosis. However, according to the Paraho et al. (2014), while
conducting the systematic review, proper citation of the each are very paper along with thorugh
documentation is mandatory in order to avoid the ethical and legal threat of plagiarism. The
study conducted by Naz et al. (2017) have succinately referenced all the required citation along
with the detailed elaboration in the reference list. However, there are no significant indication of
whether the paper selected for the systetamic review is based on the human trials or animal trial.
Further elaboration of the trail nature of the paper selected for the review is mandatory in order
to make the paper more ethically and legally authentic (Parahoo 2014).

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Reference
Castrén, E. and Kojima, M., 2017. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mood disorders and
antidepressant treatments. Neurobiology of disease, 97, pp.119-126.
Cimini, A., D’Angelo, B., Das, S., Gentile, R., Benedetti, E., Singh, V., Monaco, A.M., Santucci,
S. and Seal, S., 2012. Antibody-conjugated PEGylated cerium oxide nanoparticles for specific
targeting of Aβ aggregates modulate neuronal survival pathways. Acta biomaterialia, 8(6),
pp.2056-2067.
DeCoteau, W., Heckman, K.L., Estevez, A.Y., Reed, K.J., Costanzo, W., Sandford, D., Studlack,
P., Clauss, J., Nichols, E., Lipps, J. and Parker, M., 2016. Cerium oxide nanoparticles with
antioxidant properties ameliorate strength and prolong life in mouse model of amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 12(8), pp.2311-2320.
Dillon, C.D., Billings, M., Hockey, K.S., DeLaGarza, L. and Rzigalinski, B.A., 2011. Cerium
oxide nanoparticles protect against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a mouse
model for Parkinson’s disease. Nanotechnology, 3, pp.451-454.
Douaud, G., Refsum, H., de Jager, C.A., Jacoby, R., Nichols, T.E., Smith, S.M. and Smith, A.D.,
2013. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin
treatment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(23), pp.9523-9528.
Michel, P.P., Hirsch, E.C. and Hunot, S., 2016. Understanding dopaminergic cell death pathways
in Parkinson disease. Neuron, 90(4), pp.675-691.
Nardone, R., Bergmann, J., Christova, M., Caleri, F., Tezzon, F., Ladurner, G., Trinka, E. and
Golaszewski, S., 2012. Effect of transcranial brain stimulation for the treatment of Alzheimer
disease: a review. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2012.

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Naz, S., Beach, J., Heckert, B., Tummala, T., Pashchenko, O., Banerjee, T. and Santra, S., 2017.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles: a ‘radical’approach to neurodegenerative disease
treatment. Nanomedicine, 12(5), pp.545-553.
Padurariu, M., Ciobica, A., Lefter, R., Lacramioara Serban, I., Stefanescu, C. and Chirita, R.,
2013. The oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatria Danubina, 25(4), pp.0-
409.
Parahoo, K., 2014. Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan.