HLTAAP001: Anatomy & Physiology - Bones, Muscles, Fluids & Waste

This assignment solution for HLTAAP001 delves into the fundamental aspects of human anatomy and physiology. It begins by outlining the major bones and muscles in the human body, detailing their composition, types, and functions, including the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. The solution further explains the critical concept of fluid and electrolyte balance, emphasizing the roles of key electrolytes like potassium, calcium, and sodium, and the importance of maintaining equilibrium through proper intake and elimination. Finally, it elucidates the process of waste elimination from the body, describing the functions of various organs such as the lungs, skin, liver, large intestine, and kidneys in removing carbon dioxide, sweat, toxins, solid waste, and nitrogenous waste, respectively. The document highlights the significance of excretion in maintaining homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances within the body. Desklib provides this and many other solved assignments for students.

HLTAAP001

Contents
PROJECT 1......................................................................................................................................1
Major bones and muscles in human body....................................................................................1
PROJECT 2......................................................................................................................................2
Fluid and Electrolyte balance in human body..............................................................................2
Elimination of waste products from human body........................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................2

PROJECT 1
Major bones and muscles in human body
Bones are made up of connective tissues consist of majorly calcium ans other specialised cells of
bones. Human body skeleton constantly goes into remodelling process as break down of older
bone tissues occur and replaced by new bone tissues. Balanced and healthy diet, regulation of
hormones and regular exercise are important for healthy bone structure. A healthy skeleton is
made up of 206 bones. Human body consist four different types of bones and that are: Long
bone, Irregular bone, Shorts bone, and Flat bone. Different layer of bone tissues are: Periosteum,
Compact or dense tissue, Bone marrow, and Spongy tissue (Cowan and Kahai 2019). Five major
bones in human body are:
 The Skull comprises of Maxilla, Cranium, and Mandibles.
 Shoulder girdle made up of Humerus, Radius, and Ulna.
 Hand composed of Phalanges, Carpals, Metacarpals.
 Chest consist of Sternum and Ribs.
 Spine comprises of Cervical area, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
 Pelvic girdle made up of Ischium, Ilium, and Pubis.
 Leg composed of Femur, Fibula, and Tibia.
 Ankle consist of Calcaneus and Talus.
 Foot comprises of Phalanges, Metatarsals, and Tarsals.
Human body consists of 600 muscles. There are three main types of muscles in human body and
these are: smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles.
 Skeletal muscle: These specialised tissues provide attachment to bones and facilitate
movement. Skeletal muscles and bones together are known as musculoskeletal. These
muscles re under conscious control, hence known as voluntary muscles.
 Smooth muscle: These muscles are generally present in internal organs like uterus,
digestive tract, and blood vessels. Arrangement of these muscles in in the form of
layered sheets. Movements of these muscles are not in human's conscious movement,
this is why called as involuntary muscles.
 Cardiac muscle: These muscles re specifically responsible for heart composition. The
contraction and relaxation process of heart is not in conscious control.
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Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles perform different functions, but have similar basic
composition. Elastic fibres present in body in form of a bundle helps in formation of muscles
(Mo and et. al., 2018). A thin membrane which is completely transparent wrap each and every
bundle known as perimysium. Skeletal muscles are present in various shapes: Spindle, Flat,
Triangular, and circular.
PROJECT 2
Fluid and Electrolyte balance in human body
Electrolytes present in human body are minerals that contain electric charges. Electrolytes are
present in urine, blood, tissues, body fluids. Electrolytes plays some very important functions
like:
 Balancing of pH level that is, acid and base value.
 Amount of water is balanced.
 Facilitate movement of nutrients in cells.
 Facilitate elimination of wastes from cells.
 Maintain functioning of heart, brain, muscles, and nerves.
Electrolytes present in human body are: Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Phosphate, Magnesium,
and Chloride. Human body attain these electrolytes from food and fluid uptake (Segar and et. al.,
2021). It is important to maintain balance between intake and eliminated water amount for
proper functioning of body. Increase in amount of water uptake may result in causing over-
hydration while less amount of water in body cause water deficiency known as dehydration.
Some medicines, sweating, diarrhoea, vomiting, kidney and liver problems also can disturb water
balance.
Elimination of waste products from human body
Excretion is the procedure of eliminating excess water and unwanted product (wastes) from
human body. It is a critical process which is performed by every living creature and a essential
way of maintaining homeostasis (Shrimanker and Bhattarai 2019). Organs of excretion are:
 Lungs : Perform process of excretion of exhaling carbon dioxide and water vapour
 Skin: Perform excretion by eliminating salts and water from skin in form of sweat
(Jangoux 2020).
 Liver: Breaking down of toxins and amino acids in the blood
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 Large intestine: It eliminates solid waste that remains in body after completion of
digestion process.
 Kidney: Kidney plays a vital role in process of excretion by removing nitrogenous waste
like excess water, urea, and salts in urine. It maintains the water volume and various ionic
concentrations within body. Main waste products eliminated from urine are urea and
creatinine.
Excretion is important as many harmful substances are present within the body which are
required to be excreted out. These substances are harmful for healthy metabolism thus, body
excretes these material in the form of faeces , urine, sweating, ear and nose wax, etc. If these
harmful materials never get dissipated from body then they interfere with normal functioning and
get mixed with blood which may damage body cells and may cause many diseases.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Cowan, P.T. and Kahai, P., 2019. Anatomy, Bones.
Jangoux, M., 2020. Excretion. In Echinoderm nutrition (pp. 437-445). CRC Press.
Mo, F., Li, F., Behr, M., Xiao, Z., Zhang, G. and Du, X., 2018. A lower limb-pelvis finite
element model with 3D active muscles. Annals of biomedical engineering, 46(1), pp.86-96.
Segar, J.L., Balapattabi, K., Reho, J.J., Grobe, C.C., Burnett, C.M. and Grobe, J.L., 2021. Fluid
and Electrolyte Homeostasis: Quantification of body fluid compartmentalization by
combined time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance and bioimpedance
spectroscopy. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative
Physiology, 320(1), p.R44.
Shrimanker, I. and Bhattarai, S., 2019. Electrolytes.
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