BIO PSYCHOLOGY: Task 2 - Comprehensive Report on Brain Localisation

This report on BIO PSYCHOLOGY delves into the concept of localisation of function in the brain, explaining how different brain regions are responsible for specific functions. It focuses on four key areas: the motor area (frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary movement), the somatosensory area (parietal lobe, processing sensory information from the skin), the visual area (occipital lobe, processing visual information), and the auditory area (temporal lobe, processing auditory information). The report explains the function of each area and provides examples, including the case of Phineas Gage to illustrate how damage to specific brain regions can impact behaviour and personality. The report references several academic journals and online resources to support the information provided.

BIO PSYCHOLOGY

Table of Contents
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................1
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................3

TASK 2
The idea that different parts of the brain do different things is called localisation of
functions. Localisation of function is the idea that different functions like language, memory and
etc. that have certain location or areas in the brain. This is where one area or one section of the
brain is responsible for a specific function. (Carhart-Harris and Nutt, 2017). Information from
the each senses like ears, eyes etc. reaches the cerebral cortex first and most directly at I ts own
specialized areas called primary sensory cortex or area. There are four main key areas that
everyone need to be aware of such as motor, somatosensory, visual and auditory area.
Motor Area – The motor area is located in the frontal lobe and it is responsible for
voluntary movement by sending signals to the muscles in the body. Hitzig and Fritsch have first
discovered that different muscles are coordinated by different areas of the motor cortex by
electrically stimulating the motor areas. Resultant in muscular contractions in different areas of
body is being dependent on where the probs was inserted (Biopsychology: Localisation of the
Brain Function.2018). The motor areas are very closely related to the control of voluntary
movements, specially that fine movement that performed by the hands. The region of the motor
areas areis arranged in logical order, like the region that controls the movement of the finger is
located just next to that region which controls the hands and arms. The motor cortex is divided in
three parts primary motor cortex, Pre motor cortex and Supplementary motor area (Kaneda and
et.al., 2018).
Somatosensory Area – The somatosensory area is located in the parietal lobe, which
used to receive the sensory signals and information from the skin to produce sensations which
related to the pressure, pain, temperature and etc. different part of the somatosensory areas
receive the signals or messages from different locations of the body. Roberson found that he
Braille r3eaders have he larger area in somatosensory area for their fingerprints as compared to
the normal people and the sighted participants and also found that this area of brain is highly
adaptable.
The somatosensory cortex receives all the the sensory Inputs from the body. Cells that are
part of the brain or nerves that extended into body are called neurons. This neurons senses
feelings in skin. And each neuron takes its information to a specific place in the somatosensory
cortex (Higo and et.al., 2016).
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Visual Area – The visual area is located at the back of the brain in occipital lobe, which
receives and different explanations for the process the visual information. Nerve impulses are
transferred from the retina to the visual cortex via optic nerves. The visual information from the
right hand side fields is processed in the left hemisphere and visual information from t he left
hand side fields is processed in the right hemisphere. This visual areas include the different parts
that process different information including co,lourcolour, shape or movement (Chechlacz,
Rotshtein and Hansen, 2018). Tthe visual pathway directly from the eyes projects and make
connection directly to the primary visual cortex.
Auditory Area – This auditory area is located in the temporal lobe. This is responsible
for analysing and processing the acoustic information. In this area, information from the left ear
goes primarily to the right hemisphere and the information from the right ear goes primarily to
the left hemisphere. The process starts at the cochlea which helps to detect sound and transports
messages to the brain stem for processing (Biopsychology: Localisation of the Brain
Function,2018). This auditory are contains different parts and the the basic auditory area is
processing simple sound features, including sound, tempo and pitch etc.
For example, one such case study is that Phineas Gage, he experienced a drastic accident
in the 1848. while working on railway line a piece of iron went through his skull. Though Gage
survived this ordeal, and he experienced a change in his personality such as loss of inhibition and
anger. This change gave evidence to support the theory of localisation of brain function. And it
was believed that the areas which is damaged by the sake of iron was responsible for personality
(Chao-Gan, Zhen and Xi-Nian, 2017).
CONCLUSION????
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Carhart-Harris, R.L. and Nutt, D.J., 2017. Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two
receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 31(9). pp.1091-1120.
Chao-Gan, Y., Zhen, Y. and Xi-Nian, Z., 2017. Concordance among indices of intrinsic brain
function: Insights from inter-individual variation and temporal dynamics. Science
Bulletin. 62(23). pp.1572-1584.
Chechlacz, M., Rotshtein, P. and Hansen, P., 2018. Mapping functional brain organization:
Rethinking lesion symptom mapping and advanced neuroimaging methods in the
understanding of human cognition.
Higo and et.al., 2016. Mapping of kisspeptin receptor mRNA in the whole rat brain and its co‐
localisation with oxytocin in the paraventricular nucleus. Journal of
neuroendocrinology. 28(4).
Kaneda and et.al., 2018. Synaptic localisation of SRF coactivators, MKL1 and MKL2, and their
role in dendritic spine morphology. Scientific reports. 8(1). p.727.
Online
Biopsychology: Localisation of the Brain Function.2018.[Online].Available
through<https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/biopsychology-localisation-of-the-
brain-function>
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