Analysis of the Evolution of the Nervous System and Brain Development

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the nervous system, focusing on brain development and neuroendocrine function. The introduction sets the stage, followed by a review of scientific literature on neurological and neuroendocrine systems, including their main functions in humans. The report details the process of brain development, covering proliferation, migration, synaptogenesis, and neuronal cell death. The neuroendocrine system, composed of neuroendocrine cells, is discussed, highlighting its role in hormone secretion and its connection to the nervous system. The report also explores the main functions of neurological and neuroendocrine functions, such as the release of digestive enzymes and control of food movement in the GI tract. The conclusion summarizes the key findings, emphasizing the nervous system's components and the stages of brain development, including neural induction. References to relevant books and journals are provided.

Evolution of the nervous
system

Table of content
•Introduction
•Scientific Literature relating to neurological or neuroendocrine function
•The neuroendocrine system
•Main function of neurological or neuroendocrine function in humans
•Process of Brain Development
•Conclusion
•References

Introduction
The current assignment is based on the topic of evolution of the nervous system
which focuses and emphasis on development of Brain. The, overall the nervosas
system is conserved with the organs taken as responsible for the control of the
body along with leading effective communication among body parts. Further, a
discussion about the neurological or neuroendocrine function is also included in
current presentation along with leading an emphasis on process of Brain
development.

Scientific Literature relating to
neurological or neuroendocrine function
Neuroendocrine function or system in human mainly describes about the certain cells
which are associated with release of hormones into the blood as a response to
stimulation based on the function of the nervous system. As per the view point
Nishiyama Y., Katsura K. 2015, it has been analysed that the Neuroendocrine cells
are mainly like a nerve cells or neurons that is also associated and leads to making
and secretion of hormones such as the cells of the overall endocrine system or
endocrine cells.

The neuroendocrine system
The neuroendocrine system in humans is basically made up
of various special cells which are known as the
neuroendocrine cells. These neuroendocrine cells are spread
evenly throughout all the parts of body and these
Neuroendocrine cells are mainly taken as the nerve cells but
at the same time they also responsible and associated with
secretion and formation of hormones in body such as the cells
of the main endocrine system to form the endocrine cells.

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The neuroendocrine cells are
commonly found in the almost
every set of organ of the human
body. Further, the
neuroendocrine cells are
founded in a scattered form in
human body as mainly in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

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Further, the neuroendocrine system mainly comprises of the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland along with human organ of the nervous system which controls and associated with
the release and secretion of the hormones from the human pituitary gland. Beside this, with
respect to the information provided by the Koizumi, O., 2016, it has been analysed that the
main secretion activity within the human body is associated with and lead out as a part of
the endocrine glands that was formerly taken and carried out thought the and to be the
outside the effective and direct control of the human nervous system (The neuroendocrine
system, 2020).

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Another evaluation can be made out in the basis of analysis of scientific nature on
the topic of evaluation of brain and nervous system that since the 1950s, the brain
has been taken and recognized as the main centre and overall organ associated
with and related with the entire system of controlling and regulating all the
physiological and physical action and processes undertaken and ensured by the
human body (Miroschnikow, Schlegel and Pankratz, 2020).

Main function of neurological or
neuroendocrine function in humans
It has been analysed that the Neuroendocrine cells
are mainly associated and related with making and
releasing many essential hormones and along with
other similar substances (peptides) that forms a vital
part of leading valid response and stimuli of human
comprise to be as the neurological or chemical
signals network in the human body (Braun and
Stach, 2016).

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The main functions of neurological or neuroendocrine in humans are listed as follows:
 Neurological or neuroendocrine are responsible for the release and secretion of
digestive enzymes which are helpful in digestion of food through leading break down
food
 Apart from this, neurological or neuroendocrine function is also responsible to control
that how fast the food is moving throughout the GI tract (Albertin and Ragsdale, 2018).

Process of Brain Development (Neuron
development)
The current discussion about the
development of brain is basically
based on the brain ontogeny which
describes the interplay of genetic and
epigenetic factors. The developing
embryo is mainly made up and formed
by the three layers of cells.

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Proliferation
After the neural tube has been developed and closed off the cerebrospinal
fluid that helps in leading cushion the brain would fills the enclosed tube after which
the cells begin to divide at a very furious rate which leads and ensure forming of the
several layers. During the 4th week, it has been observed that the three primary parts
of the brain are seen at the head or anterior part of the neural tube (Cao and Cao,
2018).

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Migration
The process and stage of migration mainly involves
the movement of a cell to its very final destination. The
neurons seemed to get attach to the radial glial cells,
specialized glial cells will tend to climb along them till they
reach their destination (Braun and Stach, 2016).

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Synaptogenesis
This stage of Synaptogenesis mainly includes and comprises of
growth cones which would lead help in the guiding the developed cells
to their target location where these cells are mainly get influenced by
neighbouring cells in its process of specialization (Bekkouche and
Worsaae, 2017). Thus, an analysis can be made that the growth of the
cones have filopodia which mainly comprises and consist of the proteins
that extend and retract, that lead the better development of brain cells.

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Neuronal Cell Death & Synapse Rearrangement
It has been analysed that the during the synapses are
forming, there are mainly two types of connection pruning to
consider cell death and elimination. As the neurons at the
early stages of development are tended to develop far more
branches than needed and are found in the mature state thus,
there is an over production of cells and connections.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of current investigation a conclusion can be made that the nervous
system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the other nerves
which are connected to these organs and with the rest of the body. Further, a
summarisation about brain development process is also made the first step of which
is the Neural induction that begins when peptides are released from the mesoderm to
cause cells of the ectoderm to specialize, causing it to thicken and convolute to form
various parts of brain.

REFERENCES
Books and journal
Arendt, D., Tosches, M.A. and Marlow, H., 2016. From nerve net to nerve ring, nerve cord and brain
—evolution of the nervous system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(1), p.61.
Koizumi, O., 2016. Origin and evolution of the nervous system considered from the diffuse nervous
system of cnidarians. In The Cnidaria, past, present and future (pp. 73-91). Springer, Cham.
Online:
The neuroendocrine system. 2020. [Online] Available Through:< https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-
information/cancer-type/neuroendocrine/neuroendocrine-tumours/the-neuroendocrine-system/?
region=on>.
Nishiyama Y., Katsura K. 2015. The Neuroendocrine System and Its Regulation. [Online] Available
Through:< https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-54490-6_3>.

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