Analysis of Breast Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Prevention

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of breast cancer in females, examining its causes, effects, and preventive measures. The study begins with an abstract and an introduction that highlights the significance of breast cancer as a leading cause of female mortality. A literature review explores the causes, primarily DNA damage and genetic mutations, and the various effects, including physical and mental distress. The methodology section details the research approach, design, and data sources, including a questionnaire administered to 20 participants. The results section presents the findings, including frequency tables and pie charts illustrating participants' understanding of breast cancer, its causes, symptoms, and impacts. The interpretation and analysis sections delve into the thematic analysis, linking the findings to the research objectives and questions. The report concludes with a summary of the findings, recommendations for future research, and a list of references. The study emphasizes the importance of preventive measures such as a healthy diet, exercise, and self-examination to reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve women's health outcomes.

Breast Cancer

Table of Contents
Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Literature Review.............................................................................................................................4
The causes and effects of breast cancer in females.....................................................................4
The preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast cancer..........................5
Methodology....................................................................................................................................5
Type of investigation...................................................................................................................5
Research physiology...................................................................................................................5
Research approach......................................................................................................................6
Research design...........................................................................................................................6
Data sources ...............................................................................................................................6
Sampling.....................................................................................................................................6
Results..............................................................................................................................................7
Interpretation...............................................................................................................................9
Analysis..........................................................................................................................................13
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................13
Recommendations .........................................................................................................................13
References......................................................................................................................................14

Abstract
The cancer is being believed as the leading cause of female mortality worldwide
especially in United Kingdom. There are around 55,200 cases of such disease happens every year
in UK which make the condition of the women worse. Such cancer is mostly concentrated in
breast but may get to other part also depending upon the stage of the cancer. Mutation has been
regarded as the major cause of causing majority of the cancers, which ultimately result in
abnormal growth of normal human cells. The risk factors like smoking and drinking associated
with such disorder have to be managed and proper preventive measures like exercising and
healthy diet have to be adopted for avoiding the chances of getting such state.

Introduction
Cancer has been considered as uncontrolled growth of normal human cells. Due to such
abnormal growth the normal cell gets converted into cancerous cell which have the potential to
spread from one organ to another part of the body. The benign tumour on the other hand does not
spread and get localised only in on part whereas the Malignant tumour get transmit from one part
to another organ of an individual (Finn and et.al., 2016). Breast cancer is a type of a cancer
which begins to develop specifically in the breast cells. The cancer majorly builds in the ducts or
in the lobules of the breast and the females in UK are greatly affected by such cancer. The
lobules have been considered as the glands which have the power to make milk and the ducts act
as the road which assist in channelling the milk from the lobules to the nipples. The potential of
cancerous cells are very high and they can reach the tissues of the fats or in the connective
tissues of a female breast. The cancer cells in the breast have the capability to travel down and
affect the healthy cells under the arms particularly in the lymph nodes, thus the lymph nodes
actually aid the cancer cell to locomote in various organs of the the body.
Research aim: To analyse the impact of growing Breast Cancer in females. A study on UK.
Research objectives To analyse the causes and effects of Breast cancer in females. To identify the preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast cancer.
Research questions What are the causes and effects of Breast cancer in females?
 How to identify the preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast
cancer?
Literature Review
The causes and effects of breast cancer in females
As per the view of Whelan and et.al., (2015), it has been analysed that the exact cause of
the breast cancer in not known, though it has been seen that it primarily caused by the DNA
damage. The healthy cells get mutated either spontaneously or through induction by some
chemicals or harmful rays which damage the DNA and the cell become mutated for whole life
unless it gets repaired effectively by the repair machinery of the cell (Francis and et.al., 2015).
The mutation can be either point or frame shift which lead in the formation of abnormal protein

through transcription and translation which ultimately result in mutation and then cancer. The
effects of breast cancer earlier get concentrated in the breast cells which result in redness of skin
or rashes may form around the nipples. Fluid discharge may be observed in some cases with
sunken nipples. The change in shape as well as size of breast gets affected which may followed
by peeling of the skin. Such factors make the women depressed and it may lead to mental, social
and physical tension.
The preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast cancer
The preventive measures are some practices which can be undertaken so as to reduce the
probability of getting breast cancer in the females especially in UK. Consumption of alcohol
should be in limit because this factor is considered as a major risk factor in developing such
cancer. Exercising daily and eating balanced and healthy diet also act as a preventive measures
because it has been monitored that women eat food having olive oil and mixed nuts have
decreased chance of attaining breast cancer. According to the Mavaddat and et.al., (2015).
Women should self examine their breast as a process of becoming aware about the condition of
their body part and can consult the doctors immediately if something does not suit them. The
females should not opt for postmenopausal therapy of hormones because such procedure may
enhance the chance of acquiring cancer. Thus, to mitigate and lower the measures, small dosage
of hormone therapy must be used for less period of time.
Methodology
Type of investigation
Few types of investigation which are usually used in the study are qualitative and
quantitative research. The qualitative type of research does not involve the use of numbers, they
only focus on definitions, ideas which are non numerical. The quantitative research on the
other hand gather values based on numerical digits and logical numbers.
Research physiology
The beliefs which are being centred while conducting research are the research
physiology, they help in monitoring and evaluating the data which will be further used in the
research (Lauby-Secretan and et.al., 2015). Interpretivism is a type of research physiology
where the investigator understand the elements of study whereas in positivism the study in

spontaneous and certain sensory reflections are being considered for interpretation of aims and
objectives.
Research approach
The approach of research are the plans which covers the anticipated thoughts and the
methods used in representing and studying. Inductive approach is effectively associated with
qualitative research while using methods related to believed and authenticated studies so as to
build valid conclusion. Deductive approach involves the usage of some rules which are
specifically claims to be used in some examples and then the conclusion is being made.
Research design
The design of research is refereed to as the methods which have been used in collecting
the variables in the study. Descriptive research design defines by the involvement of the
respondents in the investigation for supporting the used theories and methods. Exploratory
research design focus in generating effective definitions for those which are not specified and
then subjects are utilised in the research (Tao and et.al., 2015).
Data sources
The source of data indicate the data from where they are being accumulated, primary
data source involves the use of brand new and fresh information about any issues and events.
The sources may be from any documents, video or any audio. The secondary data source is
collected from other person's work, the sources may be recorded government documents or any
institutional information.
Sampling
The statistical examination which covers the pre defined and early noted information
from the large number of population. Such method is used in huge sized sample and in the
random sample. Probabilist sampling is a process of being selecting sample from a population
where the selection procedure is random. Non probabilist sampling does not focus on providing
equal chance to people of being participants where the selection is subjective. 20 participants
have been selected in this study.

Results
Questionnaire
Q1. Do you have basic understanding of breast cancer? Yes No
Q2. What are the main causes of breast cancer in female according to you? Damage to gene Use of Tobacco Unhealthy weight
Q3. What are the early symptoms of breast cancer? Skin irritation Nipple retraction Nipple discharge Lumps
Q4. What are the impact of breast cancer on females? Mental stress Social unaccepted Physically unconscious
Q5. Any suggestions for future research.

Frequency Table
Q1. Do you have basic understanding of breast cancer? Frequency
 Yes 12
 No 8
Q2. What are the main causes of breast cancer in female according to you? Frequency
 Damage to gene 10
 Use of Tobacco 3
 Unhealthy weight 7
Q3. What are the early symptoms of breast cancer? Frequency
 Skin irritation 8
 Nipple retraction 5
 Nipple discharge 4
 Lumps 3
Q4. What are the impact of breast cancer on females? Frequency
 Mental stress 10
 Social unaccepted 6
 Physically unconscious 4

Interpretation
Theme 1: The basic understanding of breast cancer.
Q1. Do you have basic understanding of breast cancer? Frequency
Yes 12
No 8
Interpretation – According to the above pie chart, 12 people have the basic understanding of the
concept while other 8 participants out of 20 do not have any prior idea about the breast cancer.
12
8
Yes
No

Theme 2: The main causes of breast cancer in female.
Q2. What are the main causes of breast cancer in female according to you? Frequency
 Damage to gene 10
 Use of Tobacco 3
 Unhealthy weight 7
Interpretation – The main cause of breast cancer in female as per the pie chart is due to damage
in the gene according to 10 people. Out of 20 respondents, 3 person considered use of tobacco as
the main reason of occurring breast cancer. 7 individuals on the other hand thinks that unhealthy
weight is the prime cause of having such type of cancer.
10
3
7
Damage to gene
Use of Tobacco
Unhealthy weight

Theme 3: The early symptoms of breast cancer
Q3. What are the early symptoms of breast cancer? Frequency
 Skin irritation 8
 Nipple retraction 5
 Nipple discharge 4
 Lumps 3
Interpretation – As per the graphical representation, 8 people assume that skin irritation is the
early symptom of breast cancer while 5 individual consider nipple retraction as the key
symptom. From 20 participants, 4 people believe nipple discharge as the prime symptom while 3
respondents view lumps as the main as well as early symptom of breast cancer.
8
5
4
3
Skin irritation
Nipple retraction
Nipple discharge
Lumps

Theme 4: The impact of breast cancer on females.
Q4. What are the impact of breast cancer on females? Frequency
 Mental stress 10
 Social unaccepted 6
 Physically conscious 4
Interpretation – The impact of breast cancer in the females as per the above pie chart
representation is mental stress according to 10 people. Out of 20 individual who are selected in
the research, 6 participants believes that social issues are the main impact on the other hand 4
respondents view that physical consciousness disturbs the females most among all the impacts.
10
6
4
Mental stress
Social unaccepted
Physically unconscious

Analysis
Thematic analysis have been utilised in this study, the major objective of such analysis is
to address the themes as per the research literature. The information is being specifically
rendered in the themes so as to cover the research aims and objectives.
Theme 1: The causes and effects of Breast cancer in females
The causes of such kind of cancer is not known but it majorly concerns with the gene
damage associated in making such proteins which are being used in the pathways for proper
functioning of body processes occurring in the breast (Mainiero and et.al., 2016). The effects of
breast cancer make the women mentally depressed and physically conscious. The lumps,
irritation and fluid discharge from the nipples make the condition worse.
Theme 2: The preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast cancer
The preventive practices which can be used to mitigate the issues are by taking fully
balanced and healthy diet. Exercising daily and limiting the alcohol also help in reducing the
amount of getting such disease. Self examining have been focussed to get more aware about their
body and lowering the usage of postmenopausal therapy also impart role in balancing the
condition of females (Easton and et.al., 2015)
Conclusion
According to the above report it can be concluded that cancer is a deadly disease which
may be a leading disease in causing deaths. Breast cancer specially causes mortality of large
number of females every year. It can be treated if diagnosed early but if detected during later
stage it is hard or impossible to treat. Healthy diet and self examination are being preferred to
avoid such condition.

Recommendations
It has been recommended that if a women feel any unevenness or lumps while self
examining their breasts, they should straight away consult the doctor. Routinely breast screening
and mammography must be conducted to keep the check on the status of the breast cells. The
females are recommended to avoid drinking high amount of alcohol and exercising daily to keep
the human body healthy and fit.
References
Books and Journals
Finn, R.S and et.al., 2016. Palbociclib and letrozole in advanced breast cancer. New England
Journal of Medicine. 375(20). pp.1925-1936.
Francis, P.A and et.al., 2015. Adjuvant ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. New
England Journal of Medicine. 372(5). pp.436-446.
Whelan, T.J and et.al., 2015. Regional nodal irradiation in early-stage breast cancer. New
England Journal of Medicine. 373(4). pp.307-316.
Mavaddat, N and et.al., 2015. Prediction of breast cancer risk based on profiling with common
genetic variants. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 107(5).
Lauby-Secretan, B and et.al., 2015. Breast-cancer screening—viewpoint of the IARC Working
Group. New England journal of medicine. 372(24). pp.2353-2358.
Tao, Z and et.al., 2015. Breast cancer: epidemiology and etiology. Cell biochemistry and
biophysics. 72(2). pp.333-338.
Mainiero, M.B and et.al., 2016. ACR appropriateness criteria breast cancer screening. Journal of
the American College of Radiology. 13(11). pp.R45-R49.
Easton, D.F and et.al., 2015. Gene-panel sequencing and the prediction of breast-cancer risk.
New England Journal of Medicine. 372(23). pp.2243-2257.