Detailed Analysis of Blood Pressure, Cardiac Cycle and the Human Body

This assignment delves into the human cardiovascular system, focusing on blood pressure regulation and the cardiac cycle. It explores the significance of maintaining an adequate blood supply to the body's organs and systems, highlighting the implications of both low and high blood pressure. The concept of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is introduced as a crucial tool for measuring changes in blood pressure, with cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood volume identified as key factors influencing MAP. The role of baroreceptors in detecting and signaling blood pressure fluctuations to the central nervous system, particularly the Medulla Oblongata, is discussed, along with the impact of the autonomic nervous system and external factors like stress. The assignment also examines the four phases of the cardiac cycle and the relationship between blood pressure readings (systolic and diastolic) and the heart's function. It emphasizes how these readings reflect the efficiency of the heart's pumping action and can indicate irregularities in the cardiovascular system, including potential issues with cardiac output. The assignment references Pollock (2019) and Wright (2017) to support the analysis.

Question 1
The cardiovascular system completes the important task of maintaining an adequate amount of
blood supply to the various organs and systems of the human body. The condition of low blood
pressure and high blood pressure indicates various types of irregularities in the process of blood supply.
Low blood pressure indicates that enough blood is not reaching in all parts of the body and high blood
pressure indicates that blood is exerting extra pressure on the inner lining of the blood vessels.
In order to measure any significant change in the blood pressure, the concept of the mean arterial
pressure (MAP) can be applied (Pollock, 2019). The unit for the MAP can be defined by
counting the activity of blood during one cardiac cycle. The count of MAP represents the
function of three causative factors that contribute to the regularization of the blood flow. One
among them is cardiac output, it refers to the performance of heart working as the pumping agent
and receiver of the impure blood. The total peripheral resistance and the presence of the blood
volume in the body are other factors that should be taken into an account.
The internal mechanisms of the human body employees Baroreceptors as their agent to detect
any type of changes in the blood pressure, the further classification of Baroreceptors gives us an
idea that they are a kind of receptors that are located inside the aorta part and carotid part of the
blood vessels. Baroreceptors constantly monitor the fluctuations in the pressure on the walls and
send necessary signals to the central nervous system regarding the regulation of the blood flow in
the vessels; Baroreceptors are also directly connected with the Medulla Oblongata which is the
cardiac regulatory center of the human brain. Medulla Oblongata performs the function of
regulating the function of various glands to support the activities of the heart. Another factor that

can be attributed to the irregularity in the blood pressure is connected with the automatic nervous
system. This system reacts with the external factors that can bring an impact on blood pressures.
Factors like stress, emotional upsurges and depression etcetera can be considered as external
factors. It is important to understand the fact that an external factor also has the power to
constrict the blood vessels and bring in an impact on the blood pressure. The regulation of the
blood pressure is dependent on the sympathetic input to the blood vessels.
Baroreceptors generate necessary signals for the Medulla Oblongata, after receiving the signals,
the brain issue warning signs to the automatic nervous system and other organs to take necessary
actions to regulate the conditions that are affecting the sympathetic input (Pollock, 2019).
2.
An average heart cycle can be divided into four phases of “isovolumic relaxation,” inflow”, the
“isovolumic contraction” and “ejection”. The phase of “inflow” refers to the condition when all
the heart chambers are completely filled. This condition is also known as the relaxation phase of
the heart cycle. During the ejection phase heart contract after releasing the blood back for the
body. This is the period when hearth needs maximum efforts to fill the chambers back again.
The blood pressure captures the necessary numbers at the stage of “Inflow” and “Relaxation”
phase of the heart cycle (Wright, 2017).
Broadly speaking, the blood pressure ratings calculate the strength or weakness of the diastole
(Inflow) and systole (Ejection) phase of the heart cycle. The blood pressure readings count the
strength of the blood at a singular point in the body.

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings count the pressure of the blood in the blood veins
during these conditions. Systolic blood pressure refers to the highest value of the blood pressures
on the walls of the artillery, whereas the diastole blood pressure refers to the lowest value on the
wall. In order to develop a diagnostic report an expert studies these values under a prescribed
optimum range. Any value out of the range can be considered as a positive sign for the
irregularity in various areas of the cardiovascular system. Sometimes it can also signify an
irregularity in the cardiac output as well.
Ideally, 65 percent of the ventricle volume of the blood present in the human body should
participate in a single heart cycle. The scales of reading the systolic blood pressure or diastolic
blood pressure often depict an irregularity in this area as well. In the case of high blood pressure
sometimes it signifies that the heart is pumping more blood then the prescribed rate whereas in
the case of low blood pressure it signifies a lower amount of blood pumping. However, these
results only indicate an irregularity and most of the experts treat them as a symptom for an
irregularity in the cardiovascular system.
References
Pollock, J. (2019). Physiology, Cardiac Cycle. NCBI, (Online ) ( Avaliable at)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459327/. Accessed 31-01-20
Wright, B. (2017). The Wright Cardiac Cycle Table: A Novel Tool to Teach the Cardiac Cycle.
FASEB Journal, (Online) ( Available At)
https://www.fasebj.org/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.576.54. Accessed 31-01-20